Colonization

Spanish Empire• Funnel of Spanish Power

– 1519 Cortez is out for power• Disagreements with Diego Velazquez (Governor of Cuba)• Out to seek his own wealth and power• Cortez learns of two shipwrecked men who lived on

Yucatan Peninsula– 1519 Hernando Cortes; 600 men

• People who switch between super natural beings & Strangers

– Huitzilopoctli or Quetzalcoatl• Spanish Allies – Hated the Aztec

– Deceived and wooed the people– Demonstrations of power; firing cannon; galloping of horses

– Nov. 1519 marches on Tenochtitlan – admiration of the locals

• Montezuma treats strangers as Gods• 1 week Montezuma is prisoner; Cortez in power for 8

months• Used as a time to replace Aztec Gods and teach

Christianity– 1520 Velazquez arrives with force to arrest Cortez

• Cortez use’s diplomacy to capture troops– Festival of Toxcatl; Spanish make a surprise attack

• 1520 Aztec forced Spanish out; “Noche Triste;” 1521 Cortez & allies regroup

– Tenochtitlan falls in one year

Spanish Rule• Spanish America

• Built the same strategy for other empires» Inca & Maya

– Conquer from top down» Kill off opposition and replace native

leaders

• Encomienda System• Officers cared for villages

– Physical Protection– Religious conversion

» Converting Labor and people

• 1550s native labor force decimated (50 million to 4 million)

– Importation of slaves to be laborers

• Early encounters created two way exchange

– Creative adaptations; Pueblo people of southwest practiced two religions

Spanish America• Empire larger than Rome 1526 - 1630

• Region of Rule– Southern tip of Chile to Alaska; Spanish influence and

control– Many new settlements where buffer settlements

» Exploitation became more important; » Spain failed to expand and grow beyond exploitation

– Religion a huge colonization tool» Indians & Settlers given citizen status; pay taxes» Church was the power; divided lands, converted

people, protection– Franciscan Friars tool of power

» Indians are children (Belief)» Transform cultures» Smashed icons, suppressed rituals; change native

society• 1630 Spain became abusive

– Indians taken advantage of (encomienda)» Sexual favors

– Disobedience was punished– Revolts & uprising exploded across the landscape

• Pope 1680 Massive rebellion – 17,000 Indians resisted Spanish invasion – 400 of 2,500 Spanish killed

» Churches burned» Priest tortured & executed» 14 years for Spain to regain control

English Colonization• Reformation

– 1517 Unity of Christendom cracks• Martin Luther (Germany- 1517) – launches an attack

on the abuses of Catholic Church– Ninety-five theses

» Attack the sale of remission of sins– Salvation through good works & power of Christ

• John Calvin – (France - 1517)– Christ sacrifice brings salvation

» Included a strict moral code» How you lived = salvation

• Puritans (1580s)– Church of England (established 1509-1547) Due to

Henry VIII – divorce to bring about male heir» Pope would not give Henry a divorce» Henry severed ties with Pope; starts own church

– Church of England resemble Catholic beliefs & doctrines

– Those who wanted to “purify” Church of England of Catholic influence

» Simplify rituals of worship» Keep Sabbath day holy» Favor the bible & its teachings

– Any who broke from the Church of England were called Separatists

– Reformation dominates landscape; colonization not even on the radar

English Colonization• English Exploration

– 1584 Sir Walter Raleigh• Sought to create a colony “seek new world for gold, praise, & glory”

– 1587 Discovered Roanoke island near N.C. (soil good & fruitful)» 117 settlers arrive 1587 under John White – Stays one month» White goes back to England for supplies – gets delayed» 1590 White returns – village is abandoned & pillaged (Dead)

• 1607 first Colony attempted after Roanoke– London joint stock co. expected lots of money in return for investment

» 3 ships 108 men sailed for new world» May 1607 first colony established, Virginia (Chesapeake Bay

Region)» Found lush land, tall trees, good water

– Colonist settled in & started planting; but most were towns people (not farmers)

» No Frontier skills; Wood-lore, Hunters, » Most had come to find gold, not farm» Supplies from England were undependable

• Stable Leadership – Captain John Smith– Developed trade with Indians (Powhatan People)– Forced all members to labor for food – no work = no food

• 1609-1610 starvation period - 214 settlers– Colonist fell to disease, weakened by hunger– 1610 only 60 settlers survived

• 7 years Virginia colony limps along barely surviving

English Colonization• A reason to live

– 1617 – Tobacco• 1612 John Rolfe experiments with tobacco seed –

hearty plant– Main staple crop – large quantities shipped to England

• 1618 Head right policy– Stabilize the colony & Finances– Anyone who paid their way or others earned 50 acres of

land– 1619 promised “rights of Englishmen” – representative

assembly– 1619 First Negros arrive (Dutch trading ship)

