classical greece

1

Greek Contributions to Western Civilization

2

Critical Intro.

• Describe 3-4 reasons for why Greece is considered a “Cradle of Western Civilization”.

Ancient Greecefrom the Minoans to the

Macedonians

Table of ContentsI. Minoans and Mycenaeans

II. Greek MythologyIII. Introduction to Greek Life – The Greek PolisIV. Impact of Geography on Ancient GreeceV. Evolution of Greek GovernmentsVI. Athens vs. SpartaVII. The Persian WarsVIII. The Golden Age of Pericles IX. The Peloponnesian WarX. Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the GreatXI. The Hellenistic Age

Minoans and MycenaeansTwo Early Aegean Cultures

Table of Contents

I. Two Groups that Influenced Classical Greece•The Minoans – 2000 – 1400 B.C.

A.Lived on _______________________________ in southern Aegean SeaB.main city = ________________C.Seafaring people that dominated trade in __________________________D.Produced/traded fine ______________________E.Minoans had advanced civilization

-culture named after ________________________________-Great _______________ at Knossos-Much learned from colorful wall _____________ (painting)-Athletic people – boxing, wrestling, ___________________-Loved nature

F.Women held high position in Minoan society-key roles in ____________________________________-Great __________________________ ruled over other gods

G.Probably a peaceful society. Why? No defensive _______ around cities.H.1470 B.C. – Earthquakes, eruptions, & tidal wave destroys Minoan cities

-Invaders from Greece (Mycenaeans) may have eventually conquered Minoans.

6

• The Mycenaeans – 1600 – 1200 B.C.A.____________________________ who settled on the Greek mainlandB.named after their leading city _________________C.developed a strong culture led by wealthy _________________________

- Warrior-kings built fortified palace-forts around Greece- Built wealth by controlling production and ____________

D.Mycenaeans most likely invade Crete and _________________________- Mycenaeans preserved Minoan culture by making it theirs

1.expanded _____________________ was adopted2.Minoan writing adapted to _____________________________3.Minoan legends form core of Greek religious practice, art, politics and literature4.Western civ. has roots in these early _____________________

E.Mycenaeans defeat Troy in the ______________________________- Mycenaean kings wage 10-year war against _______, a trading city

_____________________.- Legend = war fought over Helen, kidnapped wife of Greek king.- Reality? = fought over control of crucial waterway leading to Black Sea;

___________________

7

I. The Dark Age of Greece

A. Shortly after Trojan War, Mycenaean civ. collapses1. Around 1200 B.C. “Sea Peoples” attacked and burned palaces.B. A new group, the Dorians, moved into Greek lands

1. They have no written language2. No written records exist between 1150 – 750 B.C.3. Trade and economy collapsed4. This Doric Period is called the Dark Age of Greece

8

II. The Epics of Homer A. Lacking writing, Greeks learned about Trojan War through spoken word.B. Greatest storyteller was a blind poet named Homer

1. 750-700 B.C. Homer composed two great epic poems:

2. The Iliad and The OdysseyC. The Iliad = Trojan War - Greek Achilles vs. Hector of TroyD. The Odyssey = Odysseus’ 10 year journey

home after the war 1. The poems celebrated heroic deeds &

values.2. Poems were used to teach values

important to Greeks.

Impact of Geography on Ancient GreeceTable of Contents

Big Question – How did the geography of Greece shape economic, social, and political development and patterns of trade and colonization?

Mountains covered 75 % of terrain, separating Greece into small isolated regions. City-states develop.No central government!

Scarcity of level land for farming grains caused rivalries between city-states.

Rugged, hilly terrain was ideal for growing crops such as grapes and olives.

Many deep harbors and calm waters invited sea trade. Overseas trade and travel

made easy by many seas, islands, and coastal settlements.

Lack of resources and farmland + overpopulation forced Greeks to establish colonies.

Grapes Olives

Back to Geography

Greeks colonize throughout Mediterranean and Black Seas

Back to Geography

Evolution of Greek Governments

Table of Contents

Monarchy –

Aristocracy -

Democracy –

Tyranny –

Oligarchy –

*Citizenship in the Greek Polis•Who were “Citizens” in Greece?

•Women, foreigners and slaves have no political rights

Where did the right to rule usually come from in a monarchy?

What would be a drawback to an aristocracy?

Why do you think oligarchies eventually lost power?

How and why did early tyrants often come to power?

How did Athens’ democracy differ from ours today?

•Free adult males•Only ones with political rights and participation in government.

