CLIMAX OF HUMANITYCLIMAX OF HUMANITY

GANGESH KUMAR KASAUDHANENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERGORAKHPUR UTTAR PRADESHINDIA

Humanity’s Top Ten ProblemsHumanity’s Top Ten Problemsfor next 50 years for next 50 years

1.1. ENERGYENERGY2.2. WATERWATER3.3. FOODFOOD4.4. ENVIRONMENT ENVIRONMENT 5.5. POVERTYPOVERTY6.6. TERRORISM & WARTERRORISM & WAR7.7. DISEASEDISEASE8.8. EDUCATIONEDUCATION9.9. DEMOCRACYDEMOCRACY10.10. POPULATIONPOPULATION 2003 6.5 Billion People

2050 8-10 Billion People

The Challenge: Sustainable Management of an Ever-Changing Planet

Human Population - An Explosive Human Population - An Explosive GrowthGrowth

Human Needs - Limited ResourcesHuman Needs - Limited Resources Our Natural Environment Under Our Natural Environment Under

AttackAttack Roles of Technology and EngineeringRoles of Technology and Engineering An Uncertain FutureAn Uncertain Future

Human Population Growth Human Population Growth and the Environmentand the Environment

What’s Behind Population GrowthWhat’s Behind Population Growth Three FactorsThree Factors

• FertilityFertility• Infant MortalityInfant Mortality• LongevityLongevity

Animal Animal Domestication Domestication and Agricultureand Agriculture• Provided for a few Provided for a few

to feed manyto feed many

Industrial Industrial RevolutionRevolution• Growth of Cities Growth of Cities

and Infrastructureand Infrastructure WaterWater EnergyEnergy TransportationTransportation

• Increased Increased ProductivityProductivity

• NutritionNutrition• SanitationSanitation• MedicineMedicine

Status of WomenStatus of Women• education: provides alternative means of education: provides alternative means of

supportsupport

• One of the best predictors of a population’s One of the best predictors of a population’s fertility rate is the educational levels of women fertility rate is the educational levels of women in that population! in that population!

Factors Influencing Family SizeFactors Influencing Family Size

Family PlanningFamily Planning• Availability of contraceptivesAvailability of contraceptives• pre- & postnatal care for mother and pre- & postnatal care for mother and

childchild• spacing births: breastfeedingspacing births: breastfeeding

Factors Influencing Family SizeFactors Influencing Family Size

Religious views on contraception and abortionReligious views on contraception and abortion

Many personal value judgmentsMany personal value judgments

China’s one child policyChina’s one child policy•China = 1/5 of world population, 1.3 billion

•Years ago, goal of one child per family set

•Incentives: paid for sterilization and abortions, one-child subsidy, job priority for only children, preferential medical care for only children- especially girls

•Penalties: aid received for first child must be returned when second born, taxation, no paid maternity leave for second child

•Fertility rate now ~1.7, but population still growing because of large # people in reproductive years

Poverty

Poverty, environmental degradation andPoverty, environmental degradation andhigh fertility rates are linked!high fertility rates are linked!

Fertility and Education Fertility and Education

COCO22 emission emission

Average Temperature of Earth Recorded in different Years

Climate Change – An integrated frameworkClimate Change – An integrated framework

Lirung Glacier in a. 1985 and b. 2002

Lirung Glacier in a. 1985 and b. 2002

Khumub region, Nepal of Himalayas Khumub region, Nepal of Himalayas

Energy crisis Energy crisis

Energy Consumption by Source, 2005Energy Consumption by Source, 2005

World Energy ConsumptionWorld Energy Consumption

What is OTEC?What is OTEC?

