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Spreadsheet FunctionsIntroduction

Using Spreadsheet Functions

Serial DateTime Values

Available Spreadsheet Functions

Analysis Tool Pack Functions

IntroductionThis documentation page documents all of the available Spreadsheet functions. Virtually all of the functions that are available inMicrosoft Excel and OpenOffice Calc are available.

Spreadsheet functions are entered into cells. They take parameters and data, make calculations on the parameters and data, thenreturn the result to the cell.

Using Spreadsheet FunctionsTo use a Spreadsheet function, use the = sign to indicate a formula, enter the function name, then enter the parameters and dataenclosed in parentheses. Separate each parameter with a comma ",". The formula does not only have to contain a single function, itcan contain anything that can be part of a formula as described on the Working with Spreadsheets documentation page.

Spreadsheet function parameters can be Numbers, Cell and Range References, Other Functions, User Defined Names, Text Strings (thetext needs to be in quotation marks), Dates and Times, Logical Values (TRUE, FALSE), and Error Values. Any of these types can beused as a parameter as long as they are compatible with or can be converted to the parameter type specified in the function format inthe list of Spreadsheet Functions. Parameters can also use operators. Use a cell or range reference as a parameter or as part of anexpression, if you want to use data for a function parameter that is located in a cell or a range.

Examples:

=SQRT(4) This function can be entered in any cell and will return 2.

=SQRT(B1) Returns the square root of the value in cell B1.

=SQRT(4+B1) Returns the square root of 4 plus the value in cell B1. The parameter to this function is called an Expression.

=SUM(F4:F24) Returns the sum of cells F4 through F24.

The format for some functions specify an Expression. An expression is just like a formula. Except that it is not prefixed with an =.Therefore, anything you can use in a formula can be used in an expression. See the Working with Spreadsheets documentationpage for information on formulas and expressions. The simplest form of an expression is a single number ( Example: 5). A logicalexpression is one that returns TRUE if it evaluates to a nonzero number and returns FALSE if it evaluates to 0.

If the function format shows a parameter in brackets ([ ]), then that parameter is optional.

When a parameter specifies a list, then use a reference to a range or a comma separated list.

A Text String is text and can be a single character or a series of characters enclosed in quotation ("") marks.

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Serial DateTime ValuesSierra Chart Spreadsheets store Dates and Times as floating point numbers which represent the time since 1900-Jan-1 at 00:00. The

Main Documentation Getting Started Account Management Support



integer part of the floating-point number represents the days and the fractional part, to the right of the decimal place, represents thetime. This is exactly the same way as Excel and OpenOffice Calc represent date and Time values. This is called a Serial Date Timevalue.

The Spreadsheet Study, Spreadsheet System/Alert and the Spreadsheet System for Trading studies output Date-Time valuesto column A using this format.

Time Examples: 12 PM would be represented as .5. 1 minute or 00:01 would be represented as 1/1440. There are 1440 minutes in aday. 00:01:10 would be represented as 70/86400. Their 86,400 seconds in a day.

Date Examples: 1900-Jan-2 would be represented as 2.

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Available Functions

Format: ABS(number) Returns the absolute value of the number.

Format: ACOS(number) Returns the arc cosine of the number.

Format: ACOSH(number) Returns the inverse hyperbolic cosine of the number.

Format:ADDRESS(row, column, ref type [, A1 format - logical value] [, sheet name])

Returns a cell address as text.

ref type:

1 = absolute

2 = absolute row, relative column

3 = relative row, absolute column

4 = relative

Format: AND(comma separated list of logical condition expressions)

Returns TRUE if all the logical condition expressions areTRUE. Otherwise, FALSE will be returned. The logicalcondition expression list can be one or more expressionsseparated by commas. You are not limited to just twoexpressions, you can have several. Examples:=AND(E3 > 10,AA3 = 100) (Spreadsheet Study formula)=AND(C > 100,SG1 < 50) (Simple Alert formula)=OR(AND(H > 100,SG1 > 100),AND(L < 80,SG1 < -100))(Simple Alert formula)

Format: AREAS() Returns the number of areas based on a reference.

Format: ASIN(number) Returns the arcsine of the number.

Format: ASINH(number) Returns the inverse hyperbolic sine of the number.

Format: ATAN(number) Returns the arctangent of the number.

