Cognitive Neuroscience “Meet & Greet”

“Emergence and evolution of a dynamic dissipative network.”

Cognitive Neuroscience “Meet & Greet”

• Purpose– Link up researchers & clinicians within and across

schools at CWRU (…+ other local institutions)– Inclusive (people can continue to sign up here:

http://www.surveymonkey.com/s.aspx?sm=t_2flbgk21OsT1idofEvNcNg_3d_3d )

– First step, next steps: website, regular meetings, external speakers, retreat. (let us know)

– Strategic Planning: what strengths are already here, where do we want to go?

– Dept. Cognitive Science: Undergrad <3 yrs old, >70 majors. MA Cognitive Linguistics. Aims to links up CWRU strengths.

Cognitive Neuroscience “Meet & Greet”

• Program– Daniela Calvetti, Chair of Mathematics. Art. Sci.– Anthony Furlan, Chair of Neurology, Med. Sch.– Brief self-introductions w/ slides, questions– (Off the cuff self-introductions – time permitting)– Break for informal discussion - drinks, snacks, in

Cogsci lounge & Cogsci forum (612) – Thanks to Gina Cesaro

Websites

• (needs updating)https://filer.case.edu/org/cogneuro

• (under construction)http://filer.case.edu/aph11/BIG_CWRU/Populations%20of%20Interest/Populations/Populations.htm

Case Western Reserve UniversityCognitive Neuroscience Initiative

MeetingOctober 29, 2008

Hosted by:

Tony jack, ph.d. CWRU Dept. Cognitive Science

Anthony furlan, md. UH Chairman of Neurology

Anastasia Dimitropoulos, Ph.D.Department of Psychology, CWRU

• keywords: – neurodevelopmental disabilities

• Prader-Willi Syndrome• autism

– psychological and neurobiological functioning• fMRI

– food motivation, reward, obesity– social competence– OCD

Effects of long term voluntary exercise on the Forced Swim Test in Rats

Patrick Chirdon1,2, Pingfu Feng1,

1: Case Western Reserve University2: Department of Medicine/Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Case Western Reserve University3: Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center

Background: It is a common understanding that exercise benefits human health in many aspects. For example:

1. Exercise improves mood.2. Exercise combats chronic diseases.3. Exercise helps manage body weight.4. Exercise strengthens heart and lungs.5. Exercise promotes better sleep.6. Exercise can increase reproductive behavior.

Objectives: To determine if long term voluntary exercise would benefit mood

Design: Voluntary exercise10 wks

from age 25 days

Swim test 15 min

Ten wks later

Time (s) Spent Climbing, Swimming, and Immobile By Test Group

0100200300400500600700800

Climbing Swimming Immobility

Single con

Ex 5 wks

Ex 10 wks

Group con

Ten weeks of wheel activity

• Conclusion: Exercise does have a natural antidepressant• Like effect on behavior, but exercise is only effective in • Increasing active behaviors if the rat is older than 6.5• Weeks. Rats older than 6.5 weeks have motivation to exercise that

younger rats have not developed.

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tal a

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Rat3

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Case Center for Imaging Research (CCIR) Neuroimaging Program

Jean A. Tkach, Ph.D.Assistant Professor

Department of Radiology and BME

Xu Chen, Ph.D.Post Doc

fMRI analysis

Jack Jesberger , MS

Engineer/Research

Gregory R. Lee, Ph.D.Post Doc

MRI acquisition and reconstruction

Eric Pierre, MS

Ph.D. studentImage processing

Representative fMRI Projects

• Speech Sound Disorders – overt speech production

• Chemobrain – concentration and short term memory

• Prenatal Cocaine Exposure – visual spatial skills

fMRI Investigation of Speech Production in SSD

• Barbara Lewis, Ph.D. Communication Sciences Department of Case Western Reserve University• Overt word and non word repetition task in SSD adolescent subjects and age matched controls (CAS)• Novel fMRI acquisition protocol

FMRI Study of ChemobrainJean A. Tkach, Ph.D.

Department of Radiology, CCIR

Joseph Barr, MD

Departments of Hematology and Oncology

Paula Ogrocki, Ph.D.