•Who were not “Citizens” in Greece?

earliest form of government in Greece; rule by a king

rule by small group of noble, land-owning families

rule by a few powerful people

rule by one who took over by force/through revolt

rule by the people

Hereditary rule and often claiming divine right

Did not represent the masses. Very few had right to participate in government.

Rulers did not look out for good of the people. Became self-serving; and people revolted.

Tyrants appealed to the poor & discontented promising changes and reform.

Athens had narrow definition of “citizenship”. However, Athenian gov’t expected participation.

Introduction to Greek LifeThings to Know

Table of Contents

Ancient Greece

Hellenic culture – Greeks refer to themselves as Hellenes; Greek culture = Hellenic culture

Greek Polis = City-state - an urban center and the countryside surrounding it.

Ancient Greece consisted of hundreds of independently-governed city-states

Greeks considered themselves members of their polis, not of a country.

The Agora – open area gathering place in the center of the polis; center of social, economic and political life.

The Acropolis – a fortified hilltop in the center of many city-states. The most famous is the Acropolis in Athens. The most famous building on the Acropolis is the Parthenon.

An outdoor lifestyle – the mild Mediterranean climate promoted an outdoor civic & cultural life.

Four Bonds that United All Greeks•Common language & literature – Homeric epic & others

•Religion – Greek mythology connected to all Greeks•Olympic Games – united city-states in competition; 1st held in 476 B.C.

•Fear of the Persians – Defense of homeland unites Greeks

The Agora in AthensThe heartbeat of the Greek polis

Back to Ancient Greece

The Acropolis in Athens Back to Ancient Greece

Greek City-States Back to Ancient Greece

The Olympic Games – built rivalries and competition among Greeks

Back to Ancient Greece Next Olympic slide

Greek Mythology

Table of Contents

Essential Question:How did mythology help the early Greek civilization explain the natural world and the human condition?

Essential Understanding:Greek mythology was based on a polytheistic religion that was central to the culture, politics, and art in Ancient.

Greek Mythology = polytheistic religion- Explained mysteries of nature and human life-Gods directly involved in human life-Gods displayed human qualities/characteristics-Gods believed to have lived on Mount Olympus

Greek Mythology continued

Table of Contents

Essential Question:What impact did Greek mythology have on later civilizations and the modern world?

Essential Understanding:Many of Western civilization’s symbols, metaphors, words, and idealized images come from ancient Greek mythology.

Greek Mythology- Major deities = Zeus, Hera, Apollo, Artemis, Athena, Hades, Aphrodite, Poseidon- Romans adopt Greeks gods but change names- Things we see and say everyday come from Greek mythology.

The Twelve Olympians, in Greek mythology, were the principal gods of the Greek pantheon, residing atop Mount Olympus. There were, at various times, fourteen different gods recognized as Olympians, though never more than twelve at one time. Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Ares, Hermes, Hephaestus, Aphrodite, Athena, Apollo, and Artemis are always considered Olympians. Hestia, Demeter, Dionysus, and Hades are the variable gods among the Twelve. Hestia gave up her position as an Olympian to Dionysus in order to live among mankind (eventually she was assigned the role of tending the fire on Mount Olympus). Persephone spent six months of the year in the underworld (causing winter), and was allowed to return to Mount Olympus for the other six months in order to be with her mother, Demeter. And, although Hades was always one of the principal Greek gods, his home in the underworld of the dead made his connection to the Olympians more tenuous. The Olympians gained their supremacy in the world of gods after Zeus led his siblings to victory in war with the Titans; Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Hestia, and Hades were siblings; all other Olympians (with the exception of foam-born Aphrodite) are usually considered the children of Zeus by various mothers, except for Athena, who in some versions of the myth was born of Zeus alone. Additionally, some versions of the myth state that Hephaestus was born of Hera alone as Hera's revenge for Zeus' solo birth of Athena.

Greek MythologyIn Our Lives

• Ajax - Greek warrior in the Trojan War, who "cleaned up" in battle; popular household cleanser.

• Apollo - God of music; Apollo Theater is a famous music hall in New York city.• Ares - Greek god of war; popular car model.• Atlas - Was doomed to support the heavens on his shoulders; a modern moving company

(Atlas Van Lines); also, Atlas Travel is a popular name for travel agencies all over the globe.