Returns the four-quadrant arctangent of the specified x-



Format: ATAN2(x, y)and y- coordinates in radians between -pi and pi excluding-pi. A positive result represents a counterclockwise anglefrom the x-axis, a negative result represents a clockwiseangle.

Format: ATANH(number) Returns the inverse hyperbolic tangent of the number.

Format: AVEDEV()Retuns the average of the absolute deviations of datapoints from their mean.

Format: AVERAGE(number list.) Returns the average of the number list.

Format: AVERAGEA()Returns the average of the values in its list of parametersincluding text and logical values.

Format: AVERAGE(number list.) Returns the average of the number list.

Format: BETADIST() Returns the cumulative beta probability density function.

Format: BETAINV()Returns the inverse of the cumulative beta probabilitydensity function.

Format: BINOMDIST()Returns the individual term binomial distributionprobability.

Format: CEILING(number, multiple) Rounds the number up to the nearest specified multiple.

Format: CHAR(number)Returns the character that is equal to the specified ASCIIvalue.

Format: CHIDIST()Returns the one-tailed probability of the chi-squared(X^2) distribution; the area in the right tail under the chi-squared distribution curve.

Format: CHIINV()Returns the inverse of the one-tailed probability of thechi-squared (X^2) distribution.

Format: CHITEST()Returns the test for independence of the characteristics ina table.

Format: CHOOSE(index, item list)Returns a value from the item list that is at the position ofthe specified index.

Format: CLEAN(text)Removes the non-printable characters from the textstring.



Format: CODE(text)Returns the computers character set code of the firstcharacter in the text string.

Format: COLUMN(reference) Returns the column number of the reference.

Format: COLUMNS(reference) Returns the number of columns in the range reference.

Format: COMBIN()Returns the number of combinations for a given numberof items.

Format: CONCATENATE(text1, text2, ....) Returns a text string with the text strings joined.

Format: CONFIDENCE() Returns the confidence interval for a population mean.

Format: COS(number) Returns the cosine of the angle.

Format: COSH(number) Returns the hyperbolic cosine of the number.

Format: CORREL() Returns the correlation coefficient between two data sets.

Format: COUNT(value list) Returns the number of values in the list.

Format: COUNTBLANK() Counts the empty cells in a specified range.

Format: COUNTIF(range, criteria)Returns the number of cells in the range which meet thecriteria. Criteria can be a number, an expression, or text.Criteria Example: 4, "3", ">45", "bird".

Format: COUNTA(expression list) Returns the number of non-blank values in the list.

Format: COVAR()Returns the covariance, the average of products ofdeviations, for each data point pair.

Format: CRITBINOM()Returns the minimum number yields a binomialdistribution less than or equal to the specified criteria.

Format: CROSSFROMABOVE(range1, range2)

Example: =CROSSFROMABOVE(AA3:AA4,AB3:AB4)

Example: =CROSSFROMABOVE( {1, 2}, { 2, 1})

Compares 2 ranges of values. Each range needs to containat least 2 numbers and can contain 3 numbers. For thegreatest accuracy use a range which includes 3 valueswith this function. Determines if the first range of valuescrosses the second range from above. Returns a booleanvalue:



Example: =CROSSFROMABOVE(AA3:AA4, { 2, 1})

Example: =CROSSFROMABOVE(E3:E5, AA3:AA5)

TRUE = The first range crosses the second Range fromabove.FALSE = The first range doesn't cross the second Rangefrom above.

Format: CROSSFROMBELOW(range1, range2)

Example: =CROSSFROMBELOW(AA3:AA4,AB3:AB4)

Example: =CROSSFROMBELOW( {1, 2}, { 2, 1})

Example: =CROSSFROMBELOW(AA3:AA4, { 2, 1})

Example: =CROSSFROMBELOW(E3:E5, AA3:AA5)

Compares 2 ranges of values. Each range needs to containat least 2 numbers and can contain 3 numbers. For thegreatest accuracy use a range which includes 3 valueswith this function. Determines if the first range of valuescrosses the second range from below. Returns a booleanvalue:TRUE = The first range crosses the second Range frombelow.FALSE = The first range doesn't cross the second Rangefrom below.