• Manifestation of solar energyManifestation of solar energy

• Top layers of ocean receive solar heatingTop layers of ocean receive solar heating

• Bottom layers receive water from polar regionsBottom layers receive water from polar regions

• Natural temperature gradientNatural temperature gradient

• Use in Thermodynamic cycle – Generate electricityUse in Thermodynamic cycle – Generate electricity

MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC MAIN COMPONENTS OF AN OTEC SYSTEMSYSTEM

EvaporatorsEvaporators

CondensersCondensers

Cold-water pipeCold-water pipe

TurbinesTurbines

Less Developed Countries with OTEC potential

Potential in IndiaPotential in India

Estimated overall potential – 180000 MWEstimated overall potential – 180000 MW 2.56 million sq.km EEZ2.56 million sq.km EEZ

Ongoing projectsOngoing projects: : The 1 MW barge research The 1 MW barge research and demonstration facility being developed by and demonstration facility being developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology, the National Institute of Ocean Technology, India (NIOT) with technical support from India (NIOT) with technical support from Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University Institute of Ocean Energy, Saga University (IOES)(IOES)

Identified sites:Identified sites:• KavarattiKavaratti• KulasekarapattinamKulasekarapattinam• Andaman & Nicobar IslandsAndaman & Nicobar Islands

Factors to be considered while choosing a siteFactors to be considered while choosing a site:: Thermal gradient in the oceanThermal gradient in the ocean Topography of the ocean floorTopography of the ocean floor Meteorological conditions – hurricanesMeteorological conditions – hurricanes Seismic activitySeismic activity Availability of personnel to operate the plantAvailability of personnel to operate the plant Infrastructure – airports, harbors, etc.Infrastructure – airports, harbors, etc. Local electricity and desalinated water Local electricity and desalinated water

demand.demand. Political, ecological constraintsPolitical, ecological constraints Cost and availability of shoreline sitesCost and availability of shoreline sites

Positives:Positives: Environmentally benign - no toxic products Environmentally benign - no toxic products

are releasedare released Carbon dioxide emission - less than 1% of Carbon dioxide emission - less than 1% of

fossil fuel plantfossil fuel plant Nutrient rich cold water promotes Nutrient rich cold water promotes

mariculturemariculture Chilled soil agriculture – promotes growth Chilled soil agriculture – promotes growth

of temperate crops in tropical regions.of temperate crops in tropical regions. Cold water for air conditioning Cold water for air conditioning Fish will be attracted to the plant, Fish will be attracted to the plant,

increases fishing in the areaincreases fishing in the area Fresh water production (1 MW plant -> Fresh water production (1 MW plant ->

4500 m4500 m33) )

Environmental AspectsEnvironmental Aspects

1980 -1980 - Conceptual studies on. Conceptual studies on. OTEC plants initiatedOTEC plants initiated19841984 - preliminary design for a 1 MW (gross) closed Rankine Cycle - preliminary design for a 1 MW (gross) closed Rankine Cycle floating plant was prepared by IITM floating plant was prepared by IITM 1993 1993 – NIOT formed– NIOT formed1997 1997 – Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant – Government proposed the establishment of the 1 MW plant NIOT signed a memorandum of understanding with Saga NIOT signed a memorandum of understanding with Saga University in Japan for the joint development of the plant nearUniversity in Japan for the joint development of the plant near the port of Tuticorinthe port of Tuticorin

Goals:Goals:The objective is to demonstrate the OTEC plant for one year, after The objective is to demonstrate the OTEC plant for one year, after which it could be moved to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for power which it could be moved to the Andaman & Nicobar Islands for power generation. NIOT’s plan is to build 10-25 MW shore-mounted power generation. NIOT’s plan is to build 10-25 MW shore-mounted power plants in due course by scaling-up the 1 MW test plant, and possibly a plants in due course by scaling-up the 1 MW test plant, and possibly a 100 MW range of commercial plants thereafter.100 MW range of commercial plants thereafter.

OTEC R&D history in IndiaOTEC R&D history in India

n-type semiconductor

p-type semiconductor

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Physics of Photovoltaic Generation

Depletion Zone

Present PV Scenario in IndiaPresent PV Scenario in India

In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes In terms of overall installed PV capacity, India comes fourth after Japan, Germany and U.S. fourth after Japan, Germany and U.S.

