INTRODUCTION TO COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCEDr P.S. Deb

COGNITIVE SCIENCEA

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SEARCH FOR SEAT OF MIND: VITALISMAncient

WHAT IS THE SEAT OF COGNITION?

• Trepanning done in South

America over 10,000

years

• To let the bad spirit out

that tormented the brains

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SURGICAL PAPYRUS: 1600BC

• 30 Clinical cases of head

and surgical trauma

• first known descriptions

of cranial sutures, the

external brain surface,

brain liquor (CSF) and

intracranial pulsation

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ALCMAEON OF CROTON (500 BC)

•Brain as the site of sensation•Optic nerve as hollow carried the information to the brain where sensory modalities had its own localization•human soul was immortal and partook of the divine nature, because like the heavenly bodies it contained in itself a principle of motion

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BRAIN VS. HEART

Hippocrates 460-377 BC, “Men ought to know that from the brain and from the brain only arise our pleasures, joys, laughter and jests, as well as our sorrows, pains, grieves and tears”.

Aristotle 384-322 B.C “the heart as the organ of thinking, of perception and feelings,”“brain could cool the passion of heart”

o 387 B.C. - Plato teaches at Athens. Believes brain is seat of mental process

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HEROPHILUS – 335-280 BC

Father of Anatomy Ventricles are seat of

human intelligence Termed Spinal cord

as caudal prolongation of the rhombencephelon

"the neura that make voluntary motion possible have their origin in the cerebrum (enkephalos) and spinal marrow"

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GALEN 130-200 ADA

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Nutrient -> natural spirit-> Heart as vital spirit- > ventricle + air = animal sprit the essence of life and intellectual skill, move along the nerve eliciting movement and sensation.

Phelgm is waist of animal spirit leaks form cribiform plate

VENTRICLE THE SEAT OF MIND

Soul could not be localized but mind could

First ventricle the common sense

Second – reason, thinking and wisdom

Third – Memory

Nemesius (circa 320), bishop of Emesa

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DESCARTES 1596-1650A

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1649 - Rene Descartes describes pineal as control center of body and mind

The fire elicits movement of animal spirits in hollow nerves.

The movement opens pores in the ventricle (F), letting flow spirits that will inflate the muscles of the leg,  that moves away from the heat.

Reflex response

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ANIMAL MAGNETISM

Freidrich Anton mesmer ( 1734-1815)Animal magnetism

(Mesmerizm)System of healing

based on disturbance of universal energy field

Mesmerism: a magnet and later hand to heal disease

THE RENAISSANCE OF NEUROSCIENCE

LEONARDO DA VINCI APRIL 15, 1452 – MAY 2, 1519 A

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Andreas Vesalius (1514-1564 CE)A

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Concerning the Structure of the Human Body - De Corporis Humani Fabrica in 1543

1664 - THOMAS WILLIS

1664 - Publishes Cerebri anatome (in Latin)

1681 - coined the term Neurology

Reflex word was first used to described element act of NS

Chemistry is the basis of human function not mechanical

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BRAIN FUNCTION AS PART OR WHOLERecent

PHRENOLOGY FRANZ JOSEPH GALL 1806

all behavior emanated from the brain.

particular regions of the cerebral cortex controlled specific functions.

Cerebral cortex was divided into at least 35 organs, each corresponding to a specific mental faculty

the center for each mental function grew with use

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1809 - LUIGI ROLANDO

Ablation studies in animal – cerebrum and cerebellum Stimulated animal cortex Conluded - cerebrum controlled voluntary body functions

and the cerebellum controlled involuntary functions.

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1824 - MARIE-JEAN-PIERRE FLOURENS A

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The aggregate field theory based on ablation of birds and rabbit brain

By removing cerebrum, all perceptions, motor function, and judgment were abolished.

Removal of cerebellum affected equilibrium and motor coordination.

Destruction of brain stem caused death.

1825 - JEAN-BAPTISTE BOUILLAUD Presents cases of loss of

speech after frontal lesions from clinicopathological correlation.

We cannot test speech in animal

Frontal lobe has other higher function which differentiate from animal.

By symptom we can localize the cerebral lesion.