Format: CROSSOVER(range1, range2)

Example: =CROSSOVER(AA3:AA4,AB3:AB4)

Example: =CROSSOVER( {1, 2}, { 2, 1})

Example: =CROSSOVER(AA3:AA4, { 1, 1})

Example: =CROSSOVER(E3:E5, AA3:AA5)

Compares 2 ranges of values. Each range needs to containat least 2 numbers and can contain 3 numbers. For thegreatest accuracy use a range which includes 3 valueswith this function. Returns a value which indicates thetype of crossing:1 = The first Range crosses the second Range fromabove.-1 = The first Range crosses the second Range frombelow.0 = The ranges do not cross each other.

Format: DATE(year, month, day) Returns the Serial DateTime Value of the specified date.

Format: DATEVALUE(text) Returns the Serial DateTime Value of the date as text.

Format: DAVERAGE()Indicates the average of the values that meet thespecified criteria.

Format: DAY(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the day of the month of the date.

Format: DAYS360()Returns the number of days between two set dates basedon a 360-day year.

Format: DB()Returns the asset depreciation for a period using the fixeddeclining balance method.

Format: DCOUNT()Counts the number of cells containing numbers that meetthe specified criteria.

Format: DCOUNTA()Counts nonblank cells containing numbers or text thatmeet the specified criteria.



Format: DDB()Returns the asset depreciation for a period using thedouble-declining balance method or another specifiedmethod.

Format: DEGREES() Converts radians into degrees.

Format: DEVSQ()Returns the sum of the squares of deviations of a data setfrom their sample mean.

Format: DGET() Returns a single value that meets the specified criteria.

Format: DMAX()Extracts the highest value that meets the specifiedcriteria.

Format: DMIN()Extracts the lowest value that meets the specifiedcriteria..

Format: DOLLAR(number [, precision])Returns the number as text, using currency format andthe specified precision.

Format: DPRODUCT()Returns the product of the values that meet the specifiedcriteria.

Format: DSTDEV()Estimates the standard deviation of a population, basedon a sample of selected entries from the database.

Format: DSTDEVP()Returns the calculation of the standard deviation of apopulation, based on the sum of the whole population.

Format: DSUM()Returns the total of the values that meet the specifiedcriteria.

Format: DVAR()Estimates the variance of a sample population based onthe values that meet the specified criteria.

Format: DVARP()Returns the calculation of the true variance of an entirepopulation based on the values that meet the specifiedcriteria.

Format: ERROR.TYPE(error reference) Returns the number of the error.

Format: EVEN(number) Rounds the number up to the nearest even integer.

Format: EXACT(expression1, expression2)Compares the two expressions for a match. Logical value



is returned.

Format: EXP(number)Returns e raised to the specified power. The constant e is2.71828182845904 (the base of the natural logarithm).

Format: EXPONDIST() Returns the exponential distribution.

Format: FACT(number) Returns the factorial of the number.

Format: FIND(search text, text [, start position])Searches for the search text string within another textstring and returns the character position where the searchtext string is first found.

Format: FINDB(search text, text [, start position])Returns the position of specified text within anotherspecified text string based on the number of bytes eachcharacter uses from the first character of WITHIN_TEXT.

Format: FDIST() Returns the F probability distribution.

Format: FISHER() Returns the Fisher transformation at x.

Format: FINV() Returns the inverse of the F probability distribution.

Format: FISHERINV() Returns the inverse of the Fisher transformation at y.

Format: FIXED(number [, precision][, no commas])Rounds a number to the specified precision, formats it asa decimal number, and returns it as text. No commas is alogical value (TRUE for no commas).

Format: FORECAST()Calculates or predicts a future value by using existingvalues.

Format: FLOOR(number, significance)Rounds the number down to the nearest multiple of thesignificance.

Format: FREQUENCY()Calculates how often values occur within a range of valuesand then returns a vertical array of numbers.

Format: FTEST() Returns the result of an F-test.

Format: FV()Returns the future value of an investment that makespayments as a lump sum or as a series of equal periodicpayments.



Format: GAMMADIST() Returns the gamma distribution.

Format: GAMMALN() Returns the natural logarithm of the gamma function.

Format: GAMMAINV() Returns the inverse of the gamma cumulative distribution.

Format: GEOMEAN()Returns the geometric mean of an array or range ofpositive data.

Format: GROWTH()Calculates predicted exponential growth by using existingdata.

Format: HARMEAN() Returns the harmonic mean of a data set.

Format: HLOOKUP(search item, search range, row index)Searches the top row of the search range for the searchitem and returns the contents of the cell in the range thatis at the row index.

Format: HOUR(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the hour of the Serial DateTime Value.