• Hercules - Roman name for Heracles, the greatest Greek hero; the company called Hercules - http://www.hercules.com - makes a top-selling video graphics card (their slogan is Legendary Strength, Quality and Performance);there is also the Hercules transport plane, used by the United States Air Force to carry large volumes of war material and food

• Hermes - Olympian Herald and Messenger god; popular brand of soap. Also, the FTD flower delivery company incorporates Hermes and his winged heels in their logo.

http://www.apollotheater.com/about.shtm

http://www.hercules.com/

Greek MythologyIn Our Lives

• Mars - Roman name for Ares, god of War; name of popular candy bar.• Mercury - Roman name for Hermes, the Messenger god; name of car model

produced by the Ford Motor Company; also, an entertainment records label, Mercury Records.

• Midas - King with the golden touch, who transformed all he touched to gold; a famous muffler and brake chain of service stations.

• Nike - Winged goddess of Victory, who can run and fly at great speeds; a famous company that sells...well...if you haven't heard of the company Nike, welcome to our planet...:)

• Olympus - Home of the Olympian gods; name of popular camera and photographic technology company. Titans - Race of gods preceding the Olympians; Titan Tool & Die Company manufactures tools for industry.

• Saturn - Roman name for Cronus, father of Zeus; also the name of the Saturn Automobile Corporation.

HeraZeus’ wife and sister

PoseidonGod of the Sea

Hades and Persephone

AthenaGoddess of Wisdom, Peace andDefensive war.

AphroditeGoddess of Beauty and Erotic Love

ApolloGod of the Sun, Music, and Poetry

HermesThe Messenger God

Prometheus He was a champion of human-kind known for his wily intelligence, who stole fire from Zeus and gave it to mortals. Zeus then punished him for his crime by having him bound to a rock while a great eagle ate his liver every day only to have it grow back to be eaten again the next day.

Persian Empire under Darius

Back to Greece

Athens vs. SpartaTwo city-states with very different views

Table of Contents

Athens SpartaType of GovernmentGovernment participation

Education and military duty

Position of women

5.2 Wkbk

Democracy OligarchyAssembly = All citizens; Assembly passed laws + served as supreme court Council of 500 – randomly chosen

- proposed lawsBoys – school from age 7-18•literature, math, drawing, music, & rhetoric•At 18 – served 2 years in military•Strongest Greek navyGirls – no formal ed.•Learned household duties: weaving, baking, child care•No gov’t participation!

Council of Elders – proposed lawsAssembly – elected officials, voted on issues2 kings – commanded military

Life revolved around military!•Boys – Age 7, went to military barracks; read, write & use weapons. Soldiers from 20-60•Strongest Greek armyExpected to be healthy & strong = healthy babies•Gymnastics, boxing, wrestling•More personal rights than other women•Still, no gov’t participation

Warring City-States - 5.21. How did Sparta treat the Messenians?

2. What was the primary cause of conflict between rich and poor in Athens?

3. What type of society did Sparta create in response to the revolt?

4. What economic and political reforms did Solon initiate?

5. How did Pisistratus gain the support of the poor?

6. What steps did Cleisthenes take to create a limited democracy in Athens?

7. What advantages did the Greek soldiers have over the Persians?

8. What were the consequences of the Persian Wars?

Made them Helots, peasants forced to stay on the land they worked and turn over half their crop

Struggle over political power

Strong, highly disciplined military state

Outlawed debt slavery, gave more power to the Assembly, allowed all citizens to bring legal suits, encouraged overseas trade.

Gave funds to peasants to buy farm equipment; created jobs by launching building programs

Reorganized law-making assembly, allowed all citizens to introduce laws, created Council of Five Hundred chosen by lot to counsel assembly.

Discipline, training, heavy armor, and the phalanx formation

End of Persian threat and emergence of Golden Age of Athens

Back to Athens vs. Sparta

The Persian Wars Greek city-states vs. Persian Empire

490 – 479 B.C.

Table of ContentsPersian War organizer

1st Persian War•Begins with Ionian Revolt

2nd Persian War•Battle of Thermopylae

•Battle of Marathon•Battle of Salamis•Battle of Plataea

38

Persian Wars

39

Powerful Athenian Navy – Athenian Trireme

40

Powerful Spartan Army Powerful Athenian Navy

Next phalanx

Back to Conquest Map

43

Spartan War Machine – Powerful Army

Major Events of the Persian WarsBack to Persian Wars

•546 B.C. – ______________ conquers Greek settlements of _____________.•499 B.C. – _________________________ against Persian rule.•_____________ sends troops to help Ionians fight Persians. Athenians destroy Persian town.•Persia’s _______________________________ sends troops to put down the revolt.•After 5 years, Persia suppresses the revolt. Persia back in control.•Darius decides to _____________________________________________ to punish Athens.

