Colonial America

Mrs. Springman GMS

7th Grade

SECTION 1: EARLY

ENGLISH SETTLEMENTS

Essential Question:

Why did the English settle in North America?

11.6.17

England in America • The Spanish Armada

– King Phillip II, the powerful ruler of Spain, wanted to put a Catholic ruler on the throne of England. He did not consider Queen Elizabeth, a Protestant, the rightful ruler of England.

– English adventurers such as Sir Francis Drake, attacked the Spanish ships & ports, Queen Elizabeth honored Drake with knighthood & Phillip thought he should be punished.

– Phillip sent the Spanish Armada (Spain’s fleet of warships) to conquer England but it failed completely. This ended the Spanish control of the seas.

– The way was clear for England to establish colonies in North America.

The Lost Colony of Roanoke • Queen Elizabeth gives Sir

Walter Raleigh the right to claim land in North America.

• The first settlers, 100 men, had a difficult winter on the island, so they returned to England.

• In 1587 Raleigh sent 91 men, 17 women, & 9 children to Roanoke.

• John White, mapmaker led the group & shortly after arrival the first English child (Virginia Dare) born in America to White’s daughter.

The Lost Colony of Roanoke Continued

• 9 days after his granddaughter was born White returned to England for supplies.

• The war with Spain delayed his return to Roanoke for 3 years.

• When he returned, he found Roanoke deserted, finding the word Croatoan carved on the gatepost, White believed the colonists had gone to Croatoan Island, about 50 miles to the south.

• Bad weather kept White from exploring further, & the colonists were never seen again.

. . . .

Timeline

• Fill in your timeline of early American settlement events

Timeline of Early English Settlements

1607

Colonists settle at Jamestown

1590

Settlers at Roanoke vanish

1583

Sir Humphrey Gilbert claims Newfoundland for Queen Elizabeth

• Most of the early English settlements were founded by private investors who asked English monarchs for charters, or documents, that granted the right to establish colonies in America.

• Later, England’s government placed direct controls on American colonies.

Jamestown Settlement

• The first permanent settlement in North America was at Jamestown.

• In 1606 several merchants were ready to try to establish colonial North America again.

• Several groups of merchants sought charters (documents) granting the right to organize settlements in an area, from King James I.

The Virginia Company • A group of merchants, the Virginia

Company of London received a charter.

• They were a joint – stock – company. – Investors bought stock, or part

ownership, in the company in return for a share of it’s future profits.

• Settlers in America were to search for gold & establish trade in fish & furs.

• In December 1606, the company sent 144 settlers in 3 ships to build a new colony.

• In April 1607, the ships entered Chesapeake Bay & sailed up a river they named James & established a colony named Jamestown in honor of their king.

Jamestown Survives • Colonists faced hunger & disease

• Colony survived the first 2 years due to Captain John Smith.

• Smith forced settlers to work, explore the area, & sought corn from local Native Americas led by Chief Powhatan.

• Smith returns to England & Jamestown enters a period known as “the starving time”.

• The Virginia colonist found a way to make $ for the investors by growing tobacco using seeds from the West Indies.

Jamestown Survives Continued

• Relations with Natives improved after colonists John Rolfe, married Pocahontas, the daughter of chief Powhatan.

• Land ownership expanded when the Virginia Company gave a headright or land grant, of 50 acres to settlers who paid their own way to the colony.

• Colonists also participated in government.

The House of Burgesses • The House of Burgesses first met in

1619. • The burgesses were

representatives of the colony’s towns, they could make local laws for the colony.

• Life in Virginia – Women, children, & slavery.

• Slavery was first recognized in Virginia law in the 1660’s.

• 1620’s the Virginia Company faced financial problems when Jamestown returned little profit.

• 1624 King James canceled the company’s charter & made Jamestown England’s first royal colony in America.

SECTION 2: NEW

ENGLAND COLONIES

Essential Questions:

Why did the Separatists & Puritans leave England & settle in North America?

11.8.17

Religious Freedom • To practice their religion

more freely, a group of Separatists established the Plymouth colony in North America.

• Unlike Jamestown, the next wave of colonists arrives in search of religious freedom.

• Not everyone in England was happy with the new Anglican Church founded by King Henry VIII.

• Many people dissented (disagreed with the beliefs of the Anglicans) & were persecuted for their beliefs.

