classification of the extant echinoderm at a

8/6/2019 Classification of the Extant Echinoderm at A

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Classification of the Extant Echinodermata This list also contains links to images.We welcome updates or corrections to this list.

Crinoidea Isocrinida

Isocrinidae

Millericrinida

Apiocrinidae Bathycrinidae Bourgueticrinidae Phrynocrinidae

Cyrtocrinida

Holopusidae Hyocrinidae

Comatulida

Comasteridae Colobometridae Eudiocrinidae Himerometridae Mariametridae Zygometridae Aporometridae Notocrinidae Asterometridae Calometridae Charitometridae Ptilometridae Thalassometridae Tropiometridae Antedonidae Apocrinidae Atelecrinidae Pentametrocrinidae

Asteroidea (after Blake, 1987 and Clark andDowney, 1992)


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Paxillosida

Astropectinidae

25 valid genera

Ctenodiscididae

This is a monotypic family including only the genus Ctenodiscus with five species australis , caudatus ,crispatus , orientalis and procurator .

Goniopectinidae

3 valid genera.

Luidiidae

This family is monotypic containing only the genus Luidia . Members of this family are burrowers intosandy substrates. Members of this family have anywere from 5 to 15 arms. Several species in this taxa areof considerable size. One species Luidia superba from the Galapagos is one of the largest asteroids in theworld.

Porcellanasteridae

Eleven genera This is an entirely deep-sea group inhabiting infaunal habitats. Representatives of this groupare found in the deepest of the worlds oceans. Many taxa have cosmopolitan distributions.

Radiasteridae

This is a monotypic group including only the genus Radiaster with four species. All are found in relativelydeep-water. Notomyotida

Benthopectinidae

12 valid genera. Benthopectinids are an exclusively deep-sea taxon of asteroids found in the Atlantic andPacific Oceans. Valvatida

Acanthasteridae

This monotypic multi-armed family represents the genus Acanthaster with two species planci andbrevispinis. Acanthaster is distributed from the East Pacific (Baja California) to the East coast of Africa.

Acanthaster planci is the notorious Crown of Thorns starfish whose mysterious population outbreaks haveresulted in a perceived threat to the coral reefs of the southwest Pacific.

Archasteridae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cots.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cots.jpg


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This family represents the sole genus Archaster found in the Indo-Pacific. Archaster is an infaunal burrower which superficially resemble members of the family Astropectinidae except that they havesuckered tube feet. Archaster engages in a peculiar mating behavior known as pseudocopulation. Thisoccurs when representatives of opposite genders crawl upon one another and spawn, presumably increasingthe probability of fertilization.

Asterinidae

18 valid genera. Asterinids are found throughout the world in tropical and temperate waters.

Asterodiscididae

3 genera. All of which were formerly included in both the Goniasteridae and the Oreasteridae. They arefound only in the tropical East and Indo-Pacific.

Asteropsidae

5 genera.

Chaetasteridae

monotypic (1 genus)

Ganeriidae

9 valid genera. Members of this family are mostly poriferivorous and are found exclusively in the AntarcticOcean (and surrounding areas).

Goniasteridae

~ 53 valid genera. This family represents an very diverse and broadly distributed taxa found in all theworlds oceans at all depths.

Mithrodidae

2 valid genera.This family is closely related to the Ophidiasteridae. It includes two genera found thoughoutthe Indo-Pacific with a small population on the Caribbean side of the Panamic seaway. One genus in thisfamily, Thromidia , is one of the largest asteroids in the world with an arm to arm span of ca. 2.5 feet anddiameter of approx. 5 inches. Genera Include: Thromidia and Mithrodia