Format: HYPGEOMDIST() Returns the hypergeometric distribution.

Format: HYPERLINK()Creates a shortcut to jump to a document stored on anetwork server.

Format: IF(condition, true value, false value)Evaluates the condition and returns the true value if TRUEor the false value if FALSE.

Format: INDEX(reference [, row] [, column] [, range number])

Returns the contents of a cell from the range (referenceparameter) at the row and column number specified.Reference can be more than one range separated bycommas and enclosed in parentheses. If reference is morethan one range, then range number specifies the range touse with 1 being the first range.

Format: INDIRECT(reference)Returns the contents of the cell referenced by thereference.

Format: INT(number) Rounds the number down to the nearest integer.

Format: INTERCEPT()Calculates the point at which a line will intersect the y-axisby using existing x and y values.

Returns the interest for a period of time based on an



Format: IPMT() investment with periodic constant payments and aconstant interest rate.

Format: IRR()Returns the internal rate of return for a series of cashflows represented by numbers in the form of values.

Format: ISBLANK(reference) Returns TRUE if the specified cell is blank. Else FALSE.

Format: ISERR(expression)Returns TRUE if value contains any error value except#N/A, FALSE if it does not.

Format: ISERROR(expression)Returns TRUE if value contains any error value (including#N/A), FALSE if it does not.

Format: ISLOGICAL(expression)Returns TRUE if the expression returns a logical value.Else FALSE.

Format: ISNA(expression)Returns TRUE if the expression returns the #N/A error.Else FALSE.

Format: ISNONTEXT(expression) Returns TRUE if the expression is not text. Else FALSE.

Format: ISNUMBER(expression) Returns TRUE if the expression is a number. Else FALSE.

Format: ISPMT()Calculates the interest paid during a defined period of aninvestment.

Format: ISREF(expression)Returns TRUE if the expression is a range reference. ElseFALSE.

Format: ISTEXT(expression) Returns TRUE if the expression is text. Else FALSE.

Format: KURT() Returns the Kurtosis of a data set.

Format: LARGE() Returns the k-th largest value in a data set.

Format: LEFT(text [, number])Returns the specified number of characters from the leftof the text string. The default for number is 1.

Format: LEFTB(text [, number])Returns the first character(s) in a text string based on aspecified number of bytes

Format: LEN(text) Returns the number of characters in the text string.



Format: LENB(text) Returns the number of characters in a text stringexpressed in bytes.

Format: LINEST()Calculates a straight line that best fits your data using theleast squares method.

Format: LN(number)Returns the natural logarithm (based on the constant e) ofthe number.

Format: LOG(number [, base])Returns the logarithm of the number to the base. Defaultbase is 10.

Format: LOG10(number) Returns the base-10 logarithm of the number.

Format: LOGINV()Returns the inverse of the lognormal cumulativedistribution function of x, where ln(x) is normallydistributed with parameters mean and standard deviation.

Format: LOGNORMDIST()Returns the cumulative lognormal distribution of x, whereln(x) is normally distributed with parameters mean andstandard deviation.

Format: LOGEST()Calculates an exponential curve that fits your data andreturns an array of values that describes the curve.

Format: LOOKUP(lookup value, lookup range, result range)

Searches for the lookup value in the lookup range andreturns the contents of the cell in the correspondingposition in the result range. Ranges should be a single rowor column.

Format: LOWER(text)Converts the characters in the text string to lowercasecharacters. Numeric characters are left unchanged.

Format: MATCH(lookup item , lookup range, comparison)

Searches for the lookup item in the single row or columnlookup range. The position of the item in the range isreturned.

comparison: -1 = Search for smallest value that is greater than orequal to lookup item. Lookup range must be in descendingorder. 0 = Search for lookup item. Can use wildcards *(match asequence of characters) or ?(match a single character). 1 = Search for largest value that is less than or equal tolookup item. Lookup range must be in ascending order.

Format: MAX(number list) Returns the largest value in the number list.



Format: MAXA()Returns the largest value in a set of values including textand logical values

Format: MDETERM() Returns the matrix determinant of an array.

Format: MEDIAN() Returns the median of the given numbers.

Format: MID(text, start position, number)Returns the specified number of characters from the textstring, starting at the start position.

Format: MIDB(text, start position, number)Returns a group of characters based on a specifiednumber of bytes from a text string starting at the positionyou specify.