(With Installed capacity of 110 MW)(With Installed capacity of 110 MW)

In the area of Photovoltaics India today is the second In the area of Photovoltaics India today is the second largest manufacturer in the world of PV panels based on largest manufacturer in the world of PV panels based on crystalline solar cells. crystalline solar cells.

(Industrial production in this area has reached a level of (Industrial production in this area has reached a level of 11 MW per year which is about 10% of the world’s total PV 11 MW per year which is about 10% of the world’s total PV production)production)

A major drive has also been initiated by the Government to A major drive has also been initiated by the Government to export Indian PV products, systems, technologies and export Indian PV products, systems, technologies and servicesservices

(Solar Photovoltaic plant and equipment has been (Solar Photovoltaic plant and equipment has been exported to countries in the Middle East and Africa)exported to countries in the Middle East and Africa)

Indian PV Era — Vision 2012 Indian PV Era — Vision 2012 Arid regions receive plentiful solar radiation, regions like Arid regions receive plentiful solar radiation, regions like

Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana receive sunlight in plenty.Rajasthan, Gujarat and Haryana receive sunlight in plenty. Thus the Potential availability - 20 MW/kmThus the Potential availability - 20 MW/km22 (source (source

IREDA)IREDA)

IREDA is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 IREDA is planning to electrify 18,000 villages by year 2012 mainly through solar PV systems mainly through solar PV systems

Targets have been set for the large scale utilization of PV Targets have been set for the large scale utilization of PV technology by different sectors within the next five yearstechnology by different sectors within the next five years

Concluding RemarksConcluding Remarks The key to successful solar energy installation is The key to successful solar energy installation is

to use quality components that have long to use quality components that have long lifetimes and require minimal maintenance.lifetimes and require minimal maintenance.

The future is bright for continued PV technology The future is bright for continued PV technology dissemination.dissemination.

PV technology fills a significant need in PV technology fills a significant need in supplying electricity, creating local jobs and supplying electricity, creating local jobs and promoting economic development in rural areas, promoting economic development in rural areas, avoiding the external environmental costs avoiding the external environmental costs associated with traditional electrical generation associated with traditional electrical generation technologies. technologies.

Major power policy reforms and tax incentives Major power policy reforms and tax incentives will play a major role if all the above said is to be will play a major role if all the above said is to be effectively realized.effectively realized.

““ By the year 2030, India should achieve By the year 2030, India should achieve Energy Independence through solar Energy Independence through solar power and other forms of renewable power and other forms of renewable

energyenergy ”” Dr. A. P. J. Abdul KalamDr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam Ex-President of IndiaEx-President of India Independence Day Independence Day

Speech, 2005Speech, 2005

Generation of Electricity is Generation of Electricity is appropriate for sources >150appropriate for sources >150ooC C

Dry Steam Plants: These were the first type of plants created. They use underground steam to directly turn the turbines.

Flash Steam Plants: These are the most common plants. These systems pull deep, high pressured hot water that reaches temperatures of 3600F or more to the surface. This water is transported to low pressure chambers, and the resulting steam drives the turbines. The remaining water and steam are then injected back into the source from which they were taken.

Binary Cycle Plants: This system passes moderately hot geothermal water past a liquid, usually an organic fluid, that has a lower boiling point. The resulting steam from the organic liquid drives the turbines. This process does not produce any emissions and the water temperature needed for the water is lower than that needed in the Flash Steam Plants (2500F – 3600F).

Casa Diablo

Hot Dry Rocks: The simplest models have one injection well and two production wells. Pressurized cold water is sent down the injection well where the hot rocks heat the water up. Then pressurized water of temperatures greater than 2000F is brought to the surface and passed near a liquid with a lower boiling temperature, such as an organic liquid like butane. The ensuing steam turns the turbines. Then, the cool water is again injected to be heated. This system does not produce any emissions. US geothermal industries are making plans to commercialize this new technology.