Odontasteridae

5 Valid genera. Odontasterids apparently feed primarily on encrusting invertebrates, especially poriferans.

Oreasteridae

19 Valid genera. Oreasterids are represented primarily in the tropical Indo and East Pacific however twospecies of Oreaster are found in the tropical Atlantic. These large heavily armored asteroids are primarilymicroherbivores and opportunistic scavengers. They are strikingly colored and are often sought after by thetourist industry for their large and ornate tests.
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/asterina.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/amphiast.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mediastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mithrodi.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/oreaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/asterina.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/amphiast.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mediastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mithrodi.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/oreaster.jpg


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Genera include: Oreaster, Protoreaster, Pentaster, Culcita, Choriaster, Rosaster, Pentaceraster, Nidorellia , Anthenea

Ophidiasteridae

31 Valid genera. Ophidiasterids occur in both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The greatest diversity of thisgroup occurs in the Indo-Pacific. Members of this family are often brilliantly colored (e.g., Fromia,

Neoferdina ). Some ophidiasterids possess remarkable powers of autotomy and regeneration (e.g., Linckia ).Genera Include: Fromia, Linckia, Neoferdina, Nardoa, Ceratonardoa, Ophidiaster, Tamaria, Phataria,

Pharia , Leiaster ,

Poraniidae

9 Valid genera.

Sphaerasteridae

monotypic (1 genus) Velatida

Caymanostellidae

These are an entirely deep-sea taxon which may possibly related to Concentricycloids. They are found onlyat abyssal depths in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Korethasteridae Myxasteridae

Myxasterids are reminiscent of pterasterids but are have longer arms. They generally posses more than 5

arms.Genera include: Myxaster

Pterasteridae

Pterasterids are found in cold/ temperate but primarily deep-water habitats although there is one taxonwhich lives in the Indo-Pacific. These asteroids generally possess very short arms relative to their discs andan unusual membrane which is supra-dorsal to the aboral surface of the asteroid itself.Genera include: Pteraster, Hymenodiscus, Diplopteraster, Retaster ,

Solasteridae

Solasterid asteroids are often multi-armed. With one exception, most are found in mostly cold/deep-water habitats. Solasterids appear to be predatory/ opportunistic feeders. Genera include: Lophaster, Heterozonias, Solaster, Seriaster Spinulosida

Echinasteridae

The species complex of Arctic Henricia has long been a challenge to asteroid population biologists. Thelatter genus, Echinaster is circum- tropical being found in both Pacific and Atlantic oceans.
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/nidoreli.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/linckia.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pinflata.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/solaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/henrcia2.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/nidoreli.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/linckia.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pinflata.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/solaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/henrcia2.jpg


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Forcipulatida

Asteriidae

Asteriids are among the best known and familiar of the asteroids. Representatives of this group includes thewell known Atlantic Asterias and NW Pacific Pisaster . Members of this family all possess four rows of tube feet. Several members of this family are voracious predators of bivalve molluscs.

Noteworthy asteriids include: Asterias amurensis , the asteroid introduced to Tasmania from Northern Japan belongs to this family. Several asteriids are of considerable size. Pycnopodia helianthoides found on thePacific Northwest coast of North America can attain a diamter (arm to arm) of almost 3 feet!! Specimens of

Pisaster brevispinis and Stylasterias forreri can have a diameter (arm to arm) of approx. 2 feet.

Heliasteridae

This monotypic family represents the genus Heliaster found from Baja California and along the coast of South America and out to the Galapagos Islands. Heliasterids have 20-35 arms and are intertidal/subtidal

predators of small molluscs and barnacles. These form a species complex along their range- the taxonomyof which has yet to be fully resolved.