Format: MIN(number list) Returns the smallest value in the number list.

Format: MINA()Returns the smallest value in a set of values including textand logical values.

Format: MINVERSE()Returns the inverse matrix for the matrix stored in anarray.

Format: MINUTE(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the minute of the Serial DateTime Value.

Format: MIRR()Returns a modified internal rate of return for severalperiodic cash flows.

Format: MMULT()Returns the matrix product of two arrays. The result is anarray with the same number of rows as array1 and thesame number of columns as array2.

Format: MOD(number, divisor)Returns the remainder after dividing the number by thedivisor.

Format: MODE()Returns the most frequently occuring, or repetitive,number in an array or range of data.

Format: MONTH(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the month of the Serial DateTime Value.

Format: N(value) Tests the value and returns the value if it is a number.

Format: NA() Returns the error value #N/A.



Format: NEGBINOMDIST() Returns the negative binomial distribution.

Format: NORMDIST()Returns the normal cumulative distribution for thespecified mean and standard deviation.

Format: NORMSDIST()Returns the standard normal cumulative distributionfunction.

Format: NORMINV()Returns the inverse of the normal cumulative distributionfor the specified mean and standard deviation.

Format: NORMSINV()Returns the inverse of the standard normal cumulativedistribution function.

Format: NOT(logical) Returns the opposite of the logical value.

Format: NOW()Returns the current date and time as a Serial DateTimeValue.

Format: NPER()Returns the total number of periods for an investment.This is based on a periodic constant payment and aconstant interest rate.

Format: NPV()Calculates the net present value of an investment fromthe discount rate and several future payments andincome.

Format: ODD(number) Rounds the number up to the nearest odd integer.

Format: OFFSET(starting cell reference, rows, columns [, height] [, width])Returns a reference of size specified by height and widththat is offset by the specified rows and columns from thestarting cell reference. Default height and width are 1.

Format: OR(logical condition expression list separated by commas)

Returns TRUE if at least one of the logical conditionexpressions is TRUE. Otherwise, FALSE will be returned ifnone of them are true. The logical condition expression listcan be one or more expressions separated by commas.You are not limited to just two expressions, you can haveseveral. Examples:=OR(E3 < 10,E3 > 15) (Spreadsheet Study formula)=OR(SG1 > 40,SG1 < 20) (Simple Alert formula)=OR(AND(H > 100,SG1 > 100),AND(L < 80,SG1 < -100))(Simple Alert formula)

Format: PEARSON()

Returns the Pearson product moment correlationcoefficient, r, a dimensionless index that ranges from -1.0



to 1.0 inclusive and reflects the extent of a linearrelationship between two data sets.

Format: PERCENTILE() Returns the k-th percentile of values in a range.

Format: PERCENTRANK()Returns the rank of a value in a data set set as apercentage of the data set.

Format: PERMUT()Returns the number of permutations for a given numberof objects that can be selected from a range of numbers.

Format: PI() Returns the value of pi.

Format: PROB()Returns the probability that values in a range are betweentwo specified limits.

Format: PRODUCT(number list) Multiplies the number list and returns the result.

Format: PROPER(text) Returns the text string in proper-case format.

Format: PMT()Calculates the loan payment for a loan based on constantpayments and constant interest rates.

Format: POWER()Returns the result of a specified number raised to aspecified power.

Format: POISSON() Returns the Poisson distribution.

Format: PPMT()Returns the principal payment for a period of aninvestment based on periodic constant payments and aconstant interest rate.

Format: PV() Returns the present value based on an investment.

Format: QUARTILE() Returns the quartile of a data set.

Format: RADIANS() Converts degrees to radians.

Format: RAND()Returns a number selected randomly from a uniformdistribution greater than or equal to 0 but less than 1.

Format: RANK() Returns the rank of a number in a list of numbers.



Format: RATE() Returns per period the interest of an annuity.

Format:REPLACE(original text, start position, number of chars, replacement text)

Replaces the specified number of characters of the originaltext string at the start position with the replacement textstring.

Format:REPLACEB(original text, start position, number of chars, replacement text)

Replaces part of a text string with a different text stringbased on the number of characters you specify in terms ofbytes.

Format: REPT(text, number) Repeats the text string the specified number of times.

Format: RIGHT(text [, number of chars])Returns the specified number of characters from the rightside of the text string.

Format: RIGHTB(text [, number of chars])Returns the last character(s) in a text string based on aspecified number of bytes.