Ionian RevoltPersia

AthensKing Darius

attack mainland Greece

IoniaIonians revolt

Ionia

Back to Persian Wars

•490 B.C. – Darius sent his fleet across ______________________________ to attack Athens.•Persian landed on the beaches of ________________________; Athenians attacked them there.•________________________ attacked while the Persians were preparing to board their ships.•____________________ were defeated and sailed home rather than attack Athens directly.

Battle of Marathon1st Persian War

Aegean SeaMarathon

GreeksPersians


2nd Persian War Battle of

Thermopylae•________________ after Marathon, Darius’ son Xerxes invades Greece from the ___________.•_____________________________ and other Greeks decide to fight Persians at Thermopylae.•Thermopylae = narrow strip of land between ________________ and _____ in northern Greece.•________________ hold back massive Persian army long enough for other Greeks to escape.•Persians surround Spartans and all 300 Spartans are killed; _____________________________.

10 years300 Spartans

seamountainsSpartans

they become heroes

north


2nd Persian War Battle of Salamis

•______________________ and troops destroyed Athens.•Athenians led Persian fleet into narrow ______________________________________•Persia’s _______________________________ crowded together in the narrow strait.•Greece’s lighter faster ships rammed Persian ships, _____________ most of the Persian fleet.•____________________ and most of the Persian army ______________________________.•Xerxes ________________________________________ to continue the fight.

Xerxes

destroyinglarger heavier ships

retreat for homeXerxesleaves one army

Strait of Salamis


End of Persian WarsBattle of Plataea

•Spring of 479 B.C. – _______________________________ continued their assault•_________________________, led by the Spartans, met the Persians at ________________.•The _________________________________ the Persian army, the Persian Wars were over.

Persian army40,000 Greeks

Greeks destroyedPlataea


Results of the Persian Wars

•Athens and Sparta united to defeat Persians.•Greeks retain control of Aegean Sea.•Athens leads Greece into Golden Age.•Athens forms Delian League; alliance of 140 city-states.•Delian League drives Persians out of bordering areas.•Athens establishes an “Aegean Empire”.

Delian League = foundation of Athenian Empire•Golden Age notes

The Golden Age of Greecealso known as the Age of Pericles

Table of Contents

Pericles•Golden Age notes

I. Greece’s Golden Age (480 – 430 B.C.)- For 50 years, Athens experienced significant intellectual and artistic learning.- Legacies of this time continue to inspire and instruct today.

A. Pericles leads Athens through Golden Age1. Pericles was a skillful politician and respected general2. 461-429 B.C. often called Age of Pericles

B. Pericles had 3 goals for Athens1. Strengthen the democracy

a. Increased # of paid public officials – more poor could serve

b. Introduced direct democracy – citizens rule directly, not through reps.2. Strengthen Athenian Empirea. Pericles used Delian League money to build navy of 200 shipsb. Increased safety and secured overseas trade routes

Pericles goals continued

3. Glorify Athensa. Pericles used Delian League money to beautify Athensb. 15 year project to build Parthenon = temple to Athena

C. Greek Styles in Art and Architecture1. Artists and sculptors create idealized human form

a. Figures were strong, graceful and perfectly formed2. Greek buildings were classified by their columns – 3 types

a. Doric – no base and a plain round capital (top part) – Parthenonb. Ionic – rounded base and a scroll-shaped capitalc. Corinthian – most elaborate, rounded base with capitals

intricately carved with leaf patterns.D. Greek Drama

1. Greeks invented drama and built first theaters in the west.2. Stories involved leadership, justice, and duties to the gods.

3. 2 Kinds of drama – tragedy and comedya. Tragedy – themes such as love, hate, war, betrayal- featured tragic hero whose flaw was downfall

b. Comedy – slapstick situations and crude humor- many comedies were satires – poked fun at a subject- Playwrights made fun of fashion, politics, respected people

or ideas- This showed an openness of public discussion in Athens.

E. Greek Philosophers Search for the Truth1. Philosophers, meaning “lovers of wisdom”, based philosophy on 2

assumptions.a. The universe is put together in an orderly way, subject to absolute and unchanging laws.b. People can understand these laws through logic and reason.

2. Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle = leading Greek philosophersa. Their ideas laid foundations for western thought & education.