World Wide Geothermal Uses and World Wide Geothermal Uses and PotentialPotential

COUNTRYCOUNTRY POWER POWER CAPACITY CAPACITY (GWh)(GWh)

INSTALLED INSTALLED CAPACITY CAPACITY (GW)(GW)

TAJIKISTANTAJIKISTAN 527000527000 40004000

CANADACANADA 341312341312 6695466954

USAUSA 319484319484 7951179511

BRAZILBRAZIL 285603285603 5751757517

CHINACHINA 204300204300 6500065000

RUSSIARUSSIA 160500160500 4400044000

NORWAYNORWAY 121824121824 2752827528

JAPANJAPAN 8450084500 2722927229

INDIAINDIA 8223782237 2208322083

FRANCEFRANCE 7750077500 7750077500

Top ten countries (in terms of Top ten countries (in terms of capacity)capacity)

How Hydropower Works! How Hydropower Works! Water from the Water from the

reservoir flows due reservoir flows due to gravity to drive to gravity to drive the turbine.the turbine.

Turbine is Turbine is connected to a connected to a generator.generator.

Power generated is Power generated is transmitted over transmitted over power lines.power lines.

The Indian ScenarioThe Indian Scenario The potential is about The potential is about 84000 MW84000 MW at 60% load factor at 60% load factor

spread across spread across six six major basins in the country.major basins in the country. Pumped storage sites have been found recently which Pumped storage sites have been found recently which

leads to a further addition of a maximum of leads to a further addition of a maximum of 94000 MW94000 MW.. Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units Annual yield is assessed to be about 420 billion units

per year though with seasonal energy the value per year though with seasonal energy the value crosses600 billion mark.crosses600 billion mark.

The possible installed capacity is around 150000 MWThe possible installed capacity is around 150000 MW ((Based on the report submitted by CEA to the Ministry Based on the report submitted by CEA to the Ministry of Power)of Power)

Continued …Continued … The proportion of hydro power increased from 35% The proportion of hydro power increased from 35%

from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five from the first five year plan to 46% in the third five year plan but has since then decreased continuously year plan but has since then decreased continuously to 25% in 2001. to 25% in 2001.

The theoretical potential of small hydro power is The theoretical potential of small hydro power is 10071 MW.10071 MW.

Currently about 17% of the potential is being Currently about 17% of the potential is being harnessedharnessed

About 6.3% is still under construction.About 6.3% is still under construction.

Major Hydropower generating Major Hydropower generating unitsunits

NAMENAME STATASTATA CAPACITY (MW)CAPACITY (MW)

BHAKRABHAKRA PUNJABPUNJAB 11001100

NAGARJUNANAGARJUNA ANDHRA PRADESHANDHRA PRADESH 960960

KOYNAKOYNA MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRA 920920

DEHARDEHAR HIMACHAL PRADESHHIMACHAL PRADESH 990990

SHARAVATHYSHARAVATHY KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 891891

KALINADIKALINADI KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 810810

SRISAILAMSRISAILAM ANDHRA PRADESHANDHRA PRADESH 770770

India’s Basin wise potentialIndia’s Basin wise potentialRiversRivers Potential at 60%LF (MW)Potential at 60%LF (MW) Probable installed capacity Probable installed capacity

(MW)(MW)

IndusIndus 1998819988 3383233832

GangaGanga 1071510715 2071120711

Central Indian riversCentral Indian rivers 27402740 41524152

West flowingWest flowing 61496149 94309430

East flowingEast flowing 95329532 1451114511

BrahmaputraBrahmaputra 3492034920 6606566065

Total Total 8404484044 148701148701

Small Hydro in IndiaSmall Hydro in IndiaSTATESTATE TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)TOTAL CAPACITY (MW)

ARUNACHAL PRADESHARUNACHAL PRADESH 1059.031059.03

HIMACHAL PRADESHHIMACHAL PRADESH 1624.781624.78

UTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHALUTTAR PRADESH & UTTARANCHAL 1472.931472.93