Format: ROMAN() Converts an Arabic numeral to Roman, as text.

Format: ROUND(number, digits)

The ROUND function returns a number rounded to aspecified number of digits.=Round(53.3321, 0) would return 53=Round(53.3321, 1) would return 53.3

Format: ROW(reference) Returns the row number of the reference.

Format: ROWS(reference) Returns the number of rows in the reference.

Format: RSQ() Returns the r^2 value of a linear regression line.

Format: SEARCH(search text, text [, start position])

Returns the position of the first character of the searchtext string within the text string, starting at start position.Search text can use wildcards *(match a sequence ofcharacters) or ?(match a single character).

Format: SEARCHB(search text, text [, start position])Returns the number of the character at which a specificcharacter or text string is first found in bytes, readingfrom left to right.

Format: SECOND(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the second of the Serial DateTime Value.

Format: SIGN(number)Returns 1 if the number is positive, -1 if it is negative, and0 if it is 0.



Format: SIN(number) Returns the sine of the angle.

Format: SINH(number) Returns the hyperbolic sine of the number.

Format: SKEW() Returns the skew of a distribution.

Format: SLN() Returns the straight-line depreciation on an asset.

Format: SLOPE(Y Values Range, X Values Range)

Returns the slope of a regression line through data pointsin Y Values Range and X Values Range . Both the Yand X range of values need to have the same number ofcells or array values.

Format: SMALL() Returns the k-th smallest value in a data set.

Format: SQRT(number) Returns the square root of the number.

Format: STANDARDIZE()Returns a normalized value from a distributioncharacterized by MEAN and STANDARD_DEV.

Format: STDEV() Estimates standard deviation based on a sample.

Format: STDEVA()Estimates standard deviation based on a sample. Includestext and logical values.

Format: STDEVP(number list)Estimates standard deviation based on a sample assumingthat the parameters represent the total population.

Format: STDEVPA(number list)Estimates standard deviation based on a sample assumingthat the parameters represent the total population.Includes text and logical values.

Format: STEYX()Returns the standard error of the predicted y value foreach x in the regression.

Format: SUBSTITUTE() Substitutes NEW_TEXT for OLD_TEXT in a string.

Format: SUM(number list) Returns the sum of the number list.

Format: SUMX2MY2()Returns the sum of the difference of squares ofcorresponding values in two arrays.

Format: SUMX2PY2(range to evaluate, criteria, sum range)Returns the sum of the sum of squares of corresponding



values in two arrays.

Format: SUMXMY2(range to evaluate, criteria, sum range)Returns the sum of squares of differences ofcorresponding values in two arrays.

Format: SUMIF(range to evaluate, criteria, sum range) Adds the cells specified by a certain criteria.

Format: SUMPRODUCT(range to evaluate, criteria, sum range)Multiplies corresponding components in the given arrays,and returns the sum of those products.

Format: SUMSQ(number list)Squares each of the numbers in the list and returns thesum of the squares.

Format: SYD()Based on a specified period, SYD returns the sum-of-years' digits depreciation of an asset.

Format: T(value) Returns the text referred to by a value.

Format: TAN(number) Returns the tangent of the specified angle.

Format: TANH(number) Returns the hyperbolic tangent of the number.

Format: TEXT() Converts a value to text in a specific number format.

Format: TIME(hour, minute, second)Returns a Serial DateTime Value from the hour, minute,and second.

Format: TDIST()

Returns the percentage points (probability) for the studentt-distribution, where a numeric value (x) is a calculatedvalue of t for which the percentage points are to becomputed.

Format: TIMEVALUE(text)Returns a Serial DateTime Value from the textrepresentation of time.

Format: TINV()Returns the t-value of the Student's t-distribution as afunction of the probability and the degrees of freedom.

Format: TODAY() Returns the current date as a Serial DateTime Value

Format: TRANSPOSE() Returns a horizontal range of cells as vertical or viceversa.

Format: TREND()Returns the y-values along a linear trendline that best fitsthe values in a data set.



Format: TRIM(text)Removes all spaces from the text string except singlespaces between words.

Format: TRIMMEAN() Returns the mean of the interior of a data set.

Format: TRUNC(number [, precision]) Truncates the number to an integer.

Format: TTEST() The probability associated with t-test.

Format: TYPE(expression)

Returns the type of the expression.

