cobieowl an owl ontology based on cobie standard
TRANSCRIPT
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COBieOWLAn OWL ontology based on COBie standard
Tarcisio Mendes de Farias, Ana Roxin, Christophe [email protected]
Rhodes, October 28th 2015
The 14th International Conference onOntologies, DataBases, and Applications of Semantics (ODBASE2015)
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Agenda
ContextContext
• Building lifecycle
• Building Information Modeling
• COBie standard
Related work
Related work
• Adapting BIM standards to OWL
• Converting spreadsheets into OWL
ApproachApproach
• Conception of COBieOWL
• Extending and populating the COBieOWL ontology
BenefitsBenefits
• Addressing SPARQL queries over COBieOWL
• Inferring new information
• Enriching the COBie model
• Integration with the Linking Open Data (LOD) cloud
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GENERAL CONTEXT
Building lifecycle
Building Information Modeling
COBie standard
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Building Lifecycle
ManagingPhase
Constructors
Project Phase
ContractorContractorSub contractors
Restructuring Phase
Study Phase
Project Manager
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Building Management
Managing
Phase
Constructors
Project Phase
ContractorContractorSub contractors
Restructuration
PhaseStudy
Phase
Project Manager
Maintenance
Audit and Inventory
Human resources
Contracts(Security, maintenance…)
Financial management(leasing, sales, tax, maintenance, insurance…)
Legislation, norms…
Real estate management
RelocationEnvironmental impact
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Building Information Modeling (BIM)
◼ Bridging interoperability gaps among current systems in the AEC/FM (Architecture, Engineering, Construction / Facility Management)
◼ IFC (Industry Foundation Classes)
First BIM standard, in 1999 by buildingSMART
Exchange of 3D building models
Object oriented model
BIM
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COBie standard (1)
◼ Construction-Operations Building information exchange
◼ Created under the National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS) Facility Maintenance and Operations Committee Laboratory of the U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers
http://www.nibs.org/?page=bsa_commonbimfiles
◼ For contractors, builders, designers and facility managers
◼ Novel method for sharing data during building life-cycle:
Spreadsheet-based, no geometric/3D data
Can be used on all building projects regardless of size and technological complexity
One COBie file per building project
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COBie standard (2)
◼ COBie 2.4 has 20 sheets that include one Instruction sheet and one PickList sheet. The Picklist sheet contains columns of values referenced by other columns in
other sheets.
◼ Sheet colour codes:
Yellow: required
Orange: reference to other sheet or picklist
Purple: external reference
Green: if specified as required
Grey: secondary information when preparing product data.
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General information about the COBie version and data
Yellow if required Green if specified as required
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COBie deliverables
Early design phase
Early design phase
• Sheet: Project, site and facility
• Floor: Vertical levels and exterior areas
• Space: Spaces
• Zone: Sets of spaces sharing a specific attribute
• Type: Types of equipment, products, and materials
Detailed design phase
Detailed design phase
• Component: Individually named or schedule items
• System: Sets of components providing a service
• Assembly: Constituents for types, components and others
• Connection: Logical connections between components
• Impact: Economic, environmental and social impacts at various stages in the life cycle
Construction phase
Construction phase
• Document: Inclusion of submission and approval documents
• Type: Insertion of manufacturer and model information
• Component: Inclusion of serial and tag data
FM phaseFM phase
• Spare: Onsite and replacement parts
• Resource: Required materials, tools, and training
• Job: PM, safety, and other job plans
All PhasesAll Phases
• Document: All applicable document references
• Attribute: Properties of referenced item
• Coordinate: Spatial locations in box, line, or point format
• Issue: Other issues remaining at handover.
• Contact: People and companies
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COBie Data validation rules
◼ For referencing data present in other columns
Allowed values can be in form of a list, and must be also present in the column Email from the Contact sheet.
