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BIOLOGY 120 LAB CERRITOS COLLEGEExercise 13 L. L. Harris
THE ECHINODERMS AND CHORDATES(rev. 11.17.03)
I. THE PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA
A. INTRODUCTION
Name literally means "spiny skin"Bilateral larvae; radial symmetry as adult [most have a 5-fold radial symmetry]
Examples: _____________________________________________________________________
B. ECHINODERM CHARACTERISTICS – THE SEA STAR AS THE PHYLUM REPRESENTATIVE:
True coelom but no obvious segmentation. Flexible endoskeleton (called a "test")
Skin is equipped with gills and small pinchers to keep the gills free of debris De-centralized nervous system – "ring of ganglia" with nerve cords with sensory antenna and a photoreceptor at the tip of each arm; advantage to this is that each arm can serve as a “head”! Dioecious with external fertilization
Locomote & Feed via water-vascular system w/ tube feet
Digestion is described as being "external" – __________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Capable of regeneration - "Oysterman Story" – _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
C. ADDITIONAL VOCABULARY
DEUTEROSTOMES – ___________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
PROTOSTOMES – ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
II. PHYLUM CHORDATA
Distinguishing Characteristics:
Dorsal Hollow Nerve Cord - _______________________________________________________
Notochord - ____________________________________________________________________
Pharyngeal Clefts [Aka Gill Slits] - __________________________________________________
Post-Anal Tail – _________________________________________________________________
A. SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA
Common Name: Tunicates [aka "Sea Squirts"] Only the larval form shows the 4 characters
They are sessile as adults (see manual picture)
B. SUBPHYLA CEPHALOCHORDATA
Amphioxus (AKA Lancelet) All 4 chordate characters are retained by adult Locomotion via myotomes attached to notochord
C. SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA
FATES OF THE FOUR CHORDATE CHARACTERISTICS IN Homo sapiens:
DHNC becomes the _____________________________________________________________
Notochord becomes the __________________________________________________________
Gill Arches become ______________________________________________________________
Post-Anal Tail becomes __________________________________________________________
7 VERTEBRATE CLASSES ARE EXTANT: (Extant means that they are not extinct!)
Class Agnatha - __________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Chondrichthyes - ____________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Osteichthyes - ______________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Amphibia - _________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Reptilia - ___________________________________________________________________
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Amphioxus:
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Aves - _____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
Class Mammalia - ________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
MAMMALIAN SUBCLASSES: (BASED ON REPRODUCTIVE MODES)
Monotremes - _________________________________________________________________
Marsupials - ___________________________________________________________________
Placentals - ___________________________________________________________________
II. FURTHER VERTEBRATE CONSIDERATIONS
1. ENDOTHERMIC vs. ECTOTHERMIC
Birds & Mammals Are Endotherms. Members of other classes are Ectotherms.
Ectothermic - _______________________________________________________________
Endothermic - ______________________________________________________________
2. EARLY DEVELOPMENT OF VERTEBRATE YOUNG Oviparous - ____________________________________________________________________
Oviviviparous - _________________________________________________________________
Viviparous - ____________________________________________________________________
3. THE VERTEBRATE TETRAPOD CLASSES [Amphibians - Reptiles - Aves - Mammals]
Tetrapods = 4-limbed. Includes even those animals that have "lost" their limbs. (snakes, that is!)
III. VOCABULARY:
Myotomes - ________________________________________________________________________
Claspers - _________________________________________________________________________
Denticles - _________________________________________________________________________
Swim Bladder - _____________________________________________________________________
Operculum - _______________________________________________________________________
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Amniotic Egg - ______________________________________________________________________
Cloaca - ___________________________________________________________________________
Archeopteryx - ______________________________________________________________________
Mammary Glands - __________________________________________________________________
Endothermic - ______________________________________________________________________
Ectothermic - _______________________________________________________________________
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