Department of NeurologyMemory and Cognition Center

Xu Chen, Ph.D.

Department of Radiology, CCIR

Lois Friedman, Ph.D.

Department of Psychology

Jack Jesberger

Department of Radiology, CCIR

FMRI Evaluation of Chemobrain

What is Chemobrain ?• Overall reduction in cognitive performance: primarily in attention, concentration , information

processing speed and memory• Self report and confirmed by neurobehavioral testing• Dramatic negative impact on QUALITY OF LIFE. Compromises daily functioning at home, job and

socially

Study Objective :• Develop fMRI methodology to identify neuronal substrate affected by chemotherapy• Same fMRI methodology can then be used to longitudinally evaluate efficacy of interventional

therapies developed to address the chemotherapy induced cognitive deficits.

FMRI Study : • Interrogate functional networks supporting working memory and attention Stroop Task N-back Task ( 1 and 2 back )

****Similar Paradigms being used to evaluate Bariatric surgery patients pre and post surgery

Neuronal dynamics:Theory and experiments,from neurons to networks

Roberto Fernández Galán, PhD

rfgalan@case.edu

School of MedicineDepartment of Neurosciences

Reliable neural codesM

itral

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l in

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olfa

ctor

y bu

lbP

yramidal cell in the neocortex

R.F. Galán et al. (2007) Journal of Neurophysiology

Theory Experiments

Connectivity determines activity patterns in cortical networks

PLoS One, 3(5) e2148, 2008

from neurons to networks……to large brain structures

work in progress with G. Karl Steinke1/

connectivity

Joseph C. LaManna, PhD

Departments of Physiology & Biophysics,

Neurology, and Neuroscience

Iadecola, Nature Rev Neurosci 5:347, 2004

The Neurovascular Unit

Stroke &Recovery from Stroke

Physiological &PathophysiologicalAging

Neuroprotection&Preconditioning

Cardiac Arrest &Resuscitation

Cancer &Tumors

AVM’s &other vascularPathologies

Current Lab Projects

• Physiologic Adaptation to Hypoxia• Angioplasticity• Cardiac Arrest & Resuscitation• Ketones and Alternate Substrates

Laboratories of Experimental Stroke and Cerebrovascular Disease

• In Vivo Models– Cardiac Arrest and Resuscitation– Focal Stroke– Chronic Hypoxia

• Major Measurements– rCBF– BBB transport– Capillary Density– Immunohistochemistry

Lee Anne Thompson, Ph.D.

ProfessorDepartment of Psychology

Mather Memorial Bldg, Rm 126B368-6477

lee.thompson@case.edu

Western Reserve Reading and Math Project

• Primary Investigator:– Stephen Petrill, Ohio State University

• Co-Investigators:– Laurie Cutting, Johns Hopkins University– Kirby Deater-Deckard, Virginia Polytechnic University– Laura DeThorne, University of Illinois– Lynn Fuchs, Vanderbilt University– David Geary, University of Missouri– Robert Plomin, Institute of Psychiatry, London– Chris Schatschneider, Florida State University– Lee Thompson, Case Western Reserve University– David Vandenbergh, Pennsylvania State University

• Funding– NICHD HD38075– NICHD/IES HD46167

W R R M P

Western Reserve Reading and Math Project

• Sample• Ongoing longitudinal study (K thru 5th)• 400 pairs of identical and same-sex fraternal twins• Recruited through schools in Ohio (soon to be 500)• Procedures: • DNA collection and genotyping• Parent ratings• Teacher ratings• In-home testing (parents and children)• Tester ratings• Longitudinal Assessment, detailed measurement of

reading, math, behavioral outcomes, and family environment

W R R M P

Testing in WRRMP

Reading 1Acquisition

Reading 2Acquisition

Reading 3Acquisition

HD38075

Process Based Math

HD46167

Reading 4Comprehension

Reading 5Comprehension

Reading 6Comprehension HD38075

PsychometricMath

W R R M P

Visual-Spatial-Motor Tasks in Brain Imaging Studies

John A. Jesberger

Case Center for Imaging Research

Video Games fMRI TasksHead: not moving

Body: not moving

Hands executing complex tasks in a VR space on the screen

Visual Feedback & DirectionIsolated from hands

He could easily be doing this in an MRI

Advantages of the Standard Video Game Platform for fMRI

• Hundreds of millions of potential subjects already trained by Nintendo, Microsoft, & Sony

• Games are more fun – better tolerance & engagement of subjects in more complex tasks

– Tools and expertise for development now widespread– VR Labs and game design curricula at many

universities• CWRU Virtual Worlds Laboratory

– Leads to much faster development cycle• Controller and first task developed in 6 months!