Labidiasteridae

All members of this family are multi-armed and are found in moderately deep Atlantic and Pacific oceans.At least two members of this family, Rathbunaster and Labidiaster can catch small crustaceans with their arms and pedicellariae.Genera included in this family: Coronaster, Rathbunaster, Labidiaster, Plazaster

Neomorphasteridae Pedicellasteridae Zoroasteridae

Zoroasterids are found only in deep-sea habitats. They possess long spindly arms. Fossil zoroasterids fromAntarctica (Blake and Zinsmeister, 1983) show that some taxa existed in a shallower warmer habitat before'moving' into deep-water habitats.Brisingida Brisingids are a group of exclusively deep-sea asteroids. They are most closely related to the Forcipulatidaand are unusual in possessing 6 or more arms, (usually 12 to 18) and a fused oral disc. Brisingids aresuspension feeders. They hold their long, attenuate arms into the water column using high densities of

pedicellariae on their arm spines which act as velcro to catch small prey. (Emson and Young, 1994) One brisingid, Midgardia xandaros Downey, 1970 possess the longest arm span of any known asteroid.

Brisingidae

Genera include: Astrolirus, Astrostephane, Brisinga, Brisingaster, Stegnobrisinga, Midgardia, Brisingenes, Hymenodiscus/ Brisingella, Parabrisinga, Novodinia

Freyellidae

Genera include Colpaster, Freyella, Freyastera, Freyellaster

Concentricycloidea
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pycnopod.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pisaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/heliastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/rathbun.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brisinga.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pycnopod.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pisaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/heliastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/rathbun.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brisinga.jpg


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Concentricycloids or "sea daisies" are an enigmatic group of echinoderms discovered in 1986 from deep-water off New Zealand on woody debris. This taxa contains the single genus Xyloplax with two species,one in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic. Positive determination of the sister taxon to the concentricycloids

remains elusive although evidence suggests a relationship with asteroids.

Ophiuroidea Phyrynophiurida

Asteronychidae Asteroschematidae Euryalidae Gorgonocephalidae

Ophiomyxida

Ophiomyxidae Ophiocanopidae

Ophiurida

Ophiocomidae Ophiodermatidae Ophiuridae Ophioleucidae

This is a deep-sea group, historically placed with the Ophiuridae.Hemieuryalidae Ophionereidae OphiothricidaeOphiothricids are apparently successful in the tropical Pacific. Several taxa are epizoic on octocorals andother invertebrates. Tropical members of this family are also very colorful, often retaining their stunning

purples and reds after preservation.Amphiuridae Ophiactidae

Echinoidea Cidaroida

Cidaridae Psychocidaridae

Echinothurioida

Echinothuriidae

Deep-water and tropical echinoids.Diadematoida

Aspidodiadematidae Diadematidae Lissodiadematidae Micropygidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/gorgono.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/gorgono.jpg


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Pedinoida

Pedinidae

Salenioida

Saleniidae

Phymosomatoida

Phymosomatidae Stomechinidae Stomopneustidae

Arbacioida

Arbaciidae

Temnopleuroida

Temnopleuridae Toxopneustidae

Echinoida

Echinidae Echinometridae

Parasaleniidae Strongylocentrotidae

HolectypoidaClypeasteroida

Arachnoididae Clypeasteridae

Laganina

Fibulariidae Laganidae

Scutellina

Astriclypeidae Dendrasteridae Echinarachniidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/tripneus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/redurchn.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/laganum1.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/dendrab.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/tripneus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/redurchn.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/laganum1.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/dendrab.jpg


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Mellitidae

Rotulina

Rotulidae

Cassiduloida

Cassidulidae Echinolampadidae Pliolampadidae

Holasteroida

Calymnidae Holasteridae

Pourtalesiidae Urechinidae

Spatangoida

Toxasteridae Aeropsidae Hemiasteridae Palaeostomatidae Pericosmidae Schizasteridae

Brissidae Loveniidae Spatangidae

Neolampadoida

Neolampadidae

Holothuroidea Dendrochirotida

Cucumariidae Paracucumidae Phyllophoridae Placothuriidae Psolidae Sclerodactylidae

Dactylochirotida
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brissus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/psolus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brissus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/psolus.jpg


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Rhopalodinidae Vaneyellidae Ypsilothuriidae

Aspidochirotida

Holothuriidae Stichopodidae Synallactidae

Elasipodida These all represent exclusively deep-sea fauna.