JAMMU & KASHMIRJAMMU & KASHMIR 1207.271207.27

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA 652.51652.51

MAHARASHTRAMAHARASHTRA 599.47599.47

Large Scale Hydropower plantLarge Scale Hydropower plant

Hydroelectric Power Plants in Hydroelectric Power Plants in IndiaIndia

Baspa II Binwa

Continued …Continued …

Gaj Nathpa Jakri

Continued…Continued…

Rangit Sardar Sarovar

Micro Hydropower PlantMicro Hydropower Plant

TechnologyTechnology

HydropowerTechnology

Impoundment Diversion Pumped Storage

Impoundment facilityImpoundment facility

ECONOMICS OF ECONOMICS OF HYDRO POWERHYDRO POWER

Global HP EconomicsGlobal HP Economics Cost of HP is affected by oil prices; when oil prices Cost of HP is affected by oil prices; when oil prices

are low, the demand for HP is low.are low, the demand for HP is low. Thesis was tested in the 1970s when the oil embargo Thesis was tested in the 1970s when the oil embargo

was in placewas in place More plants built, greater demandMore plants built, greater demand for for HP HP Reduces dependency on other countries for Reduces dependency on other countries for

conventional fuelsconventional fuels

BIO FUELSBIO FUELS

JatrophaJatropha

Biodiesel from JatrophaBiodiesel from Jatropha

Seeds of the Jatropha nut is Seeds of the Jatropha nut is crushed and oil is extracted crushed and oil is extracted

The oil is processed and The oil is processed and refined to form bio-diesel.refined to form bio-diesel.

In IndiaIn India

Sources of ethanol:Sources of ethanol: SugarcaneSugarcane Molasses Molasses Agricultural wasteAgricultural waste

Low average cost of Rs.18/litre Low average cost of Rs.18/litre projectedprojected

Annual production capacity of 1.5 Annual production capacity of 1.5 Billion litres Billion litres

Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural Bio Mass from cattle manure, agricultural waste, forest residue and municipal waste.waste, forest residue and municipal waste.

Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to Anaerobic digestion of livestock wastes to give bio gasgive bio gas

Digester consumes roughly one third the Digester consumes roughly one third the power it’s capable of producing.power it’s capable of producing.

Fertilizers as by product.Fertilizers as by product.

Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per Average electricity generation of 5.5kWh per cow per day!!cow per day!!

Water and Development: The Water and Development: The Importance of Irrigation in Importance of Irrigation in Developing CountriesDeveloping Countries

If the wars of the 20th Century were fought over oil – the wars of the 21st century will be fought over water.”

The importance of waterThe importance of water 80% of the human body is made up of water.80% of the human body is made up of water. Water is crucial element of our food and materials Water is crucial element of our food and materials 75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water.75% of the earth’s surface is covered with water. only 3%, is fresh. only 3%, is fresh. Only1% of the water is available for human Only1% of the water is available for human

consumptionconsumption.. Much of this water contain chemicals making it Much of this water contain chemicals making it inappropriate for human consumption.inappropriate for human consumption. We distinguish between water We distinguish between water qualityquality and and quantityquantity problems. problems. On average we have sufficient water to meet On average we have sufficient water to meet human needs. The problem is water distribution. human needs. The problem is water distribution.

1.1 billion people have no clean water1.1 billion people have no clean water

•406 million people in East Asia and the Pacific

•229 million people in South Asia

•314 million people in sub-Saharan Africa

•38 million people in the Middle East

•49 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean

SAFE WATER

In the developing world, 1 in 5 people are without safe water.

1/6th of the world’s population lacks access to clean water.

2.6 billion people have no sanitation2.6 billion people have no sanitation

*958 million people in East Asia and Pacific*958 million people in East Asia and Pacific *925 million people in South Asia*925 million people in South Asia * 437 million people in sub-Saharan Africa* 437 million people in sub-Saharan Africa *120 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean*120 million people in Latin America and the Caribbean

In Cambodia, the daily wage for rural laborers does not even cover a family’s basic nutritional needs. It would take 20 days wagesto buy a simple pit latrine.

2.6 billion people, almost half the total population of developing countriesdon’t have adequate sanitation. That is 1/3 of the entire population of the world.