57

•Golden Age notes

58

•Golden Age notes“Parthenon”Nashville, Tennessee

59

•Golden Age notes

60

•Golden Age notes

61

•Golden Age notes

62

Socrates Plato Aristotle3 Great “Golden Age” Greek Philosophers

•Golden Age notes

The Peloponnesian WarDelian League vs. Peloponnesian

League

Table of Contents

Notes

Delian LeaguePeloponnesian League

Peloponnesian Wars - Notes

Athen and Sparta go to War – Peloponnesian Wars (431-404 B.C.)

A. Athens formed the Delian League1. Alliance between Athens and other city-states2. Athens required large tributes & loyalty from members3. Many city-states turned to Sparta for protectionB. Sparta formed the Peloponnesian League

1. Alliance between Sparta and other city-states2. Sparta & Pel. League declare war on Athens

C. The Peloponnesian War (Delian League vs. Pelo. League)1. Lasted 27 years2. Athens stricken/weakened by a great plague3. Sparta eventually defeats Athens4. Sparta wins Peloponnesian War!

D. Greece enters period of instability and weakness1. Leaves them open to attack2. Macedonia (land to the north) conquers Greek city-states

Back to Peloponnesian Wars

Athens holds out against Sparta

Athens uses protected port to hold out against Sparta Back

Alexander the Great; Conqueror of the Persian Empire

Macedonian Conquest of Greece and the Rise of Alexander the Great

Table of Contents

Notes

Phalanx

Back to Notes


Back to Notes

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/89/Battle_Granicus.svg

Next phalanx

Back to Notes

Back to Conquest MapBack to Notes

Alexander defeats Darius III at Battle of Issus


Notes on Alexander

Greece Falls and Alexander the Great Conquers PersiaA. Macedonia – Neighbor of Greece to the NorthB. 359 B.C. Philip II becomes king of Macedonia – he has 3 goals

1. Create strong army – based on phalanx formation2. Conquer Greek city-states3. Defeat Persian Empire – Philip was murdered after conquering Greece.

C. Philip’s son Alexander takes command at age 20.1. Set out to conquer Persia.2. Victories at Granicus River & Issus gained control of Anatolia3. Victory at Gaugamela broke Persians for good.4. 336-323 Alexander the Great conquers Persian Empire 5. Takes control of Asia Minor, Egypt, Fertile Crescent, and Persia – becomes

largest empire! D. Alexander’s Empire begins Hellenistic Era

1. Hellenistic Era = fusion of Greek, Persian, Egyptian, and Indian culture

Conquest Map

E. 323 B.C. Alexander dies and his empire is divided between 3 generals.1. Antigonus – Macedonia & Greece2. Seleucus – Syria, Mesopotamia & Persia3. Ptolemy - Egypt


Back to Notes

80

The Hellenistic AgeFrom the death of Alexander to the

Roman conquests1. After Alexander’s death, what three things linked the many new cities he created?

___________________________________________________________________________

2. With what three main cultures did Greek (Hellenic) culture blend?___________________________________________________________________________

3. This blended culture became known as ______________________ (Greek-like) culture.

4. Which city was at the center of the Hellenistic world? ___________________________

5. Where was this city located? ____________________________________________

6. List a couple key attractions one might have found in Alexandria.___________________________________________________________________________

7. Describe Alexandria’s role as the center of learning during the Hellenistic Age.

Trade, Greek culture and Greek language

Egyptian, Persian, Indian

Hellenistic

Alexandria

Mediterranean coast of Egypt

Alexandria Lighthouse, Museum, and Library (world’s 1st research lib)

- Scholarship shifted from Athens to Alexandria- Hellenistic scholars in Alexandria preserved Greek & Egyptian learning- Alexandrian scholars provided most of scientific knowledge until Scientific Revolution in 17th century.

Alexandria EgyptCenter of Hellenistic World

The Hellenistic Age Pharos Lighthouse in Alexandria Egypt

Table of Contents

This illustration shows how Eratosthenes actually calculated the circumference of the Earth. At noon on the summer solstice, Eratosthenes measured the length of the shadow cast by a column of known height at Alexandria. With these two lengths, he could solve for the angle between them (θ). If the length of the shadow, and height of the column (h) were proportional to the distance between Alexandria and Syene (s=4,400 stades), and the radius of the Earth, then by calculating the angle on the column (θ), he was calculating the same angle formed at the center of the Earth (θ). The equation he used to determine the circumference of the Earth [(360° ÷ θ) x (s)] reflects this theory.

85

Geocentric Theory adopted and modified by Hellenistic scientist Ptolemy

EuclidHellenistic mathematician

Wrote Elements – basis of modern geometry

Elements

Archimedes

Law of the Lever Compound Pulley