climate change agriculture and economy in lac

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Challenges for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture and livestock sectors in Latin America Andy Jarvis, Julian Ramirez, Emmanuel Zapata, Peter Laderach, Charlotte Lau Program Leader, Decision and Policy Analysis, CIAT

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Presentation made by Andy Jarvis in the Mini Conference in Latin America on Agricultural Economics in San Luis, Argentina on the 9th October 2010.

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Page 1: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Challenges for adaptation to climate change in the agriculture and livestock sectors in Latin America

Andy Jarvis, Julian Ramirez, Emmanuel Zapata, Peter Laderach, Charlotte Lau

Program Leader, Decision and Policy Analysis, CIAT

Page 2: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Contenido

• Cambio climatico y gases de efecto invernadero

• La importancia de tener buenos predicciones de clima para poder estimar impactos

• Un breve resumen de lo que viene

• Impactos en la agricultura Andina

• Perspectivas para el futuro

Page 3: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 4: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 5: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Sources of Agricultural Greenhouse Gasesexcluding land use change Mt CO2-eq

Source: Cool farming: Climate impacts of agriculture and mitigation potential, Greenpeace, 07 January 2008

Page 6: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Terra-i Results

Deforestation Rate

3,062,064 Ha/año

Page 7: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Retos y oportunidades

• Colombia aporta 0.37% de las emisiones globales

• 38% del sector agropecuario• 48% de lo cual proviene de ganaderia• Mas impacto de extension de ganaderia en

zonas nuevas de bosque: 80,000 Hectareas por anho en Caqueta

Page 8: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Greater energy demand….

…..and carbon becomes a commodity, and a profitable one at that

Page 9: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 10: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Porque tan seguros que el clima esta cambiando?

Page 11: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 12: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Arctic Ice is Melting

Page 13: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Los modelos de pronostico de clima

Page 14: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Usando el pasado para aprender del futuro

Page 15: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Modelos GCM : “Global Climate Models”

• 21 “global climate models” (GCMs) basados en ciencias atmosféricas, química, física, biología

• Se corre desde el pasado hasta el futuro• Hay diferentes escenarios de emisiones de gases

INCERTIDUMBRE POLITICO (EMISIONES), Y INCERTIDUMBRE CIENTIFICO (MODELOS)

Page 16: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 17: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 18: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Entonces, ¿qué es lo que dicen?

Page 19: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 20: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC
Page 21: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

Page 22: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

BCCR-BCM2.0 CCCMA-CGCM2CCCMA-CGCM3.1

T47 CCCMA-CGCM3.1-T63 CNRM-CM3 IAP-FGOALS-1.0G

GISS-AOM GFDL-CM2.1 GFDL-CM2.0 CSIRO-MK3.0 IPSL-CM4 MIROC3.2-HIRES

MIROC3.2-MEDRES MIUB-ECHO-G MPI-ECHAM5 MRI-CGCM2.3.2A NCAR-PCM1 UKMO-HADCM3

Page 23: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Region DepartamentoCambio en

Precipitacion

Cambio en Temperatura

media

Cambio en estacionalidad de

precipitacion

Amazonas Amazonas 12 2.9 1.4 0 135Amazonas Caqueta 138 2.7 -1.3 0 193Amazonas Guania 55 2.9 -3.2 0 271Amazonas Guaviare 72 2.8 -2.9 -1 209Amazonas Putumayo 117 2.6 0.6 0 170Andina Antioquia 18 2.1 1.3 0 129Andina Boyaca 50 2.7 -3.9 -1 144Andina Cundinamarca 152 2.6 -2.6 0 170Andina Huila 51 2.4 1.0 0 144Andina Norte de santander 73 2.8 -0.4 0 216Andina Santander 51 2.7 -2.4 0 158Andina Tolima 86 2.4 -3.1 0 148Caribe Atlantico -74 2.2 -2.9 2 135Caribe Bolivar 90 2.5 -1.8 0 242Caribe Cesar -119 2.6 -1.3 0 160Caribe Cordoba -11 2.3 -3.8 0 160Caribe Guajira -69 2.2 -1.8 0 86Caribe Magdalena -158 2.4 -1.8 0 153Caribe Sucre 10 2.4 -4.1 -1 207Eje Cafetero Caldas 252 2.4 -4.2 -1 174Eje Cafetero Quindio 153 2.3 -4.1 -1 145Eje Cafetero Risaralda 158 2.4 -3.5 -1 141Llanos Arauca -13 2.9 -6.4 -1 188Llanos Casanare 163 2.8 -5.7 -1 229Llanos Meta 10 2.7 -5.4 -1 180Llanos Vaupes 46 2.8 -1.4 0 192Llanos Vichada 59 2.6 -2.6 0 152Pacifico Choco -157 2.2 -1.2 0 148Sur Occidente Cauca 172 2.3 -1.6 0 168Sur Occidente Narino 155 2.2 -1.4 0 126Sur Occidente Valle del Cauca 275 2.3 -5.1 -1 166