Many do not have access to water Many do not have access to water Region Percent of Total Population Absolute Number Region Percent of Total Population Absolute Number

of People of People withoutwithout Access to Water in Access to Water in withoutwithout Access to Water Access to Water 1994 (in millions) 1994 (in millions)

AfricaAfrica 54 54 381381 Latin AmericaLatin America & the Caribbean 20& the Caribbean 20 97 97 Asia & the Pacific 20Asia & the Pacific 20 627627 Western Asia 12Western Asia 12 10 10 Total 26Total 26 1,115 1,115

Estimates of Global Morbidity & Mortality of Water-Related Diseases (early 1990s)

Disease Morbidity (episodes/year or people infected)

Mortality (deaths/year)

Diarrheal DiseasesIntestinal HelminthsSchistosomiasisDracunculiasisTrachomaMalariaDengue FeverPoliomyelitisTrypanosomiasisBancroftian FilariasisOnchocerciasis

1,000,000,0001,500,000,000 (people infected)200,000,000 (people infected)150,000 (in 1996)150,000,000 (active cases)400,000,0001,750,000114,000275,00072,800,000 (people infected)17,700,000 (people infected;270,000 blind)

3,300,000100,000200,000

1,500,00020,000

130,000

40,000 (mortality caused byblindness)

Water quality concerns -water born diseases

Water policy concerns-Water policy concerns-qualityquality Contamination of water by arsenic and mercury Contamination of water by arsenic and mercury

in mining activities are major concerns in the in mining activities are major concerns in the tropical forest. Such contamination is hazardous tropical forest. Such contamination is hazardous to the forest ecosystems and their bio-diversity.to the forest ecosystems and their bio-diversity.

When the miners are small, informal When the miners are small, informal organizations, the regulation of toxic material in organizations, the regulation of toxic material in mining is a difficult non source point pollution mining is a difficult non source point pollution problem. Solutions are difficult to implement problem. Solutions are difficult to implement because of the population density, large scale because of the population density, large scale and weak government.and weak government.

Establishing of mobile unit that can track Establishing of mobile unit that can track violators and a legal system to prosecute is a violators and a legal system to prosecute is a major priority. major priority.

. Social Concerns. . Social Concerns. Waterborne diseases. Waterborne diseases. Bad project planning Bad project planning

resulted in spread of malaria and other water born resulted in spread of malaria and other water born diseases as vector spread in canal and dams.diseases as vector spread in canal and dams.

Displacement of native populations. Displacement of native populations. The The development of water projects in the last century development of water projects in the last century has led to the displacement of 40 – 80 million has led to the displacement of 40 – 80 million people. Compensation for these forced changes people. Compensation for these forced changes has usually been minimal, if it occurs at all.has usually been minimal, if it occurs at all.

International conflicts and water supply. International conflicts and water supply. There There are 261 rivers that cross international boundaries. are 261 rivers that cross international boundaries. The division of water resources between countries The division of water resources between countries can either be a source of conflict or a reason for can either be a source of conflict or a reason for necessary cooperation. disputes ar not settlednecessary cooperation. disputes ar not settled

Different uses of waterDifferent uses of water consumptive usageconsumptive usage is diversion + consumption of is diversion + consumption of

the water throughthe water through• transforming it into water vapor (where it is “lost” to the transforming it into water vapor (where it is “lost” to the

atmosphere), atmosphere), • letting it seep into the ground, orletting it seep into the ground, or• significantly degrading its quality. For examplesignificantly degrading its quality. For example

ResidentialResidential IndustrialIndustrial AgriculturalAgricultural ForestryForestry

non-consumptive usage.non-consumptive usage. Do not educe water supply Do not educe water supply and, frequently, do not degrade water quality. and, frequently, do not degrade water quality. Examples Examples • Fisheries use water as a medium for fish growth.Fisheries use water as a medium for fish growth.• Hydroelectric users extract energy from the water.Hydroelectric users extract energy from the water.• Recreation may involve using water as a medium Recreation may involve using water as a medium

(example: swimming) and/or extracting energy from the (example: swimming) and/or extracting energy from the water (examples: white-water rafting, surfing)water (examples: white-water rafting, surfing)

• Transportation is especially important use of water in the Transportation is especially important use of water in the tropics.tropics.

