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Coal & Biomass Co-Conversion to Transportation Fuels

National Energy Technology Laboratory

Office of Fossil Energy

DOE/DOD Programs and Perspectives

Michael E. ReedSenior Systems AnalystOctober 17, 2007

2007 Gasification Technology Conference, M.E. Reed, 10/17/20072

Reduce Gasoline Usage 20% in 10 Years“Let us build on the work we’ve done and reduce gasoline usage in the United States by 20 percent in the next 10 years. When we do that we will have cut our total imports by the equivalent of three-quarters of all the oil we now import from the Middle East.”

President George W. Bush, 2007 State of the Union Address

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 2017 2022 2027

Bill

ion

Gal

lons

per

Yea

r(A

ltern

ativ

es/B

iofu

els)

Cellulosic(Iogen forecast)

Cellulosic(Iogen forecast)

Corn-based (USDA forecast to 2017;

15 billion max.)

Corn-based (USDA forecast to 2017;

15 billion max.)

“20 in 10”

35 billion gallons

“Alternatives”

17 billion gallonshortfall

(may include CTL)

Alternative Fuels (CTL) Fills Gap


Challenge of Using Fossil Fuels“The economic prosperity of the United States over the past century has benefited by the abundance of fossil fuels found in North America. The United States’ fossil fuel resources represent a national asset that is important to our energy security and global economic competitiveness. However, concerns over climate change and air pollution challenge our ability to take full advantage of our fossil fuels resources.”

Carl Bauer, August 27, 2007 before the Senate Finance Committee


Process Flow Diagram of a CTL Facility

COS Hyd Selexol

H2 Recovery Fuel Gas

HgRemoval

AGT

Sulfur Polish

FT Synthesis

Product Recovery/ Upgrading

SHIFT

Diesel

Naphtha

CO2RemovalCO2 Vent Steam

H2

BFW

BoilerST

CW System

Make-up Water

Stack Gas

Coal

Oxygen

ASUAir

CO2 Vent

Gasification Quench

Feedstock Processing and Drying

Biomass

Plant PowerNet Power

~

Coal

Air

Slag

CO2 Injection Gas


Once Captured, CO2 Needs to be Stored

Storage locations include:

• Underground reservoirs (geological)− Enhanced oil recovery− Depleted oil and gas fields− Saline formations− Unmineable coal beds

• Trees, grasses, soils, or algae (terrestrial)

• Dissolved in deep oceans

Developing new technology

Demonstrating existing technologies at scale

Ocean


Process Flow Diagram of CBTL w/CCS Facility

COS Hyd Selexol

H2 Recovery Fuel Gas

HgRemoval

AGT

Sulfur Polish

FT Synthesis

Product Recovery/ Upgrading

SHIFT

Diesel

Naphtha

CO2RemovalTo CO2 Compression Steam

H2

BFW

BoilerST

CW System

Make-up Water

Stack Gas

Coal

Oxygen

ASUAir

To CO2 Compression

Gasification Quench

Feedstock Processing and Drying

Biomass

Biomass

Plant PowerNet Power

~

Coal

Air

Slag

CO2 Injection Gas


Cequiv balances to atmosphere for F-T liquids OUT: photosynthesis (MPGs, soil&root C), electricity credit (2,852 tC/day)

IN: upstream emissions, vented at plant, fuels burned in vehicle,s (2,852 tC/day)

accumulation in soil and root1,022 tC/day

polygeneration plant

carbon storage4,337 tC/day

fuel

for

tran

spor

tatio

n1,

810

t C/d

ay

electricity production452 MWee

1,60

7 t C

/day

prai

rie g

rass

es u

pstr

eam

em

issi

ons

83 t C

/day

coal

ups

trea

m e

mis

sion

s22

5 t C

/day

char53 tC/day

coal5,328 tC/day2,449 MWLHV

prairie grasses1,607 tC/day668 MWLHV

carb

on v

ente

d73

5 t C

/day

arrows’ width proportional to C fluxes

COAL + MPGs TO F-T LIQUIDS + ELECTRICITY, WITH CCS

1,03

2 M

WLH

V

phot

osyn

thes

is

cred

it fo

r e.e

.22

3 t C

/day

Source: Dr. Robert Williams, Princeton UniversityUsed with Permission from Author


Not an Accounting Gimmick:Why Biomass Needs Coal Too!

• Scale−Large Coal-based plants provide economic

effectiveness while allowing greater renewable usage

• Supply Stability−Seasonal and Annual variability of biomass is

buffered with coal• Early Outlet for Cellulosic Biomass

−CBTL encourages development of cellulosic biomass supply in preparation for cellulosic ethanol demand


Coal with Biomass As A Carbon Control Strategy

Increasing Security and Reducing Carbon Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: A Transformational Role for Coal with Biomass

DOE/NETL-2007/1298

This work was jointly sponsored by the Department of Energy, National Energy Technology Laboratory and the Department of Defense, Department of the Air Force

August 24, 2007


NETL Expanded CBTL Study

• Feasibility Study to Better Understand Potential of CBTL Systems

• Bituminous and Sub-Bituminous Coal• Five Biomass Feed stocks• Variations from 100% coal to 100% biomass• Variety of GHG emissions levels from

“standard petroleum” to net zero and beyond• Over 20 different systems under consideration• Final Report Scheduled for Publication early

2008


Conclusions

• Coal is a vital national energy resource

• NETL is looking at Integrated Coal and Biomass Solutions for Sustainability

• CBTL Concepts can help Increase National Security by meeting needs of DOD for a secure, domestic, and environmentally friendly fuel supply

• CBTL Offers Transformational Role for Biomass in the Near and Long Term for Liquid Fuel Production


Advanced Energy Technologies Can Resolve the Environmental, Supply, and Reliability

Constraints of Producing and Using Fossil Fuels


Recent NETL CTL/CBTL Publications

• Technical and Economic Assessment of Small-Scale Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Facilities, February 2007

• “Baseline Technical and Economic Assessment of a Commercial Scale Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Facility”, April 2007

• “Increasing Security and Reducing Carbon Emissions of the U.S. Transportation Sector: A Transformational Role for Coal with Biomass”, August 2007

• www.netl.doe.gov

http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Small-Scale F-T Liquids Facilities_Final.pdf




http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/Baseline Technical and Economic Assessment of a Commercial S.pdf



http://www.netl.doe.gov/energy-analyses/pubs/NETL-AF CBTL Study Final 2007 Aug 24.pdf




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