Cerebellum controlled equilibrium and station

Frontal lobe and higher mental functions

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PHINEASE GAGE (1848)

On 13th Sept 1848 a

railroad worker hard

working, diligent,

reliable, responsible,

intelligent, good

humored, polite god

fearing, family oriented

foreman

Following an explosion

iron bar drove into

frontal lobe

1. He becomes unreliable and fails to come to work and when present he is "lazy."

2. He has no interest in going to church, constantly drinks alcohol, gambles, and "whores about."

3. He is accused of sexually molesting young children.

4. He ignores his wife and children and fails to meet his financial and family obligations.

5. He has lost his sense of humour.

6. He curses constantly and does so in inappropriate circumstances.

7. Died of status epilepticus in 1861

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CHARLES DARWIN 1808-1882 Ap

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“Cognition is survival instinct a consequence of carefully

crafted modules dedicated to solving specific evolutionary

problems”

PIERRE GRATIOLET <>ERNEST AUBURTIN1861 ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOCIETY PARIS

brain acted as a whole and that localized functional centers did not exist (Gratiolet)

If the principle of cerebral centers proven for one function the center controlling other functions could be unraveled. (Auburtin)

Brain Size and Volume

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LOBAR LOCALIZATION

Paul Broca 1861

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WILLIAM GILBERT – 1600 ELECTRICITY Ap

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BIOELECTRICITY

1791 - Luigi Galvani: Moves frog leg with static electricity and detected electricity in the nerves of frog

1809 - Luigi Rolando uses galvanic current to stimulate cortex

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JOHN HUGHLINGS JACKSON (1865)

Clinicopathological correlation

Seizure origin from cortex not medulla due to electrical activity

Speech difficulty during seizure due to left post frontal injury

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1870, HITZIG AND FRITSCH Electrically stimulated

various parts of a dog's motor cortex.

what part of the cortex they stimulated, a different part of the body contracted.

if they destroyed this same small area of the cortex, the corresponding part of the body became paralyzed.

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1870 - DAVID FERRIER Ap

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Faradic stimulation of various animal conrtex

constructed one of the first detailed cortical maps

1906 - SIR CHARLES SCOTT SHERRINGTON

1906- The Integrative Action of the Nervous system that describes the synapse and motor cortex

Spinal reflex 1932 Nobel Prize

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Motor maps of the gorilla cortex

1957 - W. PENFIELDA

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CT SCAN Ap

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PET SCAN Ap

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MRI BRAIN Ap

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FMRI Ap

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BIRTH OF NEURON DOCTRINE

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GALILEO GALILEI 1564-1642 Ap

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DISCOVERY OF NEURONA

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Ramony Cajal and Camillo Golgi 1906 Noble

BRODMANN’S AREA: 1909 Ap

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STUDY OF COGNITIVE NEURAL SCIENCE

1. Single cell recording of behaving animal

2. Cellular study of brain architecture

3. Cognitive genetics

4. Study of behavior of patient with specific

lesion the brain

5. Imaging of brain of normal and abnormal

6. Computer modeling

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OBJECTIVES

To know 1. Organization of Nervous system

2. Nerve signal processing

3. Neural Networking

4. Sensory processing : Physical, chemical, EM

5. Motor control mechanism voluntary and involuntary

6. Consciousness, sleep, emotion reproduction

7. Cognitive function: Language, Memory…

8. Development of NS and Genetics

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1. FUNCTIONAL ORGANIZATION OF NSA

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1. STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION OF NS A

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2. NERVE SIGNAL PROCESSINGA

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3. NEURAL NETWORKA

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4. SENSORY SIGNAL PROCESSING

Laws of specific sense energies – Muller 1826

“Each nerve fiber is activated primarily by a certain type of stimulus

and each makes specific connections to structures in the central

nervous system whose activity gives rise to specific sensations”

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5. MOTOR CONTROL

VoluntaryInvoluntary

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6. CONSCIOUSNESS, SLEEP, EMOTION REPRODUCTIONA

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7. HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS: LANGUAGE, MEMORY A

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8. BRAIN DEVELOPMENT AND GENETICS

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SELECTED READING Ap

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