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  • 7/29/2019 Clear Creek Presentation CEEN 482

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    CEEN 482

    Hydrology and Water

    Laboratory

    Fall 2013

    Terri S. Hogue

    Associate Professor

    T.A.: Paul Micheletty

    M.S. Student HSE Program

    What is hydrology?

    Study of the movement, distribution, and quality ofwater

    on Earth and other planets, including the hydrologic

    cycle, water resources and environmental watershed

    sustainability.

    A practitioner of hydrology is a hydrologist, working

    within the fields ofearth orenvironmental science,

    physical geography, geology orcivil and environmental

    engineering.

    Subfields: hydrometeorology, surface hydrology,

    hydrogeology, water resource management and water

    quality, where water plays the central role.

    What is a watershed?

    Definition: Land area (or water area) defined by a boundary

    (topographic high) that collects water, stores water, and

    discharges water through 1 outlet

    Cornerstorne of Hydrologic Studies:

    Water Balance or Water Budget

    Water Budgetaccounting system for hydrologic cycle

    Use systems approach to formulate water budget

    What is a control volume???

    A conceptually defined region (control volume)

    capable of receiving a sequence of inputs of a

    conservative quantity, storing some amount of that

    quantity, and producing outputs

    What is a conservative quantity?

    Can not be created or destroyed in system (mass, momentum,

    energy)

    I(t)O(t) = dS/dt

    What are the inputs and outputs for our system??

    a) Natural System?

    b) Urbanized (altered) System?

    IO = dS/dt

    http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_qualityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogeologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface-water_hydrologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrometeorologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineeringhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_geographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sciencehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resourceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrologic_cyclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water
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    Water Budgets

    Basic Components ofNatural System

    Precipitation

    Evaporation (Evapotranspiration)

    Infiltration

    Percolation

    Recharge

    Lateral Flow

    Surface Runoff

    Groundwater Flow

    Water Budgets

    Basic Components ofUrbanized System

    Precipitation Evaporation (ET)

    Infiltration Percolation

    Recharge Lateral Flow

    Surface Runoff Groundwater Flow

    Pumping (GW out)

    Imported water (irrigation!!)

    Leaky infrastructure (pipes, canals, ditches)

    Wastewater discharge

    Others??

    Precipitation

    Flux of water from atmosphere to earth

    Highly variable in space and time

    Some precipitation evaporates before reaching earths surface

    (remains in atmosphere as water vapor)

    Evaporation

    Vaporization / sublimation of water from lakes, rivers, land

    (veg, soil), oceans

    transferred back to the atmosphere

    Majority of water evaporates over the oceans

    and is re-precipitated (~90%)

    Transpiration

    Occurs through plants which take up infiltrated

    water (and/or groundwater) and return

    A portion of this to the atmosphere through

    leaf stomata

    Evapotranspirationlumped together in most

    hydrologic applications

    Infiltration

    precipitated water that enters the soil zone may go to channel as

    interflow (lateral flow) or may percolate (move to groundwater)

    Groundwater

    water discharged into rivers, oceans, springstypically

    observed as baseflow in river systems

    Surface Runoff

    water that does not infiltrate due to:

    - saturation excess (soil pores filled with

    water/ water table rises)

    - infiltration excess (ppt. rate > inf. rate)- impermeable surfaces

    Importance of components varies temporally!

    Intra-storm (during a storm event)

    evaporation/transpiration minor componentsbaseflow sometimes minor (system dependent)

    precipitation and surface runoff dominate

    some infiltration usually occurring

    Inter-storm (between storms)

    no precipitation, no surface runoff

    evapotranspiration major component

    baseflow major component

    12

    Water Balance Equation

    Re(t)R(t)ET(t)OWU(t)P(t)dt

    dS(t)

    Re(t)R(t)ET(t)OWU(t)P(t)

    0dt

    dS(t)termLong

    Uncertainty

    watershed

    boundary

    Storage

    S(t)

    Evapotranspiration

    ET(t)

    Runoff

    R(t)

    Precipitation

    P(t)

    Outdoor Water Use

    OWU(t)

    Recharge +

    Re(t)

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    Systems approach to formulate a water budget

    Water Balance Solution

    PE

    Qin

    Qout

    G (?)

    VariableConversions:

    A = 3,716 m2

    Qin = 6,307,200 m3/yr

    Qout = 7,884,000 m3/yrP = 1022 m3/yr

    E = 9439 m3/yr

    Water Balance Equation:

    I-O = s/t

    Qin + PE - Qout + G = 0

    G = -1.57 x 106 m3/yr in to the pond

    Our Study System:

    Clear Creek WatershedClear Creek Watershed

    USGS Gaging Site Clear Creek Clear Creek Watershed

    History

    The creek is famous as the location of the most intense early mining

    activity during the Colorado Gold Rush of 1859.