The Pilgrim’s Journey • Some separatists in the Netherlands

made arrangements with the Virginia Company. They would settle new land if they could practice their religion freely.

• The separatists considered themselves Pilgrims because their journey had religious purposes.

• Only 35 of the 120 passengers aboard the Mayflower in September 1620 were Pilgrims – others were called strangers (common people, servants, craftspeople, and poor families)

• Because Pilgrim beliefs shaped life in the Plymouth Colony – all early settlers were called Pilgrims.

The Mayflower Compact

• The Mayflower’s passengers planned to settle in the Virginia colony.

• The first land sited was Cape Cod, well North of their intended target.

• The colonists decided to drop anchor (November) in Cape Cod Bay & go ashore.

• Early December William Bradford went ashore at a place they named Plymouth.

• Plymouth was outside the territory that the Virginia Company was allowed or it’s laws. Due to this, the Pilgrims drew up an agreement called the Mayflower Compact.

The Ship

The Mayflower • Most of the crew slept in the tiny

cabins in the forecastle, which also served as the ship’s kitchen.

• The mayflower was a supply ship. It was not built to carry passengers. ‘Tween decks was where the passengers of the Mayflower slept and kept their belongings.

• The main hold was the main cargo area. It held most of the ship's stores of food, supplies, and tools.

• The helmsman moved a lever called the whipstaff, which moved the rudder and steered the ship.

• The great cabin was the quarters for the commander of the ship.

Help from Native Americans • During the 1st winter in America,

almost ½ of the Pilgrims died due to malnutrition, disease, and cold.

• In the spring, 2 Native American’s Squanto & Samoset, befriended the colonists.

• Squanto & Samoset showed the Pilgrims how to grow pumpkins, corn, beans, and where to hunt and fish. – They also helped Pilgrims make peace

with the Wampanoag people who live in the area.

• Massasoit, a Wampanoag leader, signed a treaty with the Pilgrims in March 1621. They lived in peace.

New Settlements

• To escape religious persecution in England, thousands of Puritans migrated to North America and set up new colonies.

• In 1629 a group of Puritans formed the Massachusetts Bay Company.

• They received a Royal Charter to establish a colony north of Plymouth. This was the Puritan’s chance to create a new society in America – a society based on the Bible.

Growth & Government • During the 1630’s, more than 15,000 Puritans journeyed

to Massachusetts to escape religious persecution & economic hard times in Europe.

• The movement became known as the GREAT MIGRATION.

Should Government be based on Religion? • John Winthrop • Roger Williams

Connecticut • 1636 Thomas Hooker (minister)

became unhappy with the Puritan leaders & Winthrop in the Massachusetts colony so he led his congregation through the wilderness to Connecticut (Hartford) where there was “good land”.

• 3 years later along with 2 other towns they formed a colony.

• They adopted a formal plan of government called The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut – this was the first written constitution in America.

• It described the organization of representative government.

Rhode Island • Roger Williams founded the colony

of Rhode Island due to being forced out of Massachusetts in 1635 due to his beliefs – People should not be persecuted for

their religious beliefs – Government should not force people to

worship in a certain way. – It was wrong to take land away from

Native Americans.

• He took refuge with the Narraganset people who later sold him land.

• He received a charter in 1644 for a colony that he named Rhode Island & Providence Plantations

• Due to his beliefs & policies – this was the 1st safe haven in America where people of ALL faiths could worship freely.

New Hampshire • In 1638, John Wheelwright followed Williams example, he

led a group of dissenters from Massachusetts to the north.

• Founding the town Exeter in New Hampshire, Puritans quickly followed.

• Became an independent colony in 1679.

Conflict with Native Americans • Taking land without payment & fighting was common

throughout the colonial period between Natives & Colonial Settlers – In 1636 war broke out.

• 2 traders were killed in the Pequot territory, & Massachusetts sent troops to punish the Pequot.

• A Pequot attack then killed 9 people in Connecticut.

• In May 1637, troops from Connecticut burned the main village of Pequot, killing hundreds.

Conflict with Native Americans Cont. • In 1675 New England went to

war with the Wampanoag people & their allies.

• Metacomet, the Wampanoag chief, was known to settlers as King Phillip.

• Goal: To Stop settlers from moving onto Native America lands. Attempt to form a federation of local peoples & many New England tribes joined with him.