Page 24: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

La incertidumbre cientifico SI es relevante para la agricultura: tenemos

que tomar decisiones dentro de un contexto de incertidumbre

Mensaje 2

Page 25: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

The Impacts on Crop Suitability

Page 26: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

The Model: EcoCrop

It evaluates on monthly basis if there are adequate climatic conditions within a growing season for temperature and precipitation… …and calculates the climatic suitability of the

resulting interaction between rainfall and temperature…

• So, how does it work?

Page 27: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Agricultural systems analysis• 50 target crops selected based on area harvested in

FAOSTATN FAO name Scientific name

Area harvested

(kha)26 African oil palm Elaeis guineensis Jacq. 1327727 Olive, Europaen Olea europaea L. 889428 Onion Allium cepa L. v cepa 334129 Sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck 361830 Pea Pisum sativum L. 673031 Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill ssp 468332 Plantain bananas Musa balbisiana Colla 543933 Potato Solanum tuberosum L. 1883034 Swede rap Brassica napus L. 2779635 Rice paddy (Japonica) Oryza sativa L. s. japonica 15432436 Rye Secale cereale L. 599437 Perennial reygrass Lolium perenne L. 551638 Sesame seed Sesamum indicum L. 753939 Sorghum (low altitude) Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench 4150040 Perennial soybean Glycine wightii Arn. 9298941 Sugar beet Beta vulgaris L. v vulgaris 544742 Sugarcane Saccharum robustum Brandes 2039943 Sunflower Helianthus annuus L v macro 2370044 Sweet potato Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. 899645 Tea Camellia sinensis (L) O.K. 271746 Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum L. 389747 Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum M. 459748 Watermelon Citrullus lanatus (T) Mansf 378549 Wheat, common Triticum aestivum L. 21610050 White yam Dioscorea rotundata Poir. 4591

N FAO name Scientific nameArea

harvested (kha)

1 Alfalfa Medicago sativa L. 152142 Apple Malus sylvestris Mill. 47863 Banana Musa acuminata Colla 41804 Barley Hordeum vulgare L. 555175 Bean, Common Phaseolus vulgaris L. 265406 Common buckwheat* Fagopyrum esculentum Moench 27437 Cabbage Brassica oleracea L.v capi. 31388 Cashew Anacardium occidentale L. 33879 Cassava Manihot esculenta Crantz. 18608

10 Chick pea Cicer arietinum L. 1067211 White clover Trifolium repens L. 262912 Cacao Theobroma cacao L. 756713 Coconut Cocos nucifera L. 1061614 Coffee arabica Coffea arabica L. 1020315 Cotton, American upland Gossypium hirsutum L. 3473316 Cowpea Vigna unguiculata unguic. L 1017617 European wine grape Vitis vinifera L. 740018 Groundnut Arachis hypogaea L. 2223219 Lentil Lens culinaris Medikus 384820 Linseed Linum usitatissimum L. 301721 Maize Zea mays L. s. mays 14437622 mango Mangifera indica L. 415523 Millet, common Panicum miliaceum L. 3284624 Rubber * Hevea brasiliensis (Willd.) 825925 Oats Avena sativa L. 11284

Page 28: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Average change in suitability for all crops in 2050s

Page 29: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

La region Andina ¿A quién afectará?

• En Perú: los 8.1 millones de habitantes (31.6% de la población nacional) que vive de la actividad agropecuaria.