Screen shot of our Block Design “Game”

First block picked up being rotated for placement

DesignToMatch

Blocks

ControlScheme

MRI compatible controllerAlready Built and tested

First maps of neural activation while performing a Block Design Task

Each epoch contained44 sec Block Design (active)44 sec Fixation (control)Repeated for 5 epochs

Block design was self-paced, i.e. after completing a pattern the subject was presented a new pattern until 44 seconds was up.

Total trial time 7:24 (min:sec)

Wyatt Newmanprofessor, EECS Dept

Roboticist

Team Leader, DEXTER and Team Case, DARPA Urban Challenge

DEXTER and Team Case at the National Qualifying Event: Autonomous vehicle, DEXTER, was designed to navigate missions while conforming to all traffic laws and interacting with live and robotic traffic in an urban setting.

Recent Robotics Projects

“Jinks” following optical beacon on leader in Komen Race for the Cure, 2008

Industrial robot using force sensing and genetic algorithm autonomously learns to perform mechanical assembly

Other…• Classes:

– Computational Intelligence (Neural Networks), EECS 484– Mobile Robotics (projects course), EECS 397– Digital Control, Introduction to Robotics, Senior Project,

Electromechanics, Intro to programming• Research projects

– Autonomous learning for manipulation– Force sensing for robotic assembly and surface finishing – Intelligent Ground Vehicles (competition)– Localization and mapping (Lidar, stereo vision, kinematics, GPS,

Kalman filters)– Machine vision (Independent Component Analysis for image

interpretation)– Autonomous learning for improved driving– Interest in robots and emotions

Peter J. WhitehousePast, present and future

Case Western Reserve UniversityNeurology, Cognitive Science, and

Organizational Behavior

Past

• Cholinergic basal forebrain and nicotinic receptors

• Clinical pathological correlation(brain-behavior)

• Drug development• Attention• Verbal and imaginal memory coding

Present

• Concepts of aging and disease• Genetics of Alzheimer’s• Clinical and research ethics• Quality of life• Narrative medicine• Intergenerational learning

Future

• Wisdom• Moral imagination• Learning organizations• Intergenerational ethics• Sustainability

Department of MathematicsApplied Mathematics Research

Daniela Calvetti Rossana Occhipinti

Erkki Somersalo

Brain Imaging and Metabolic Modeling

• An integrated view: development of computational models that help to understand– how the neuronal activity triggers metabolic activity– how the brain energetics works at cellular level– how the metabolic activity signals to cerebral blood

flow

• Development of computational statistical tools for brain imaging using PET, MEG and Diffuse Optical Tomography (DOT)

Neuropsychological Aspects of Pediatric Epilepsy

Philip S. Fastenau, Ph.D.Department of Neurology

Conceptual Model

Genetic

Electro-Physio.

Mental Health, Academic, & Social Comorbidities

NeuropsychDysfunction

Seizures & ADRs

TCI

Structural

FamilyFunctioning

Modified from Fastenau, Dunn, & Austin (2003), In Rizzo & Eslinger’s Principles of Behavioral Neurology

Baseline MRI & Concurrent NP

Byars, deGrauw, Johnson, Fastenau, et al. (2007). Epilepsia, 48(6), 1067–1074.