Return value =

1 = Number

2 = Text string

4 = Logical value

16 = Error value

Format: UPPER(text) Converts the characters in the text string to uppercase.

Format: USDOLLAR(number [,precision])Returns the number as text in US Dollar format and in theprecision. Default precision is 2.

Format: VALUE(text) Returns the text string as a number.

Format: VAR()Returns an estimate for the variance of a population basedon a sample data set.

Format: VARA()Returns an estimate for the variance of a population basedon a sample data set and may include text or logicalvalues.

Format: VARP() Calculates variance based on the entire population.

Format: VARPA()Calculates variance based on the entire population andmay include text or logical values.

Format: VDB(number list)For a period you specify, returns the depreciation of anasset.

Format: VLOOKUP(search item, search range, column index)Searches the first column of the search range for thesearch item and returns the contents of the cell in therange that is at the column index.



Format: WEIBULL() Returns the Weibull distribution.

Format: WEEKDAY(Serial DateTime Value)Returns the day of the week of the Serial DateTimeValue. 1 - Sunday, 2- Monday, 3 -Tuesday, 4-Wednesday, 5- Thursday, 6- Friday, 7- Saturday.

Format: YEAR(Serial DateTime Value) Returns the year of the Serial DateTime Value.

Format: ZTEST() Returns the two-tailed P-value of a z-test.

Analysis Tool Pack Functions

Format:ACCRINT()

Returns accrued interest for securities that pay periodic interest.

Format:ACCRINTM()

Returns the accrued interest for securities that pay interest at the maturity date.

Format:AMORDEGRC()

Returns the depreciation for each accounting period within the formula.

Format:AMORLINC()

Returns the depreciation for each accounting period.

Format:BESSELI()

Returns the BESSEL function in modified form for imaginary parameters.

Format:BESSELJ()

Returns the actual BESSEL function.

Format:BESSELK()

Returns the BESSEL function in modified form for imaginary parameters.

Format:BESSELY()

Returns the BESSEL function, also known as the Weber or Neumann function.

Format:BIN2DEC()

Converts a binary number to decimal form.

Format:BIN2HEX()

Converts a binary number to a hexadecimal.



Format:BIN2OCT()

Converts a binary number to octal form.

Format:COMPLEX()

Converts real and imaginary coefficients into a complex number of the form x + yi or x + yj.

Format:CONVERT()

Interprets data from one measurement system to another.

Format:COUPDAYBS()

Returns the number of days from the beginning of the period to the coupon-period settlement date.

Format:COUPDAYS()

Returns the number of days in the period that contains the coupon period settlement date.

Format:COUPDAYSNC()

Returns the number of days between the settlement date to the next coupon date.

Format:COUPNCD()

Returns the next coupon date after the settlement date.

Format:COUPNUM()

Returns the total number of coupons to be paid between the settlement and maturity dates, rounded upto the nearest whole coupon.

Format:COUPPCD()

Returns the coupon date previous to the settlement date.

Format:CUMIPMT()

Returns the cumulative interest on a loan between start and stop dates.

Format:CUMPRINC()

Returns the cumulative principal amount between start and stop dates on a loan or mortgage.

Format:DEC2BIN()

Converts decimal numbers to binary form.

Format:DEC2HEX()

Converts decimal numbers to hexadecimal.

Format:DEC2OCT()

Converts decimal numbers to octal.

Format: DELTA() Tests whether numbers or values are equal with a number result. Returns "0" for unequal, "1" for equal.



Format: DISC() Returns the security discount rate.

Format:DOLLARDE()

Converts a fraction dollar price into a decimal dollar price.

Format:DOLLARFR()

Converts a decimal dollar price into a fraction dollar price.

Format:DURATION()

Returns the Macauley duration for an assumed par value.

Format: EDATE()Returns the value or serial number of the date which is a certain number of months before or after auser-specified date.

Format: EFFECT()Returns the effective interest rate annually. This is based on the nominal annual interest rate and thenumber of compounding periods per year.

Format:EOMONTH()

Returns the date at the end of the month a specified number of months before or after a specified date.

Format: ERF() Returns the integrated error function between a lower and upper limit.

Format: ERFC() Returns a complementary ERF function integrated between 'x' and infinity.

Format:FACTDOUBLE()

Returns the double factorial of a number.

Format:FVSCHEDULE()

Returns the future value of a principal amount after applying several, or a series of compound interestrates.