• Tobacco intensified land lust – 1620– Colonists wanted Indian land – already cleared and

pristine – 1622 Powhatan revenge to land lust

» 350 colonists killed– English sought slaughter of the Indians along frontier

» 1623 Indians & Colonist sign a truce» Negotiate a settlement – celebrate with wine» Wine is poisoned by Colonist» 200 Indians die – another 50 killed

– Further strains Indian – Colonist relations • 1607 – 1624 14,000 Colonists sailed & settled

Jamestown – 1624 pop. Is 1,132 persons• King revokes the charter – Virginia becomes a royal

colony 1624

English Colonization• New England

– Plymouth Colony; build a Christian common wealth

• Escape religious persecution & oppression (home & abroad)

• 1620 won a charter -101 Pilgrims set out on Mayflower

– Led by William Bradford» Secure “the glorie of God, and

advancement of Christian faith..”– 1620 arrived in new world; Nov. 1620

Mayflower Compact » Formal agreement of how to abide laws

and punishments» Basis of consensual government» Civil government evolved out of Church

government – the two intertwined– Winter 1621 deaths ran rampant

» Half of the colony died» Spring 1621 local Wampanoag Indians

showed them how to grow corn» Supplies & lumber ready to send back to

England

English Colonization• Massachusetts Bay Colony

• 1630 started by John Winthrop– Wild youth - Devote religious leader; large religious

conviction in 1606» Wanted a better life for family; » Hated religious persecution

– Congregation of Puritans; self governing churches» “City upon a hill” a standard of religious piety

– 1630 6 ships left for new world; » 1640 40 – 50,000 settlers moved into the region; a

haven for religion– The Massachusetts Bay colony evolved

» From charter venture – governing body– Power resided in the charter with general court of freemen

» Freemen elected the governor & assistants» Winthrop like controlling the colony so he hide this

idea of governing council– 1631-1634 new colonists arrived wanting to share power

» So Winthrop had to produce the document; and power was stripped and given to the governing body

• Massachusetts bay grew from company, to corporation, to governing body of elected officials.

– Boston became head of the Colony & government

Divisions & Colonial Growth• Religion – a tricky boat to steer

• Volatile mix – search for God’s will – rigid orthodoxy

• Trouble conscience – lead to bizarre convictions about church/doctrine

• Roger Williams– Puritan – desired complete break with

English church/organization• True Christianity has no affiliation

– No true church; all affiliated with governments– Must be complete separation of church &

state» Set off the Puritans; belief too radical

• 1635 Williams was banished back to England– He escaped his punishment; lived with

Narrangsett Indians; established Rhode Island» Religious tolerance for all

Thriving Colonies• 1640 – 1660 Little Development

• Few new colonies emerge – Dutch (New Netherland)

• English Civil War – Struggle of Gov.– Colonies left to their own devices & Self-

government• 1660 rapid emigration influx

– Build-up of colonial empire– Riches – Empire gains money

» Shipping, textiles, tobacco, servantsetc.• 1660s Emergence of Middle Colonies

• Proprietary Colonies• Land given by king to individuals

– Men loyal to king during civil war– Men whom the king owned money (William

Penn)• Proprietor is Governor – elects officials to run the

colony– Government was free – religious freedom –

no need for established church of the state

Thriving Colonies• New Netherlands (New York) rule by Dutch 1609

– Thorn in Britain's side – split Virginia & New England colonies

– Dutch were there trading with Indians for furs • Established forts – had good lasting trade• Not set on agricultural settlements

– 1626 Manhattan purchased from the Indians• 1664 New Netherlands conquered by the British – w/out gunfire

– English replaced all the forts with English names; took on new forms of government

• Quaker Colonies– Pennsylvania & Delaware

• Quaker religion sprang up in 1647– Simplicity of life; disregarded all formal rituals; refused

loyalty oaths– Abandoned rank & file– “Inner light” – individual spiritual inspiration &

interpretation » Persecuted at home in British Isles (church of England)

– 1673 vision of having Quaker commonwealth in Americas» Freedom to practice religion

– 1681 William Penn makes commonwealth a reality» Father dies – Penn becomes wealthy» Inherits land from King (loan) Penn gains a charter

Thriving Colonies• Carolinas & Georgia

• Different breed of people– Focused on making money – looked to promising sites

to make money– Wanted: Seasoned colonists

» Barbados – Bermuda; Large scale sugar production» Dominated the colony; created a major slave trade

– Curious Constitution – creation of feudal system of gov» Land grants based on head-right system» Encouraged trade with Indians; caused future

problems for the Colonists• Georgia – buffer zone to Spanish Florida

– Prison reform colony» Give people a second chance - reform

– Stop Spanish infiltration into English land = profits– Colony mismanaged – development of agriculture failed

(Wine & Silk)– Unsuccessful rules & regulations

• 1753 Georgia – Royal colony – Adjusts agriculture crops – becomes wealthy– Dependency on Slaves

Shape of Colonial America-South• Seasoning

• Early colonists had to be seasoned – adapt to climate, food, water

– Seasoning led to hug pop. Booms 1644 Virginia’s pop. Quadruples

» 1750 colonists at 1 million mark– America’s land invited immigration

» Land = bigger families – labor force

• Early Colonial Families– Low birth rates – few women came to colonies– Early marriage years (21-22) led to more

pregnancies» More children = larger populations» Average age in colonies 1790 “16!”