• The War began settlers executed 3 Wampanoag’s for murder.

King Phillips War

• Settlers & their allies fought back.

• King Phillip’s War as the conflict was called, ended in the defeat for the Wampanoag & their allies.

• The war destroyed the power of the Native American’s in New England

• Now colonists were free to expand settlements.

. . . .

PG. 74 OF YOUR TEXTBOOK – ANSWER QUESTION #1 & #2 FOOTHOLD IN THE NEW WORLD

SECTION 3: MIDDLE

COLONIES Essential Questions:

How did the Middle Colonies develop?

11.13.17

England & the Colonies • In England Puritans in

Parliament struggled for power against King Charles I.

• In 1642 a Civil War began, led by Oliver Cromwell, Parliament defeated the king.

• Charles I was beheaded in 1649 on charges of treason.

• After Cromwell died in 1658, Parliament restores the monarchy but with limitations.

• Charles II became king in 1660, his reign is known as Restoration.

England & the Colonies Cont. • The Dutch West India Company wanted to increase the #

of settlers in it’s colony.

• It offered large estates to anyone who could bring at least 50 settlers to work the land.

• Landowners who acquired these estates were called patroons.

• Patroons ruled like kings.

• They had their own courts & laws

• Settlers owned the patroons labor & a share of their crops.

England Takes Over • England wanted New Netherland

because of the harbor & river trade.

• In 1664 England sent a fleet to attack New Netherland.

• Peter Stuyvesant governor of the colony was ill prepared so he surrendered the colony to English forces.

• King Charles II gives the colony to his brother the Duke of York, who renamed it New York.

• This was a proprietary colony, which the owner (proprietor) controlled the colonial land & government instead of having a representative government by elected assemblies.

New York • With a diverse population, New

work continued to thrive.

• It had a diverse population – Dutch, German, Swedish, & Native

America’s as well as Brazilian Jews (the 1st Jews to settle in North America)

• In 1664. New York had about 80,000 inhabitants – This included at least 300 enslaved

Africans.

• By 1683 the colony’s population swelled to about 12,000 people.

• New York City was one of the fastest growing locations in the colony.

New Jersey • The Duke of York gave the southern part of

his colony to Lord John Berkeley & Sir George Carteret.

• The proprietors named their colony New Jersey after the island of Jersey in the English Channel, where Carteret was born.

• To attract settlers they offered large tracks of land & promised freedom of religion, trial by jury, & a representative assembly.

• The assembly made local laws & set tax rates.

• Both proprietors eventually sold their shares back to the king due to a lack of profit.

• In 1702 New Jersey had become a royal colony, but colonists continued to make laws & control government.

Pennsylvania • William Penn founded the colony of

Pennsylvania & designed the city of Philadelphia.

• Penn saw Pennsylvania as a “holy experiment”, a chance to put Quaker ideals into practice.

• The Quakers, or Society of Friends, believed that everyone was equal.

• People could follow their inner light to salvation. They did not need clergy to guide them.

• Quakers were also pacifists, or people who refused to use force or to fight in wars. They were considered a threat in England & were persecuted.

• In 1682 Penn sailed to oversea the building of Philadelphia, the “city of brotherly love”. He also created the 1st constitution for Pennsylvania.

Philadelphia • Penn also believed that the

land belonged to the Native’s & settlers should pay for it. He negotiated several treaties with local Native Americans.

• Penn advertised the colony throughout Europe. By 1683 more than 3,000 English, Welsh, Dutch, & German settlers arrived.

• In 1701 the Charter of Liberties, Penn granted colonists the right to elect representatives to the legislature.

Creation of Delaware • Swedes had settled

southern Pennsylvania before the Dutch & English took over.

• The Charter of Privileges allowed these lower counties to form their own legislature.

• The counties then functioned (operated) as a separate colony as Delaware under Pennsylvania's governor.

SECTION 4:

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Essential Question: How & why did the Southern Colonies

grow?

11.13.17

. . . .

Workers & Why They Came… Directions: On page 70 INB bottom section, Fill IT IN like the one shown, when information is presented

that applies fill your graph in! Workers Why They Came

Indentured Servants

Maryland & Virginia • While Maryland grew & dealt

with Protestant-Catholic conflicts, Virginia settlers continued to push forward.

• Maryland arose from a dream from Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore.