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Facility sheet
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OWL-based ontology
Decidable
Formal
DL-based
Problems with existing standards
Semantic heterogeneity
No logic
No semantics
Static formats
Use OWL for representing the COBie standard = COBieOWL
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RELATED WORK
Adapting BIM standards to OWL
Converting spreadsheets into OWL
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Current approaches
• Adapting IFC into OWL [1]
• For leveraging all modelling constraints required by the object-oriented structure of the IFC schema
• Integration with the LOD cloud - IfcWOD
Adapting BIM standards to OWLAdapting BIM standards to OWL
• Connor et al. [2] “Mapping Master: a Flexible Approach for Mapping Spreadsheets to OWL »
• Mapping language M² for generating OWL ontologies
• Bowers et al. [3] “Owlifier: Creating OWL-DL ontologies from simple spreadsheet-based knowledge descriptions”
• Rules for creating, relating, and constraining concepts through spreadsheets
• Software-based conversion into OWL-DL ontologies
• Jupp et al. [4] “Populous: A tool for populating Templates for OWL ontologies”
• Ontology population from table-based forms
Converting spreadsheets into OWLConverting spreadsheets into OWL
[1] De Farias, T.M., Roxin, A., Nicolle, C.: IfcWoD, Semantically Adapting IFC Model Rela-tions into OWL Properties. Proceedings of the32nd CIB W78 Conference on Information Technology in Construction, Oct 2015, Eindhoven, Netherlands[2] O’Connor, M. J., Halaschek-Wiener, C. and Musen, M. A.: Mapping Master: A flexible approach for mapping spreadsheets to OWL. InThe Semantic Web–ISWC 2010 (pp. 194-208). Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2010).[3] Bowers, S., Madin, J. S., & Schildhauer, M. P.: Owlifier: Creating OWL-DL ontologies from simple spreadsheet-based knowledgedescriptions. Ecological Informatics, 5(1), 19-25 (2010).[4] Jupp, S., Horridge, M., Iannone, L., Klein, J., Owen, S., Schanstra, J., Stevens, R. and Wolstencroft, K.: Populous: A Tool for PopulatingTemplates for OWL Ontologies. In SWAT4LS. (2010)
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Lacks of the current approaches
Current approachesCurrent approaches
• Use a mapping language:
• Each new version of COBie standard implies an update of the mapping ensemble.
• Users need to learn the mapping language
• Go against COBie’s initial aim – avoiding additional training
• Do not consider COBie column color codes
Our approachOur approach
• Make use of the spreadsheet data validation functionality
• For stating restriction axioms and object properties in the ontology.
• Take column color codes into consideration.
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OUR APPROACH
Conception of COBieOWL
Extending and populating the COBieOWL ontology
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Our contributions
• Each sheet from the COBie 2.4 template is mapped as an OWL class.
• Columns from sheets are mapped as OWL properties.
• Cells from each sheet are mapped as property values.
Semi-automatic conception of the
COBieOWL ontology, based on conversion
rules
Semi-automatic conception of the
COBieOWL ontology, based on conversion
rules
• Java-based COBieOWL generator
• Relies on Apache POI API and on OWL API
Method for automatic
population of COBieOWL
Method for automatic
population of COBieOWL
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A view of the COBieOWL ontology
∀ 𝐶 ∈ 𝐶𝑂𝐵𝑖𝑒 𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 , 𝐶 ⊑ 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 where 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 ⊑ ⊤
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Metrics for COBieOWL
Item Value
Classes 30
Object properties 32
Datatype properties 125
Individuals (PickList) 9418
Inverse properties 7
DL expressiveness ALCHIF(D)
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COBie 2.4 template
OWL Axioms
Example
Columns that point to anothercolumn using “Data Validation” rule.
Functional Object Property
All COBie sheets, CreatedBy column has values from the Email column from the Contact sheet.
cobie:createdBy = OWL object property with cobie:Contact as its range
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ⊑ ⊤⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐵𝑦. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡
∃𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐵𝑦. ⊤ ⊑ 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
Columns that point to other sheet rows using cell values separated by commas.