Deimatidae Elpidiidae Laetmogonidae Pelagothuriidae

Psychropotidae

Apodida

Chiridotidae Myriotrochidae Synaptidae

Molpadida

Caudinidae

Gephyrothuriidae Molpadiidae

Classification of the Extant Echinodermata This list also contains links to images.We welcome updates or corrections to this list.

Crinoidea Isocrinida

Isocrinidae

Millericrinida

Apiocrinidae Bathycrinidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cuke.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cuke.jpg


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Bourgueticrinidae Phrynocrinidae

Cyrtocrinida

Holopusidae Hyocrinidae

Comatulida

Comasteridae Colobometridae Eudiocrinidae Himerometridae Mariametridae Zygometridae

Aporometridae Notocrinidae Asterometridae Calometridae Charitometridae Ptilometridae Thalassometridae Tropiometridae Antedonidae Apocrinidae Atelecrinidae

Pentametrocrinidae

Asteroidea (after Blake, 1987 and Clark andDowney, 1992) Paxillosida

Astropectinidae

25 valid genera

Ctenodiscididae

This is a monotypic family including only the genus Ctenodiscus with five species australis , caudatus ,crispatus , orientalis and procurator .

Goniopectinidae

3 valid genera.


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Luidiidae

This family is monotypic containing only the genus Luidia . Members of this family are burrowers intosandy substrates. Members of this family have anywere from 5 to 15 arms. Several species in this taxa areof considerable size. One species Luidia superba from the Galapagos is one of the largest asteroids in theworld.

Porcellanasteridae

Eleven genera This is an entirely deep-sea group inhabiting infaunal habitats. Representatives of this groupare found in the deepest of the worlds oceans. Many taxa have cosmopolitan distributions.

Radiasteridae

This is a monotypic group including only the genus Radiaster with four species. All are found in relativelydeep-water. Notomyotida

Benthopectinidae

12 valid genera. Benthopectinids are an exclusively deep-sea taxon of asteroids found in the Atlantic andPacific Oceans. Valvatida

Acanthasteridae

This monotypic multi-armed family represents the genus Acanthaster with two species planci andbrevispinis. Acanthaster is distributed from the East Pacific (Baja California) to the East coast of Africa.

Acanthaster planci is the notorious Crown of Thorns starfish whose mysterious population outbreaks haveresulted in a perceived threat to the coral reefs of the southwest Pacific.

Archasteridae

This family represents the sole genus Archaster found in the Indo-Pacific. Archaster is an infaunal burrower which superficially resemble members of the family Astropectinidae except that they havesuckered tube feet. Archaster engages in a peculiar mating behavior known as pseudocopulation. Thisoccurs when representatives of opposite genders crawl upon one another and spawn, presumably increasingthe probability of fertilization.

Asterinidae

18 valid genera. Asterinids are found throughout the world in tropical and temperate waters.

Asterodiscididae

3 genera. All of which were formerly included in both the Goniasteridae and the Oreasteridae. They arefound only in the tropical East and Indo-Pacific.

Asteropsidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cots.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/asterina.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/amphiast.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cots.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/asterina.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/amphiast.jpg


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5 genera.

Chaetasteridae

monotypic (1 genus)

Ganeriidae

9 valid genera. Members of this family are mostly poriferivorous and are found exclusively in the AntarcticOcean (and surrounding areas).

Goniasteridae

~ 53 valid genera. This family represents an very diverse and broadly distributed taxa found in all theworlds oceans at all depths.