• Baltimore wanted a safe place for his fellow Catholics who were being persecuted in England.

• King Charles I gave Calvert a proprietary colony north of Virginia.

• Calvert died before he received the grant so it went to his son Cecilius.

Maryland • Cecilius named his colony

Maryland, in 1634 he sent 2 of his brothers to run the colony.

• He gave large estates (pieces of land) to English aristocrats & granted land to other settlers.

• As plantations grew workers were needed.

• The colony imported indentured servants & enslaved Africans

• Calvert & Penn argued over boarder disputes –In 1760’s they hired Charles Mason & Jeremiah Dixon to map the boundary & lay stones bearing the Penn & Clavert crests – THE MASON DIXON LINE.

Maryland cont. • Conflicts were also in Maryland.

• The Calvert's had welcomed both Protestants & Catholics, however Protestant settlers outnumbered the Catholics.

• To protect the Catholics, the Act of Toleration was passed in 1649. The act granted both the right to worship freely.

• In 1692, the Protestant controlled assembly made the Anglican Church the official church in Maryland, making the Catholics face the same restrictions as they did in England.

Slavery in Colonial America

• North & South – Slavery was an important part of the economy of many of the

American colonies.

– Most enslaved Africans lived in the Southern colonies, where they worked on plantations (large farms).

– The Northern colonies had a smaller number of enslaved people but also profited from the international trade of Africans.

Enslaved People in the Colonies 1650-1710

Year North South Total

1650 880 720 1,600

1670 1,125 3,410 4,535

1690 3,340 13,389 16,729

1710 8,303 36,563 44,866

Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia • In 1640 William Berkley governor of

Virginia made a pledge to local Native America’s in exchange for large pieces of land, he agreed to keep settlers from moving onto their lands.

• Nathaniel Bacon (a young western planter) in Virginia opposed the colonial government because it was controlled by easterners.

• Many settlers also opposed Berkley’s promise to Native’s & moved forward onto Native America lands, then blamed colonial governments for not protecting them when they were attacked by Natives.

Bacon’s Rebellion in Virginia cont. • In 1676 Bacon led attacks on

Native villages.

• His army marched onto Jamestown & drove Berkley into exile.

• Bacon died suddenly so he was unable to govern so England recalled Berkley to govern & sent troops to restore order.

• Bacon’s rebellion showed that settlers would not be limited to the coast.

• Colonial militia was formed to control Native’s & opened up more land for settlers.

The Carolina’s & Georgia • The Carolina’s & Georgia

developed into major southern colonies.

• In 1663 King Charles II created a proprietary colony south of Virginia called Carolina (Latin for “Charles's Land”)

• He gave the land to 8 nobles who helped him obtain the throne – they set up estates & sold or rented land to settlers brought from England.

John Locke • John Locke an English philosopher wrote a constitution for

the colony covering land divisions & social ranking.

• Locke argued that “every man has a property in his own person…The labour of his body, & the work of his hands… are properly his.”

• John Locke also inspires later Revolutionary War ideals.

• Though his ideas were popular later… Carolina did not develop as he planned. It split creating 2 colonies. North & South Carolina.

North & South Carolina • Farmers from Virginia settled

North Carolina. • They grew tobacco & sold

timber & tar. • No good coast line was available

for trade so farmers used Virginia ports for trading exports.

• South Carolina prospered from fertile farmland & the harbor at Charles Town (Charlestown).

• Settlements spread & trade in deerskin, lumber, & beef thrived.

• 2 crops came to dominate the Carolinas, rice & indigo

North & South Carolina cont. • Growing rice & indigo required much

work so slave labor increased

• In 1740’s a young Englishwoman Eliza Lucas developed a dye from a blue flowering plant that was used to dye textiles.

• By the early 1700’s Carolina’s settlers wanted political power. 1710 settlers seized power from it’s proprietors.

• So in 1729 Carolina became 2 royal colonies of North & South Carolina.

Georgia • Georgia founded in 1733, was the last British colony to be established

in America.

• James Oglethorpe received a charter for a colony where debtors & poor people could make a fresh start.

• In Britain, debtors were imprisoned if they were not able to pay their debts.

• Britain also hoped that Georgia would serve as a protector from Britain's enemy to the South…Spain’s Florida. Oglethorpe & the 1st settlers built forts & the town of Savannah as a barrier to a possible Spanish invasion.