• En Bolivia: El 40% de la fuerza de trabajo.• En Colombia: 40% de exportaciones.• Los productores pequeños y todos los

consumidores que dependen de los precios bajos de los alimentos.

• Las personas más pobres.

Page 30: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Un clima dinámico cambiará todo

Análisis de 25 cultivos importantes en los Andes tropicales: número de cultivos que aumenta y disminuye su aptitud climática hacia el año 2050.

Ejemplo de Venezuela:La pérdida de aptitud climática para 18 de los 25 cultivos listados arriba.

Page 31: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

De los 25 cultivos se hizo un enfoque en 5 cultivos que representan diferentes grupos de

alimentos

Café Frijol Papa Tomate Trigo0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Porcentaje de área que perdería y aumentaría aptitud climática en los Andes Tropicales (2050)

Area que pierde (A1B)Area que pierde (A2)Area que aumenta (A1B)Area que aumenta (A2)

1. Café: Perenne, alto valor.

2. Frijol: Legumbre.3. Papa: Tubérculo.4. Tomate: Hortaliza.5. Trigo: Cereal.

(%)

Page 32: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Café Frijol Papa Tomate Trigo0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

Porcentaje de personas viviendo bajo la línea de pobreza en áreas que pierden y incrementan aptitud climática en 2050

Area que pierde (A1B)

Area que pierde (A2)

Area que incrementa (A1B)

Area que incrementa (A2)

En términos sociales…

En total: 14 millones en las áreas que pierden y 6.2 millones en las áreas que aumentan

Page 33: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

En términos económicos…• En algunas situaciones sólo habrían balances negativos, como en los casos de

Bolivia y Colombia.

BOLIVIA

Ganancias vs. Pérdidas Impacto: valor pérdida (2050)/ Valor total (2007) según FAO

Trigo Papa Café$80,000,000.00

$60,000,000.00

$40,000,000.00

$20,000,000.00

$0.00

$20,000,000.00

$40,000,000.00

11,130,731

33,344,466

379,650-48,314,352

-70,166,198

-3,014,812

-37,183,621

-36,821,732

-2,635,162

Valor de la ganancia Valor de la pérdida Balance

Dóla

res a

mér

icano

s de

1999

-200

1

Café Papa Trigo-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

-10.99%

-20.47%

-11.19%

Impacto

Porc

enta

je e

stim

ado

del

Bala

nce

/ Va

lor c

ultiv

o se

gun

Fao-

2007

Page 34: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

COLOMBIA

Ganancias vs. Pérdidas Impacto: valor pérdida (2050)/ Valor total (2007) según FAO

Café Fríjol Papa Trigo-90%

-80%

-70%

-60%

-50%

-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

-4.20%-8.83%

-78.78%

-24.72%

Impacto

Porc

enta

je e

stim

ado

del

Bala

nce

/ Va

lor c

ultiv

o se

gun

Fao-

2007

Trigo Café Fríjol Papa$1,500,000,000.00

$1,000,000,000.00

$500,000,000.00

$0.00

$500,000,000.00

$1,000,000,000.00

0

23,840,939

9,068,371

785,841,072

-2,542,543

-79,920,840

-21,776,980

-1,203,554,984

-2,542,543

-56,079,901

-12,708,609

-417,713,912

Valor de la ganancia Valor de la pérdida Balance

Dóla

res a

mér

icano

s de

1999

-200

1

Page 35: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

• Y en otros casos, habrían balances positivos que se podrían aprovechar, como en Perú y Ecuador.

PERÚ

Ganancias vs. Pérdidas Impacto: valor pérdida (2050)/ valor total (2007) según FAO

Café Fríjol Papa Trigo$100,000,000.00

$50,000,000.00

$0.00

$50,000,000.00

$100,000,000.00

$150,000,000.00

$200,000,000.00

21,838,004

4,620,782

150,858,012

0

-35,987,182

-2,375,880

-62,917,747

-3,704,054

-14,149,178

2,244,902

87,940,265

-3,704,054

Valor de la ganancia Valor de la pérdida Balance

Dóla

res a

mér

icano

s de

1999

-200

1

Café Fríjol Papa Trigo-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

-4.09%

4.27%

18.04%

-7.78%

Impacto

Porc

enta

je e

stim

ado

del

Bala

nce

/ Va

lor c

ultiv

o se

gun

Fao-

2007

Page 36: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

ECUADOR

Ganancias vs. Pérdidas Impacto: valor pérdida (2050)/ Valor total (2007) según FAO