Format: GCD() Returns the greatest common divisor of two or more integers.

Format: GESTEP()Returns the value 1 if the number is greater than or equal to a specified step value, otherwise it returns0.

Format:HEX2BIN()

Converts hexadecimal numbers to binary form.

Format:HEX2DEC()

Converts hexadecimal numbers to decimal form.

Format:HEX2OCT()

Converts hexadecimal numbers to octal form.



Format: IMABS() Returns the absolute value (modulus) of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMAGINARY()

Returns the coefficient of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMARGUMENT()

Returns the theta parameter - an angle expressed in radians.

Format:IMCONJUGATE()

Returns the complex conjugate of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMCOS() Returns the cosine of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMDIV() Returns the quotient of complex numbers in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMEXP() Returns the exponential of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMLN() Returns the natural logarithm of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMLOG10()

Returns the common logarithm (Base 10) of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMLOG2()

Returns the common logarithm (Base 2) of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMPOWER()

Returns a complex number raised to a power in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMPRODUCT()

Returns the product from 2 to 29 complex numbers in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMREAL() Returns the real coefficient of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMSIN() Returns the sine of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:IMSQRT()

Returns the square root of a complex number in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMSUB() Returns the difference of two complex numbers in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format: IMSUM() Returns the sum of 2 to 29 complex numbers in x+yi or x+yj text format.

Format:



INTRATE() Returns the interest rate of a security that is fully invested.

Format: ISEVEN() Returns TRUE if value is an even number, FALSE if it is not.

Format: ISODD() Returns TRUE if value is an odd number, FALSE if it is not.

Format: LCM() Returns the least common multiple of integers.

Format:MDURATION()

Returns the modified duration of a security with a par value assumed to be $100.

Format:MROUND()

Returns a number rounded to the desired multiple. Rounds up if the remainder after dividing the numberby the multiple is at least half the value of the multiple.

Format:MULTINOMIAL()

Returns the ratio of the factorial of the sum of the values to the product of the factorials.

Format:NETWORKDAYS()

Returns the number of working days between two dates. Excludes weekends and specified holidays.

Format:NOMINAL()

Returns the nominal annual interest rate given an effective rate and the total number of compoundingperiods for the year.

Format:OCT2BIN()

Converts an octal number to binary form.

Format:OCT2DEC()

Converts an octal number to decimal form.

Format:OCT2HEX()

Converts an octal number to hexadecimal form.

Format:ODDFPRICE()

Returns the value of a security based on a per $100 face value and an odd (short or long) first period.

Format:ODDFYIELD()

Returns the security yield with an odd first period.

Format:ODDLPRICE()

Returns the per $100 face value of a security having an odd last coupon period.

Format:ODDLYIELD()

Returns the security yield that has an odd last period.



Format: PRICE() Returns the value of a security based on price per $100 face value and periodic interest payments.

Format:PRICEDISC()

Returns the value of a discounted security based on a price per $100 face value.

Format:PRICEMAT()

Returns the value of a security that pays interest at maturity and price per $100 face value.

Format:QUOTIENT()

Returns the integer portion of a division.

Format:RANDBETWEEN()

Returns a random integer between the integers you specify. A new random number is returned everytime the Spreadsheet is calculated.

Format:RECEIVED()

Based on a fully invested security, returns the amount received at maturity.

Format:SERIESSUM()

Returns the sum of a power series.

Format: SQRTPI() Returns the square root of (NUMBER * Pi)

Format:TBILLEQ()

Returns the bond equivalent yield for a treasury bill.

Format:TBILLPRICE()

Returns the price per $100 face value for a treasury bill.

Format:TBILLYIELD()

Returns the yield of a treasury bill.

Format:WEEKNUM()

Returns the number where a week falls numerically within a year.

Format:WORKDAY()

Returns a date that is a specified number of working days before or after a given date.

Format: XIRR() Returns the internal rate of return for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic.

Format: XNPV() Returns the net present value for a schedule of cash flows that is not necessarily periodic.

Format:YEARFRAC()

Calculates the fraction of the year between two dates.



Format: YIELD() Based on a yield that pays periodic interest, returns the yeild of the security.

Format:YIELDDISC()

Returns the annual yield for a discounted security.

Format:YIELDMAT()

Returns the annual yield based on a security that pays interest at a maturity.

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*Last modified Friday, 12th August, 2011.

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