Non-functional Object Property
Contact sheet, ResourceNames column has values defined in the Name column from the Resource sheet.
cobie:resourceNames = OWL non-functional property with values from cobie:Resource
𝐽𝑜𝑏 ⊑ ⊤𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 ⊑ ⊤
⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠. 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒∃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑠. ⊤ ⊑ 𝐽𝑜𝑏
Specific Column Mapping Rules (1)
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COBie 2.4 template
OWL Axioms
Example
Columns with values from a PickListsheet
OWL datatype property with values from an OWL enumeration (owl:oneOf)
Category column in the Zone sheet takes values from the ZoneType column
𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒 ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. 𝑍𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸𝑍𝑂𝑁𝐸𝑇𝑌𝑃𝐸≡ {𝐶𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒} ⊔ {𝐹𝑖𝑟𝑒 𝐴𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑚 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒} ⊔ …⊔ {𝑉𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑍𝑜𝑛𝑒}).
Columns with values from PickListsheet with a cardinality ≤ threshold t.
Functional Datatype Property
Category column, threshold t = 161) In Type sheet, it has values from CategoryProduct column (about 6900) values become instances of cobie:CategoryProduct class.
∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒
2) In Floor sheet, it has values from PickList sheet (less than 16)
⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒. 𝑥𝑠𝑑: 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑦𝑝𝑒. ({𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟} ⊔ {𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑓 } ⊔ {𝑆𝑖𝑡𝑒}).
Specific Column Mapping Rules (2)
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COBie 2.4 template
OWL Axioms
Example
RequiredColumns (yellow)
Existential restriction
𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 ⊑ ∃𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝐵𝑦. 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ⊑ ∃𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒. 𝑥𝑠𝑑: 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
Range definition for those properties is done via subsumption, when it depends on their domain class:
∃𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. ⊤⊑ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ⊔ 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ⊔ 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 ⊔ ⋯ ⊔ 𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 )
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦𝑅𝑜𝑙𝑒𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦. 𝐶𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑜𝑟𝑦𝐹𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦
Other COBie Columns
Functional Datatype Property
Property range missing in COBie template, we use COBie Responsibility Matrix as an input for COBieOWL generator:
⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑜𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑋𝐴𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑥𝑠𝑑: 𝑑𝑜𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑟. 𝑥𝑠𝑑: 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔
⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑𝑂𝑛. 𝑥𝑠𝑑: 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟
Specific Column Mapping Rules (3)
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Extending COBieOWL (1)
◼ Minor modeling problems solved manually
Turtle version of COBieOWL imported into Protégé
E.g. range of cobie:coordinateXAxis to xsd:double instead of xsd:string
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Extending COBieOWL (2)
◼ Sheets with columns that point to rows in other sheets
◼ Algorithm:
Identify all sheets having 2 columns with references to rows in other sheets
Definition of a new OWL object property [sheet name]To:
― Range: cobie:CobieSheet
– [𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒] ⊑ ⊤
– ⊤ ⊑ ∀[𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒]𝑇𝑜. 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
– ∃[𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒]𝑇𝑜. ⊤ ⊑ [𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒]
― Domain: OWL class corresponding to the identified sheet
Definition of respective inverse properties:
― 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: [𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒]𝑇𝑜
― 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: ℎ𝑎𝑠[𝑠ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒]
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Extending COBieOWL – example
Document sheet
Type sheet∃𝒅𝒐𝒄𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒕𝑻𝒐. ⊤ ⊑ 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ⊑ ⊤ ,⊤ ⊑ ∀𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑇𝑜. 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
Asserted:ℎ𝑎𝑠𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 ≡ 𝑑𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑇𝑜−
Inferred:⊤ ⊑ ∀ℎ𝑎𝑠𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡. 𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡∃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝐷𝑜𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡. ⊤ ⊑ 𝐶𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡
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BENEFITS OF COBIEOWL
Addressing SPARQL queries over COBieOWL
Inferring new information
Enriching the COBie model
Integration with the Linking Open Data (LOD) cloud
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SPARQL queries over COBieOWL
◼ Extraction of sub-graphs of COBieOWL
◼ Return all building information as created by a given user
CONSTRUCT{
?x ?p ?o } WHERE {
?y a cobie:Contact.