Mithrodidae

2 valid genera.This family is closely related to the Ophidiasteridae. It includes two genera found thoughoutthe Indo-Pacific with a small population on the Caribbean side of the Panamic seaway. One genus in thisfamily, Thromidia , is one of the largest asteroids in the world with an arm to arm span of ca. 2.5 feet anddiameter of approx. 5 inches. Genera Include: Thromidia and Mithrodia

Odontasteridae

5 Valid genera. Odontasterids apparently feed primarily on encrusting invertebrates, especially poriferans.

Oreasteridae

19 Valid genera. Oreasterids are represented primarily in the tropical Indo and East Pacific however twospecies of Oreaster are found in the tropical Atlantic. These large heavily armored asteroids are primarilymicroherbivores and opportunistic scavengers. They are strikingly colored and are often sought after by thetourist industry for their large and ornate tests.Genera include: Oreaster, Protoreaster, Pentaster, Culcita, Choriaster, Rosaster, Pentaceraster,

Nidorellia , Anthenea

Ophidiasteridae

31 Valid genera. Ophidiasterids occur in both Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The greatest diversity of thisgroup occurs in the Indo-Pacific. Members of this family are often brilliantly colored (e.g., Fromia,

Neoferdina ). Some ophidiasterids possess remarkable powers of autotomy and regeneration (e.g., Linckia ).Genera Include: Fromia, Linckia, Neoferdina, Nardoa, Ceratonardoa, Ophidiaster, Tamaria, Phataria,

Pharia , Leiaster ,

Poraniidae

9 Valid genera.

Sphaerasteridae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mediastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mithrodi.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/oreaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/nidoreli.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/linckia.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pinflata.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mediastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/mithrodi.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/oreaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/nidoreli.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/linckia.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pinflata.jpg


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monotypic (1 genus) Velatida

Caymanostellidae

These are an entirely deep-sea taxon which may possibly related to Concentricycloids. They are found onlyat abyssal depths in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans.

Korethasteridae Myxasteridae

Myxasterids are reminiscent of pterasterids but are have longer arms. They generally posses more than 5arms.Genera include: Myxaster

Pterasteridae

Pterasterids are found in cold/ temperate but primarily deep-water habitats although there is one taxonwhich lives in the Indo-Pacific. These asteroids generally possess very short arms relative to their discs andan unusual membrane which is supra-dorsal to the aboral surface of the asteroid itself.Genera include: Pteraster, Hymenodiscus, Diplopteraster, Retaster ,

Solasteridae

Solasterid asteroids are often multi-armed. With one exception, most are found in mostly cold/deep-water habitats. Solasterids appear to be predatory/ opportunistic feeders. Genera include: Lophaster,

Heterozonias, Solaster, Seriaster Spinulosida

EchinasteridaeThe species complex of Arctic Henricia has long been a challenge to asteroid population biologists. Thelatter genus, Echinaster is circum- tropical being found in both Pacific and Atlantic oceans.Forcipulatida

Asteriidae

Asteriids are among the best known and familiar of the asteroids. Representatives of this group includes thewell known Atlantic Asterias and NW Pacific Pisaster . Members of this family all possess four rows of tube feet. Several members of this family are voracious predators of bivalve molluscs.

Noteworthy asteriids include: Asterias amurensis , the asteroid introduced to Tasmania from Northern Japan belongs to this family. Several asteriids are of considerable size. Pycnopodia helianthoides found on thePacific Northwest coast of North America can attain a diamter (arm to arm) of almost 3 feet!! Specimens of

Pisaster brevispinis and Stylasterias forreri can have a diameter (arm to arm) of approx. 2 feet.

Heliasteridae

This monotypic family represents the genus Heliaster found from Baja California and along the coast of South America and out to the Galapagos Islands. Heliasterids have 20-35 arms and are intertidal/subtidal
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/solaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/henrcia2.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pycnopod.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pisaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/heliastr.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/solaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/henrcia2.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pycnopod.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/pisaster.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/heliastr.jpg


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predators of small molluscs and barnacles. These form a species complex along their range- the taxonomyof which has yet to be fully resolved.