Agriculture Values of water varyAgriculture Values of water vary

Agricultural value of water r varies between crops Agricultural value of water r varies between crops and locations. A relatively small faction of the and locations. A relatively small faction of the water (20%) generates much of the value (more water (20%) generates much of the value (more than 70%). than 70%).

Crops such as flowers and strawberries can pay Crops such as flowers and strawberries can pay more than $500/AF, cotton can afford paying $40-more than $500/AF, cotton can afford paying $40-100/AF and pasture $30/AF and less.100/AF and pasture $30/AF and less.

Values of water vary by location,land quality and Values of water vary by location,land quality and according to market conditions.according to market conditions.

Industry and residential users are able to afford to Industry and residential users are able to afford to pay much more than agricultural field crops. Their pay much more than agricultural field crops. Their demand is relatively small (33%) but is continually demand is relatively small (33%) but is continually growing. growing.

Overview of irrigationOverview of irrigation irrigated land has increased from 50 mha (million irrigated land has increased from 50 mha (million

hectares) in 1900 to 267 mha today. hectares) in 1900 to 267 mha today. Between 1962 and 1996 the irrigated area in developing Between 1962 and 1996 the irrigated area in developing

countries increased at 2% annually.countries increased at 2% annually. Irrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demand of Irrigation has been crucial in meeting the food demand of

doubling world population since WWII.doubling world population since WWII. Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital, Irrigation projects have been costly in terms of capital,

environmental degradation& human health.environmental degradation& human health. Design and management of water resources have been Design and management of water resources have been

flawed. There is a growing perception of water supply flawed. There is a growing perception of water supply crisis,but we have a water management crisis. crisis,but we have a water management crisis.

As population is likely to grow double again, we need to As population is likely to grow double again, we need to reform water institutions and policies.reform water institutions and policies.

This presentation first assesses water situation and then This presentation first assesses water situation and then introduces direction for reform.introduces direction for reform.

BENEFITS OF IRRIGATIONBENEFITS OF IRRIGATION Irrigation increases crop yields.- Irrigation increases crop yields.- The 17% of The 17% of

land that is irrigated is producing 40% of the land that is irrigated is producing 40% of the global foodglobal food

The value of production of irrigated cropland is The value of production of irrigated cropland is about $625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fed about $625/ha/year ($95/ha/year for rain-fed cropland and $17.50/ha/year for rangelands).cropland and $17.50/ha/year for rangelands).

Irrigation allows improve timing and spatial Irrigation allows improve timing and spatial distribution of water. It allows distribution of water. It allows double cropping, double cropping, it enables supply stabilization. It enable it enables supply stabilization. It enable production of production of vegetables and fruitsvegetables and fruits..

Increases consumer well being& employment & Increases consumer well being& employment & farm income.farm income.The high productivity of The high productivity of agriculture slowed expansion of agriculture slowed expansion of deforestation. deforestation.

Productivity of irrigationProductivity of irrigation 1% increase in irrigation increase productivity 1% increase in irrigation increase productivity

by .12-.25%. by .12-.25%. But these are marginal effectsBut these are marginal effects There is a significant heterogeneity within fields-35% There is a significant heterogeneity within fields-35% of yield variance is within fieldof yield variance is within field There is a significant fixed effect of water. There is a significant fixed effect of water. Irrigation may double or even triple yields,it increase Irrigation may double or even triple yields,it increase

water availability and controls when and where water is water availability and controls when and where water is available.available.

. The high yields of irrigations may reflect climatic . The high yields of irrigations may reflect climatic effects-desert areas have higher sun energy and effects-desert areas have higher sun energy and degree days that with irrigation leads to higher yields degree days that with irrigation leads to higher yields

Modern irrigation and pumping modify ranking and values Modern irrigation and pumping modify ranking and values of land- irrigation technologies is water quality of land- irrigation technologies is water quality augmenting.augmenting.