Café Fríjol Papa Trigo$20,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$5,000,000.00

$0.00

$5,000,000.00

$10,000,000.00

$15,000,000.00

$20,000,000.00

$25,000,000.00

1,226,406

813,105

20,720,268

0

-2,337,837

-909,720

-16,984,966

-934,087

-1,111,431

-96,615

3,735,302

-934,087

Valor de la ganancia Valor de la pérdida Balance

Dóla

res a

mér

icano

s de

1999

-200

1

Café Fríjol Papa Trigo-40%

-30%

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

-2.54% -0.94%

9.25%

-37.25%

Impacto

Porc

enta

je e

stim

ado

del

Bala

nce

/ Va

lor c

ultiv

o se

gun

Fao-

2007

Page 37: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Comparaciones por país

Bolivia Colombia Ecuador Perú Venezuela-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

-13.20%

-21.15%

1.30%

7.44%

-7.67%

Impacto total por país

Page 38: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Comparaciones por cultivo

Café Fríjol Papa Tomate Trigo-30%

-25%

-20%

-15%

-10%

-5%

0%

-4.78% -4.89%

-25.48%

-9.33%

Impacto total por cultivo

Page 39: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Mensaje 3

Hay retos y oportunidades: la region deberia tener una estrategia para

enfrentar ambos

Page 40: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Un Ejemplo mas local

El susto de café en Cauca

Page 41: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Climas mueven hacia arriba

Rango Altitudinal

Tmedia anual actual

Tmedia anual futuro

Tmedia anual

cambio (ºC)

Ppt total anual actual

190-500 25.54 27.70 2.16 5891 6002 1.88501-1000 23.47 25.66 2.19 3490 3597 3.041000-1500 21.29 23.50 2.21 2537 2641 4.101500-2000 18.36 20.58 2.22 2519 2622 4.082000-2500 15.60 17.82 2.22 2555 2657 4.002500-3000 13.33 15.54 2.21 2471 2575 4.20

Temperatura media reduce por 0.51oC por cada 100m en la zona cafetero. Un cambio de 2.2oC equivale a una diferencia de 440m.

Page 42: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Suitability in Cauca

• Significant changes to 2020, drastic changes to 2050

• The Cauca case: reduced coffeee growing area and changes in geographic distribution. Some new opportunities.

MECETA

Page 43: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Resultados: objetivo “Predecir la adaptabilidad”

D

Page 44: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Resultados: objetivo “Predecir la adaptabilidad”

D

Page 45: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Mensaje 4

Localmente va a ver cambios drasticos si no se hace nada para

adaptar

Page 46: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

El reto de adaptacion

Page 47: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Variabilidad y linea base

+

Cli

mat

e

Timescale

Short (change in baseline and variability) Long

Baseline

_

Page 48: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Risk management

Potential examples: ecosystem service payments – risk manages by offering immediate financial capital/relief, mitigates by reducing emissions, and adapts by creating incentives/opportunities to diversity away from just agriculture

Progressive adaptation

Mitigation

CASE 1: Transition (win-win)

Adaptacion ideal

Page 49: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Risk management(coping)

Mitigation

?

Example: subsidies that would lower emissions and give farmers extra financial capital to invest in higher production (risk management and mitigation, but not significant long-term adaption strategy)

Cli

mat

e

Progressive adaptation (transformational

change)

CASE 2: Disjointed adaptation (win-win)

Risk management(coping) Progressive adaptation

(transformative change)

Mitigation

Trade-offs

?

e.g.) Taxing fertilizers and pesticides –mitigates at farmer’s cost

Trade-offse.g.) Occupational change from agricultural to industrial work– farmer “adapts” at potential cost to environment

CASE 3: Disjointed adaptation (no win-win)

Page 50: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

El rol de la ciencia: Un ejemplo de frijol

Page 51: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

How are beans standing up currently?