Labidiasteridae

All members of this family are multi-armed and are found in moderately deep Atlantic and Pacific oceans.At least two members of this family, Rathbunaster and Labidiaster can catch small crustaceans with their arms and pedicellariae.Genera included in this family: Coronaster, Rathbunaster, Labidiaster, Plazaster

Neomorphasteridae Pedicellasteridae Zoroasteridae

Zoroasterids are found only in deep-sea habitats. They possess long spindly arms. Fossil zoroasterids fromAntarctica (Blake and Zinsmeister, 1983) show that some taxa existed in a shallower warmer habitat before'moving' into deep-water habitats.Brisingida Brisingids are a group of exclusively deep-sea asteroids. They are most closely related to the Forcipulatidaand are unusual in possessing 6 or more arms, (usually 12 to 18) and a fused oral disc. Brisingids aresuspension feeders. They hold their long, attenuate arms into the water column using high densities of

pedicellariae on their arm spines which act as velcro to catch small prey. (Emson and Young, 1994) One brisingid, Midgardia xandaros Downey, 1970 possess the longest arm span of any known asteroid.

Brisingidae

Genera include: Astrolirus, Astrostephane, Brisinga, Brisingaster, Stegnobrisinga, Midgardia, Brisingenes, Hymenodiscus/ Brisingella, Parabrisinga, Novodinia

Freyellidae

Genera include Colpaster, Freyella, Freyastera, Freyellaster

Concentricycloidea Concentricycloids or "sea daisies" are an enigmatic group of echinoderms discovered in 1986from deep-water off New Zealand on woody debris. This taxa contains the single genus

Xyloplax with two species, one in the Pacific and one in the Atlantic. Positive determination of the sister taxon to the concentricycloids remains elusive although evidence suggests a relationship with

asteroids.

Ophiuroidea Phyrynophiurida

Asteronychidae Asteroschematidae Euryalidae Gorgonocephalidae

Ophiomyxida

Ophiomyxidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/rathbun.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brisinga.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/gorgono.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/rathbun.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brisinga.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/gorgono.jpg


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Ophiocanopidae

Ophiurida

Ophiocomidae

Ophiodermatidae Ophiuridae Ophioleucidae

This is a deep-sea group, historically placed with the Ophiuridae.Hemieuryalidae Ophionereidae OphiothricidaeOphiothricids are apparently successful in the tropical Pacific. Several taxa are epizoic on octocorals andother invertebrates. Tropical members of this family are also very colorful, often retaining their stunning

purples and reds after preservation.Amphiuridae Ophiactidae

Echinoidea Cidaroida

Cidaridae Psychocidaridae

Echinothurioida

Echinothuriidae

Deep-water and tropical echinoids.Diadematoida

Aspidodiadematidae Diadematidae Lissodiadematidae Micropygidae

Pedinoida

Pedinidae

Salenioida

Saleniidae

Phymosomatoida

Phymosomatidae Stomechinidae Stomopneustidae


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Calymnidae Holasteridae Pourtalesiidae Urechinidae

Spatangoida Toxasteridae Aeropsidae Hemiasteridae Palaeostomatidae Pericosmidae Schizasteridae Brissidae Loveniidae Spatangidae

Neolampadoida

Neolampadidae

Holothuroidea Dendrochirotida

Cucumariidae Paracucumidae Phyllophoridae Placothuriidae Psolidae Sclerodactylidae

Dactylochirotida

Rhopalodinidae Vaneyellidae Ypsilothuriidae

Aspidochirotida

Holothuriidae Stichopodidae Synallactidae

Elasipodida These all represent exclusively deep-sea fauna.

Deimatidae
http://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brissus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/psolus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cuke.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/brissus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/psolus.jpghttp://research.calacademy.org/research/izg/echinoderm/images/cuke.jpg


18/18

Elpidiidae Laetmogonidae Pelagothuriidae Psychropotidae

Apodida Chiridotidae Myriotrochidae Synaptidae

Molpadida

Caudinidae Gephyrothuriidae Molpadiidae

classification of the extant echinoderm at a

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