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    Clear Creek Watershed

    Water Supply

    Clear Creek and its tributaries serve as the primary water supply

    source for several upper-watershed towns (Silver Plume,

    Georgetown, Empire, Idaho Springs, Black Hawk, Central City) and

    industries, including Loveland Ski Area and Henderson Mine.

    Clear Creek is the principal surface water source for numerous

    lower-watershed entities as wellCoors Brewing Company, many

    agricultural users, the City of Golden, Arvada and Standley Lake

    Reservoir, which provi des potable water to more than 350,000

    residentsin the cities of, Northglenn, Thornton, and Westminster.

    Clear Creek Watershed

    Parameter Value

    6-hour, 100-year precipitat ion, in inches 2.62

    Mean basin slope computed from 10m DEM, in

    percent

    39.3

    Area that drains to a point on a stream in square miles 394

    Mean Basin Elevation in feet 9950

    Mean annual precipitat ion, in inches 24.44

    Percentage of basin above 7500 ft elevation 94.1

    Basin Characteristics (Calculated from StreamStats)

    Clear Creek WatershedLandcover Map

    Classification %

    Open Water 0.19Perennial Ice/Snow 4.83

    Developed, Open Space 1.49Developed, Low Intensity 0.93

    Developed, Medium Intensity 0.15Developed, High Intensity 0.01

    Barren Land 5.37Deciduous Forest 2.21Evergreen Forest 57.72

    Mixed Forest 0.11Shrub/Scrub 7.10

    Grassland/Herbaceous 18.66

    Pasture/Hay 0.01Woody Wetlands 1.19

    Herbaceous Wetlands 0.02

    Clear Creek Watershed

    Annual Streamflow

    Patterns

    Clear Creek Watershed

    Annual Runoff

    Clear Creek Watershed

    Annual Runoff

    Runoff vs. Precipitation

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    Issues in Clear Creek Watershed???Urbanization

    Increasing Impervious Surfaces AltersWater and Energy Cycles

    Change in RUNOFF PATTERNS

    Urbanization increases peak flow and runoff

    volume

    Source: Environment Canada

    Clear Creek Watershed

    100 year flood plain (FEMA)

    Changes in Water QualityCopper concentrations (grams per day) at differentlocations along the length of Ballona Channel(urban system in LA)

    Also Other Metals, Bacteria, Nutrients (Nitrates, Phosphates, etc.), Reduced

    Oxygen, Trash, Toxins, Pharmaceuticals, etc

    What is a healthy urban channel??

    Physical/Chemical Changes

    Acute loss of vegetation, decreased

    soil cohesion, ash layer deposition,

    hydrophobic layer formation

    Hydrologic Consequences

    Decreased: infiltration, ET demand,

    water quality

    Increased: erosion, overland flow,

    flooding, sediment laden and debris

    flow occurrence, dry season flow

    Fire and Watershed Response

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    1984

    1986

    1988

    1990

    1992

    1994

    1996

    1998

    2000

    2002

    2004

    2006

    2008

    Water Year

    -

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    RunoffRatio

    5000

    4000

    3000

    2000

    1000

    0

    Fire

    1984

    1986

    1988

    1990

    1992

    1994

    1996

    1998

    2000

    2002

    2004

    2006

    2008

    Water Year

    -

    0

    0.2

    0.4

    0.6

    0.8

    1

    5000

    4000

    3000

    2000

    1000

    0

    Precipitati

    on[mm]

    Fire

    How long does altered flow regime last? How variable is seasonal response after fire? How does vegetation recovery affect response?

    Devil Canyon City Creek

    Kinoshita and Hogue, 2011

    Rainfall-Runoff Response Environmental Concerns

    Endangered

    frogs

    Tadpol

    Water

    Quality

    Foa

    mMelted metal

    Wildfireoccurrence on the

    Colorado FrontRange

    (1992 to 2009)

    Expressed as firestart locations by

    final fire size

    USDA Forest Service, RMRS-GTR-289 (2012)

    Colorado WUI

    Civil & Environmental Engineering | Hogue Research Gr oup

    Pike National Forest

    El Paso County

    >18,000 acres

    360 homes destroyed

    Waldo Canyon Fire

    Major watersheds affected:

    West Monument Creek,

    Lower Monument Creek,

    Headwaters Fountain Creek,Cascade Creek, Garden of

    the Gods

    Todays Lab Introduction to GIS

    Goal: learn basic GIS tools and functions

    - Create elevation map of Clear Creekusing digital elevation map (DEM)

    - Gather basic information from DEM

    map that is produced

    - Save map for Lab #2 (geomorphic

    parameters) and future labs

    - Turn in GIS worksheet with map prior

    to leaving lab