Figure 1: Average Factor Scores for Children With and Without Significant MRI Abnormalities

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Without significant MRIabnormalities

With significant MRIabnormalities

LANG PS EC VMEM

Baseline EEG & Concurrent NP

Baseline NP by Baseline Epileptiform Activity

-0.4-0.3-0.2-0.1

00.10.20.30.40.50.6

Language Exec/Construc Process Speed Ver. Memory

Fa

cto

r Z

Sc

ore

Absent (n=100)

Present (n=172)

d = 0.31 (PS only, p<.05)

Fastenau, Johnson, Dunn, deGrauw, et al. (2007). Epilepsia, 48(Suppl. 6), 230-231.

NP Decline During 1st 3 Years: Relationship to Achievement

Fig. 1d: Academic Achievement at 36 Months ( + 1 SEM) on Individual Testing with WJR

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Writing Reading Math

Stable NP

Declining NP

Fastenau, Johnson, Perkins, Byars, Dunn, & Austin (2008). Journal of the Intl. Neuropsychological Society, 14.

Visualizing business information

Fred CollopyWeatherhead School of Management

Anthony (Tony) JackAssistant Professor

Cognitive Science, Philosophy, PsychologySchool of Arts & Sciences, CWRU

Background

• PhD in Experimental Psychology & Philosophy• PET & fMRI at main European and US centers

– University College London, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging

• SPM, psychology-driven designs

Rock, paper, scissors PET scanner

Cognitive Subtraction

Person

-Computer

=

Background

• PhD in Experimental Psychology & Philosophy• PET & fMRI at main European and US centres

– University College LondonInstitute of Cognitive Neuroscience & Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging

• SPM, psychology-driven designs

– Washington University in St Louis Medical School

• Biologically-driven designs, connectivity

Attention to Biology

• Decomposing non-social & social cognition and examining interactions(physical, intentional & phenomenal stances)

• Individual differences in undergrads, ASD

• Functional brain connectivity (& network analysis)

Autism work in collaboration with…

David D. Friel, Ph.D.Dept. of Neurosciences

B.A. Physics, Ph.D. Biophysics

ElectrophysiologyCalcium imaging

Computational modeling

‘Output’

‘Signaling’

‘Input’

Molecules, Cells, Circuits, Organisms

P/Q-type Ca2+ channelsMutations cause cerebellar ataxia

rocker (rkr), tottering (tg), rolling Nagoya (rol), leaner (la)

ataxiaMild Severe

Network Context

The leaner Ca2+ channel mutation disrupts spontaneous firing activity

Purkinje neuron from Wild-type mouse

Purkinje neuron from leaner mutant mouse

David Pincus, DMH

Director, MindBrain Consortium, Summa Hospitals

UH Department of PsychiatryPrivate Practice

Our Take on the MindBrain Issue• Brains become minds through bonding,

attachment, learning, a ‘holding environment’• A person needs a facilitating environment so as to

allow a coordinated mind to emerge from a brain• Early attachment patterns predict later personality

development, adaptation, and psychopathology• Our translational model allows us to tie together a

neurobiology of sociality and to understand psychotherapy, as well as other ‘biological’ interventions, in this context

And so we study

• Neuropeptide ‘operators’ in bonding and separation distress

• Our favorites are oxytocin and the endogenous opioid system

• We have studies going with humans and also prairie voles, the latter a very social mammal which mates for life. Rat’s aren’t very social, and may not be the best model for studying anxiety and depression, if you assume, with humans, that a Self cannot develop without an Other

Studies completed or in process

• 1. fMRI study with with ‘depressed’ prairie voles inhaling oxytocin

• 2. pairs of psychologists and psychiatrists inhaling oxytocin and reporting on changes in experience

• 3. using a partially synthetic opioid in treatment refractory depression

• 4. fMRI study of mildly depressed people, treated with oxytocin to see if they become more ‘connected’ and ‘involved’

Our institutional collaborators are• Medical University of South Carolina• Case Western Reserve University• Kent State University• McLean Hospital, Harvard University• Washington State University• University of Akron

• People: Doug Delahanty, Bruce Cushing, Jennifer Eaton, Ziad Nahas, Mark George, Jaak Panksepp, Alec Bodkin

Alan Lerner, MDDept of Neurology, UHCMC and CWRUDirector, Memory and Cognition Center

Current Research InterestsClinical trials for Alzheimer’s disease

Studies in category fluencyEffects of medical conditions on cognition