COSTS OF IRRIGATION COSTS OF IRRIGATION Capital cost 1Capital cost 1

Inefficiencies in micro-level water Inefficiencies in micro-level water

managementmanagement Farmer selection of crops and irrigation Farmer selection of crops and irrigation

technologies affect water use.technologies affect water use. Conservation technologies increase water Conservation technologies increase water

use efficiency but require higher per acre use efficiency but require higher per acre costcost

There is 6% adoption of sprinkler and 1% There is 6% adoption of sprinkler and 1% adoption of drip. adoption of drip.

There are low tech “drip” like technologies There are low tech “drip” like technologies Low pricing of water is not justifying Low pricing of water is not justifying

adoption Efficient Pricing of water and adoption Efficient Pricing of water and drainage will lea to adoptiondrainage will lea to adoption

Biodiversity Biodiversity

Sustainable use & conservation of biodiversity

INDIAN SCENARIO : BOIDIVERSITY IN INDIAINDIAN SCENARIO : BOIDIVERSITY IN INDIA TABLE: NO. OF SPECIES (FAUNA & FLORA) IN INDIATABLE: NO. OF SPECIES (FAUNA & FLORA) IN INDIA

GROUP NO OF SPECIES % OF WORLDSPROTISTA 2577 8.24%MOLLUSCA 5070 7.62%ARTHROPODA 68389 6.90%OTHE INVERTEBR ATES 83329 9.56%PROTOCHORDATA 119 5.65%FISHES 2546 11.72%AMPHIBIANS 209 4.06%REPTILES 456 7.84%BIRDS 1124 12.60%BACTERIA 850 21.25%VIRUSES - -ALGAE 6500 16.25%FUNGI 14500 20.14%LICHENS 2000 11.80%BRYOPHYTA 2850 17.80%PTERIDOPHYTA 1100 8.46%GYMNOSPERMS 64 8.53%ANGIOSPERMS 17500 7.00%

510

20

30

70

80

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

INCIDENTAL TAKE

POLLUTION

INTERNATIONAL TRADE

INTRODUCED SPECIES

HUNTING

HABITAT DESTRUCTION

PERCENTAGE OF THREATENED

Action Plan for Conservation Action Plan for Conservation ManagementManagement

The Steps taken for conservation for Management are:-The Steps taken for conservation for Management are:-• Formation of BNHS (1883)Formation of BNHS (1883)• Setting up of an Indian board of Wild Life (1952).Setting up of an Indian board of Wild Life (1952).• Institution of TRAFFIC –India (1991). Institution of TRAFFIC –India (1991). • Enactments of various Wild Life Protection Acts including Enactments of various Wild Life Protection Acts including

the Wild Live (Protection) Act,1972.the Wild Live (Protection) Act,1972.• Launching a national component of the UNESCO’s Man and Launching a national component of the UNESCO’s Man and

Biosphere Programme (1971).Biosphere Programme (1971).• Bearing the Party to the Cities.Bearing the Party to the Cities.• Starting conservation Projects for individual endangered Starting conservation Projects for individual endangered

spices.spices.• Creation of National Park, Sanctuaries and Biosphere Creation of National Park, Sanctuaries and Biosphere

reserve.reserve.• WWF – International, IUCN, UNEP etc. are closely WWF – International, IUCN, UNEP etc. are closely

concerned with the problems of wild life conservation at concerned with the problems of wild life conservation at global level.global level.

CONSERVATION PROJECTSCONSERVATION PROJECTS• Project Tiger (1973) Project Tiger (1973) • Gir Lion Project (1972)Gir Lion Project (1972)• Project Rhino Project Rhino • Project Elephant (1992) Project Elephant (1992) • Project Crocodile (1975)Project Crocodile (1975)

The Challenge: Sustainable Forestry

Thanks