Georgia cont. • Few debtors settled there.

• Instead hundreds of poor people came from Britain.

• Religious refugees from Central Europe & a small group of Jews arrived.

• Many settlers complained about the rules against limits on land holdings & slave labor, so Oglethorpe gave into demands.

• He gave up on the colony due to slow growth & handed it over to the King in 1751.

• By that time Britain had been established in America for almost 150 years!

Anne Hutchinson • Anne Hutchinson was a Puritan who believed in the

rights of the individual to freedom of thought, freedom of speech, and freedom to worship.

• Real heroes are people who in the face of adversity, refuse to betray their ideals or ethics, no matter what the cost.

• Puritan rule in the newly established American colonies was hard, especially if you were a woman, you weren't even allowed to think for yourself.

• As a wife, mother, religious leader, midwife and perhaps the first American feminist, Anne stood up for what she believed in.

• Her popularity & charisma created tension in Boston church which threatened to destroy the Puritan's holy experiment in New England.

• Most challenging a situation for the ruling magistrates and ministers during her first three years in Boston, she was eventually tried and convicted, then banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony along with her followers.

• She moved to Rhode Island then onto Split Rock (later the Bronx of New York).

Margret Brent • On January 21, 1748 Margaret Brent (landowner)

appeared before the colonial Assembly and asked for two votes. – For herself & the other because she was Lord Baltimore’s

attorney. – Assembly refused her request and Margaret was forced to

act on her own.

• Under her authority as Lord Baltimore’s attorney, she sold some of his cattle and paid the soldiers, Yet when Lord Baltimore, protested her actions the Assembly wrote a letter of support.

• They moved to Virginia,& Margaret acquired a new plantation she named “Peace.” There she died in 1671.

• She is remembered as the first woman to request the right to vote, her reasons were not necessarily for the promotion of her gender, but for the benefit of the survival of her homeland.

• She was unique not just for the request for the vote but for taking such an active role in the business and governmental survival of Maryland.

The French & Spanish in North America • The French & Spanish expanded their lands

in North America.

• The French founded Quebec in 1608 – 1st established for fur trading & missionary work the French needed to protect their trading empire.

• In 1663 New France became a royal colony. King Louis XIV limited the privileges of the fur companies & appointed a royal governor who supported new explorations.

Down the Mississippi River • In the 1670’s, 2 Frenchmen- a

fur trader Louis Joliet & a priest Jacques Marquette – explored the Mississippi River by Canoe.

• They were looking for gold & a water route to the Pacific.

• A few years later, Rene-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, followed the Mississippi River all the way to the Gulf of Mexico.

• La Salle claimed the region for France, calling it Louisiana in honor of King Louis XIV

• In 1718 The French governor founded the port of New Orleans.

Growth of New France • Advancement was SLOW…

• New France was made up of estates along the St. Lawrence River.

• Estate holders received land in return for bringing settlers. – Tenant Farming – settlers paid their lord an

annual rent & worked for him a fixed number of days each year.

• Since the colonies grew so slowly, the French gained great relations with Native Americans.

• Missionaries did come to convert Natives to Catholicism but they did not try to change their customs!

Spanish Interests • Spain began to expand into the West. • Spain sent soldiers, missionaries, & settlers to

present day New Mexico. – In 1609 – 1610 Spain founded Santa Fe.

• They also went to Arizona in the late 1600’s. • When France claimed the land around the

Mississippi, Spain went into Texas territory. – In the early 1700’s Spain built San Antonio & other

military posts in Texas.

• Spanish priests built missions (religious settlements) to convert people to their faith.

• They did force some Natives into slavery. In 1769 Junipero Serra, a Franciscan monk founded a mission at San Diego – Other missions were established on a route known as

El Camino Real (The Royal Highway) – These missions became Los Angeles & Monterey

where Serra traveled on foot to monitor the missions & ensure the soldiers were treating the Natives properly.

European Conflicts • Rivalries between European nations carried over to the America’s. In

North America, France & Britain were expanding their settlements. – Both nations fought wars in the early 1700’s.

• When the 2 counties fought wars in Europe they then carried over into the colonies.

• In the late 1700’s wars in Europe would greatly shape revolutionary events in America.

VISUAL SUMMARY

Almost….

TIME FOR STRATEGY GUIDE…