?y cobie:email <mailto:[email protected]>.
?x cobie:createdBy ?y.
?x ?p ?o }.
CONSTRUCT{
?x ?p ?o } WHERE {
?y a cobie:Contact.
?y cobie:email <mailto:[email protected]>.
?x cobie:createdBy ?y.
?x ?p ?o }.
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Inferring new information
◼ By applying a DL reasoner over a KB
Backward-chaining reasoner as implemented in Stardog
◼ Object property cobie:hasDocument that is stated as an inverse property of cobie:documentTo Automatic inference of new assertions regarding cobie:hasDocument property
Based on explicitly asserted cobie:documentTo properties
And vice-versa
Assertions:
cobie:documentTo(doc1,type1)
cobie:hasDocument(type2, doc2)
Inferences:
cobie:documentTo(type2,doc2)
cobie:hasDocument(type1, doc1)
(type1, type2 instances of cobie:Type)
(doc1, doc2 instances of cobie:Document)
Assertions:
cobie:documentTo(doc1,type1)
cobie:hasDocument(type2, doc2)
Inferences:
cobie:documentTo(type2,doc2)
cobie:hasDocument(type1, doc1)
(type1, type2 instances of cobie:Type)
(doc1, doc2 instances of cobie:Document)
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Defining new concepts
◼ By using SWRL rules and swrlb built-ins For specifying additional information concerning elements of the TBox
◼ Definition of the cobie:Window concept
Allows a mapping to the same concept in other ontologies (e.g. IfcWOD)
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡(? 𝑥) ∧ 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒(? 𝑥, ? 𝑦)∧ 𝑠𝑤𝑟𝑙𝑏: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝐼𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒(? 𝑦, "𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤" )⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒:𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤(? 𝑥)
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡(? 𝑥) ∧ 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑛𝑎𝑚𝑒(? 𝑥, ? 𝑦)∧ 𝑠𝑤𝑟𝑙𝑏: 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠𝐼𝑔𝑛𝑜𝑟𝑒𝐶𝑎𝑠𝑒(? 𝑦, "𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤" )⟶ 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒:𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤(? 𝑥)
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Integration with the LOD cloud
◼ Links to well-known LOD vocabularies for automatic enrichment of COBieOWL
◼ FOAF (Friend-Of-A-Friend)
Remove existential restrictions for cobie:Contact
Assert the axioms :
◼ Dbpedia cobie:hasDBpedia datatype property containing the URI identifying a
resource on Dbpedia― Domain: cobie:CobieSheet
― 𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: ℎ𝑎𝑠𝐷𝐵𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎(: 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙_𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟, 𝑑𝑏𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑎: 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙_𝑇𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟_(𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑒) ) .
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝐴𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡∃𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒. ⊤ ⊑ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛∃𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒. ⊤ ⊑ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑙 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓:𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑡 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝐴𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡∃𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒. ⊤ ⊑ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛∃𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒. ⊤ ⊑ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓: 𝑓𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑦𝑁𝑎𝑚𝑒
𝑐𝑜𝑏𝑖𝑒: 𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑙 ≡ 𝑓𝑜𝑎𝑓:𝑚𝑏𝑜𝑥
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CONCLUSIONSANDFUTURE WORKS
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Conclusions
• COBieOWL ontology for the COBie standard• Reduction of semantic heterogeneity
• Enrichment of building models
• Possible to address complex queries
• Integration in the LOD cloud• Augmentation of data interoperability
ConclusionsConclusions
• Aligning COBieOWL with other standards • IfcWOD, OWL version of CityGML
• Address queries in natural language over such ontologies
Future worksFuture works
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Thank you for your attention. Questions ?
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