– Death rates declined in colonies» Abundance of food» Less susceptible to disease – seasoning» Less exposure – abundance of land

Shape of Colonial America - South• Social Status

• Cultural baggage; women are inferior; original sin makes them weaker vessels.

– Women to be house wives; obey husband; nurture children

» Women held subordinate status– Manual labor; garden, farm, housework,

» Up at 4:30 am make breakfast; water/feed livestock; awake children; churn butter; tend garden; prepare lunch; play w/ kids; work garden; cook dinner; milk cows; ready children for bed; clean kitchen; retire for bed 9:00 pm

– Women also spun clothes; wove clothing; knitted; quilted; made candles/soap; chopped wood; hauled water

– Scarce labor also opened doors for women; midwives; doctors; silver smiths

– Did have greater control over property & more rights like men.

Shape of Colonial America-South• Crops & Land (South)

• Climate “key” ingredient– Grow exotic crops

» Tobacco production 1619 – 20,000 lbs – 1688 18 million lbs» Smoking is the “rage” in Europe

– Increased crop – increased labor» Indentured servants the answer» Colonial men forced to labor – no other alternative» Colony of limited skill & jobs

– Indentured servitude – positive» Fulfilled needs of planters» Allowed social mobility – people can get land – get some money» Indentured servants lived longer – less land – surplus of tobacco» Booming colonial populations

– Attempted regulations on tobacco & servants» Colonists bucked the system – did not allow them to reach full

potential in terms of wealth» No more farming in the frontier

– Slavery became the easiest solution to labor and surplus issues;» Cheap labor – not competition – thus slavery is bread out of

staple crops, colonial boom, and need for cheaper labor

Shape of Colonial America - North • Cityscape

• Organization according to denominations/congregations

– Highly agricultural – but no slaves» Communal = land divided according to work» Larger investment or families = more land to farm

– Cities planned out according to English systems

• Farming• Short growing season & harsh climate

– Staple crops; wheat, barley, oats; cattle– Grew what was familiar from England

• Industry• Fur Trade

– Provide commodities to sale to England– Market buckled – pelts priced dropped – system

collapsed• Large forests – converted into ships• Gathered lively-hood from the sea

– Developed fisheries – staple crop to send to England– Encouraged further ship building– Spurred on Triangular trade

Shape of Colonial America - North• Trade

• North Atlantic Networking– Lacked means of production – colonies

imported everything– Staple Crop Theory:

» Colonies developed according to the staple commodities

» Northern Colonies = Maritime commerce (Ships/Fish)

– New England – developed staple exports• 2 problems with trade:

– Lack of staple products– English Gov’t raised taxes on Colonial

imports (Protect English Industry)» Colonies purchased more goods than

sold» Unbalanced trade

– Change of Plans (Colonies)» Use own ships to transport goods» Find new markets for staples

– Led to triangular trade

Shape of Colonial - North• Moderation in all things…

• Staunch religious practices– Adhere to religious observance

» Keeping Sabbath holy» Knowledge derived from Bible» Strong patriarchal society» Search for God’s will» Direct accountability to God

– Relationship were intimate» Congregational church » Gov. necessary – human sin/weakness » Women subordinate to men (as Eve was

to Adam – Bible is reference)– Children followed parents

» Parents provided land – industry» Increased trade = increased sectarian

(worldly experiences)» Increase on non-religious folk – conflict

of land and religious beliefs• This all led to further conflicts among New

England colonies

Shape of Colonial - Middle• Mixed Benefits

• Mixed economy– Shared similar economy to Northern

» Wheat, oats, barley, cattle, etc– Shared benefits of Indian trade in Furs

» Rivers gave access to back country

• Mixed Ethnicities– Dutch culture lingered in middle colonies– Religious openness –

» Quakers, Lutheran, Moravians, Mennonites» Open religion = more immigrants

– Multiple ethnicities – German, Finn, Swedish

• Commerce primary existence– Cities hugged the coast – easy access– Most cities held no more than 10% of colonial

population» 1750 Philadelphia sported 30,000

– Society – became stratified with growth» Merchants formed upper crust» All other below merchants (sailors, artisans)