Growing season (days) 90

13.6

17.5

23.1

25.6

Minimum absolute rainfall (mm)

200

Minimum optimum rainfall (mm)

363

Maximum optimum rainfall (mm)

450

Maximum absolute rainfall (mm)

710

Killing temperature (°C) 0

Minimum absolute temperature (°C)

13.6

Minimum optimum temperature (°C)

17.5

Maximum optimum temperature (°C)

23.1

Maximum absolute temperature (°C)

25.6

Parameters determined based on statistical analysis of current bean growing environments from the Africa and LAC Bean Atlases.

Page 52: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

What will likely happen?

2020 – A2

2020 – A2 - changes

Page 53: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

-25% -20% -15% -10% -5% None +5% +10% +15% +20% +25%

Crop resilience improvement

Ch

ang

e in

su

itab

le a

reas

[>

80%

] (%

)

Cropped lands

Non-cropped lands

Global suitable areas

Technology options: breeding for drought and waterlogging tolerance

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Ropmin Ropmax Not benefited

Ben

efit

ed a

reas

(m

illi

on

hec

tare

s) Currently cropped lands

Not currently cropped landsSome 22.8% (3.8 million ha) would benefit from drought tolerance improvement to 2020s

Drought tolerance

Waterlogging tolerance

Page 54: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Technology options: breeding for heat and cold tolerance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

-2.5ºC -2ºC -1.5ºC -1ºC -0.5ºC None +0.5ºC +1ºC +1.5ºC +2ºC +2.5ºC

Crop resilience improvement

Ch

ang

e in

su

itab

le a

reas

[>

80%

] (%

)

Cropped lands

Non-cropped lands

Global suitable areas

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Topmin Topmax Not benefited

Ben

efit

ed a

reas

(m

illi

on

hec

tare

s)

Currently cropped lands

Not currently cropped lands

Cold tolerance

Heat tolerance

Some 42.7% (7.2 million ha) would benefit from heat tolerance improvement to 2020s

Page 55: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Sistemas silvo-pastoriles

Page 56: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

En América Latina

• 13% de pastizales del mundo.

• 77% (550 millones de ha) de las áreas agrícolas

son pastos.• 25% del área total en

pastos

E. Murgeuitio, CIPAVFao 2004

Page 57: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

SSP como vehiculo de adaptacion usando su potencial para la mitigacion

Usar los mercados de carbono y otros servicios ecosistemicos para incentivar la transformacion de paisajes

Risk management(coping)

Mitigation

?

CASE 2: Disjointed adaptation (win-win)

Progressive adaptation (transformational

change)

Page 58: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Recuperación de corredores ribereños

Piedemonte llanero

Estado inicial: Julio 17, 2007

Agosto 15, 2008

13 meses

Octubre 22, 2008

15 meses

Page 59: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

5 Reasons to consider silvo-pastoral systems

• Major climate change mitigation potential in converting degraded and low yielding pastures into productive systems with high carbon stocks

• Silvo-pastoral systems act as corridors and refuges for biodiversity to move through

• Silvo-pastoral systems have been shown to increase milk and meat production

• The shade lowers temperatures for the animals, and maintains soil moisture, and hence supports adaptation

• The diversity in silvo-pastoral systems provides greater resilience to climate variability, and ensures constant provision of animal feed even in times of drought

Page 60: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Los SSPi generan un microclima que puede mitigar los efectos de periodos climáticos adversos como la fase

cálida del ENSO (El Niño 2009-2010).

2 a 3 ºC Menos de Temperatura Promedio al año.

10 a 20% Más Humedad Relativa Promedio anual.

1,8 mm Menos de Evapotranspiración Promedio anual

– FEDEGAN FNG, CIPAV 2009

Page 61: Climate change agriculture and economy in LAC

Como adaptamos?

• Necesitamos saber que hacemos, como lo hacemos, cuando lo hacemos y donde?

• Primero paso es analisar el problema• Segundo, analisar opciones de

adaptacion• Evaluar costo-beneficio para el sector• Implementar• HAZLO AHORA!

INVE

STIG

ACIO

N Y

DES

ARRO

LLO

TE

CNO

LOG

ICO

POLI

TICA

S PU

BLIC

OS

Y PR

IVAD

OS

BUEN MANEJO AGRONOMICO Y VETERINARIO