Classical Greece

Chapter Objective: Study the history and culture of classical Greece and analyze its impactOn the modern world.

Section 1 Objectives• Identify the ways geography and climate shaped

Greek Life.• Explain the rise and development of Mycenaean

civilization.• Describe how Homer and Greek myths contributed

to early Greek culture.

Setting the Stage

Greece was not always a unified country but was rather a collection of separate societies. The largest society was that of the Minoans who lived on the large island of Crete- until people from all around the Mediterranean

began to migrate and settle in mainland Greece (inland).

Geography of Greece• It’s a mountainous

peninsula {piece of land that juts out onto a body of water} surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea• Also Includes 2,000

islands in the Aegean and Ionian Seas • Also included lands on

the eastern edge of the Aegean Sea

How did the Sea shape Greek Culture

SeaGreeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline

Greeks lacked natural resources like timber, metal, and usable farmland that was found on their own land

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

How did the Sea shape Greek Culture

SeaGreeks rarely had to travel more than 85 miles to reach the coastline

Greeks became skilled sailors

Greeks lacked natural resources like timber, metal, and usable farmland that was found on their own land

The sea became a link to other societies and allowed them to trade for the resources they needed

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

How did the land shape Greek Culture

Land

Rugged mountains covered 3/4th of Greece and divided the land into different regions

Only a small part, 1/4th of the land was arable, or fertile for farming.

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

Uneven terrain made land transportation difficult.

Difficulties of the land made it hard to support a life of luxury

How did the land shape Greek Culture

Land

Rugged mountains covered 3/4th of Greece and divided the land into different regions

Could not support large populations

Only a small part, 1/4th of the land was arable, or fertile for farming.

Motivated Greeks to seek new sites for colonies.

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

Uneven terrain made land transportation difficult.

Difficulties of the land made it hard to support a life of luxury

Instead of a single government, they developed small independent communities.

Little roads existed hat could connect different communities. Made them isolated.

How did the climate shape Greek Culture

ClimateGreece had a varied climate from winter to summer

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

How did the climate shape Greek Culture

ClimateGreece had a varied climate from winter to summer

What do you think

then is the EFFECT of each of these causes?CAUSES

Allowed for an outdoor life and men spent much of their time at outdoor public event

Mycenaean Civilization Develop

• Mycenaeans were Indo-European immigrants who settled on the Greek mainland around 2000 B.C. that comes from the name of their leading city Mycenae. • Mycenae was located in

Southern-Greece on a rocky ridge with a protective wall 20 feet thick. • A warrior-king to rule the

surrounding villages and farms. • These kings dominated from

about 1600 to 1100 B.C.

Contact with Minoans

• Either through trade or war the Mycenaean’s came into with the Minoans. • What did they learn from

them?• They showed the

Mycenaean’s the value of seaborne trade. • They started to sail through

the eastern Mediterranean making stops at the Algerian islands, costal Anatolia and the ports of Syria, Egypt, Italy, and Crete.

• They adapted the Minoan writing system to the Greek language

• Decorated vases with Minoan designs

• Formed core of Greek religious practice

The Trojan War

• During the 1200’s B.C. the Mycenaean’s fought a ten-year war against Troy, a trading city located in Anatolia known as the Trojan Wars• They did so by sneaking in a giant

wooden horse and attacking the city while they were asleep. This story was believed to be completely fictional until a new archaeological discovery in the 1870’s found evidence that these stories may have been based off of real battles and people.

Legend says that a Greek army besieged and attacked Troy because a Trojan prince had

kidnapped Helen, the beautiful wife of a Greek king.

Dorians Enter!

• Around 1200 B.C. the Mycenaean civilization collapsed when sea raiders attacked and burned it down…a new group called the Dorians moved into the area and they spoke a dialect of Greek • They were not as advanced • Economy and trade collapsed

under their rule• Temporarily lost the art of

writing : no written record exists from 1150 to 750 B.C. (400 years)

Epics of Homer

• Because they lacked written records, they turned towards learning history through the spoken word that was passed on from generation to generation • According to Greek tradition the greatest story teller was

a blind man named Homer. • Little is known about his personal life• Historians believe that he wrote his epics, or narrative poems

celebrating heroic deeds, between 750 and 700 B.C. • Ex: One of his greatest epic poems is called the Iliad that is based on

the Trojan War • Heroes are the fierce Greek Achilles and courageous Hector of Troy

who seeks to find the Greek ideal of arête meaning virtue or excellence. A Greek could display this ideal on the battle field as well as the athletic field.

The Odyssey

• Is one of two major ancient Greek epic poems attributed to Home . It is, in part, a sequel to the Iliad.

• The poem mainly centers on the Greek hero Odysseus and his journey home after the fall of Troy in the Trojan Wars. It takes Odysseus ten years to reach his home of Ithaca. In his absence, it is assumed he has died, and his wife Penelope and son Telemachus must deal with a group of unruly suitors, the Mnesteres who compete for Penelope's hand in marriage and overtake her home.

Find & Watch the 1997 version of the movie!

In-depth look at The Odyssey: Talking to the Text• Step One: Hover over the text and just look

over it entirely. Use a highlighter to highlight ALL the words that are new to you, you don’t understand, or seem hard or cool to you.• Step Two: share out the words from your list

that you think you would absolutely need to know to understand the text• Must know words• Cool to know words

• Step Three: How do you talk to a text?

Can you understand a piece of reading without

understanding all the words?

Greeks Create Myths

• Greeks developed myths, or traditional stories about their Gods • Used them to make sense of the mysteries of nature (i.e. changing seasons) and the

power of human passions • Attributed human qualities (i.e. love, hate) to Gods • Fought with each other constantly• Lived forever• Zeus was ruler of the Gods along with his wife Hera

• Had a daughter named Athena who was goddess of wisdom and guardian of cities (city of Athens was named after her)

Section 2 Objectives• Identify the different political systems that

developed in the Greek city-states.• Describe the government of Athens. • Explain how Athenian and Spartan governments

differed.• Summarize the battles and results of the Persian

wars.

Setting the Stage

During the Dorian Period, two things started to change:

1. Dorians and Mycenaeans began to identify less with the culture of their ancestors but with the local area they lived in

2. Method of governing changed from tribal/clan control to more formal governments called city-states

Rule and Order in Greek City-States

• By 750 B.C. the city-state, or polis was the fundamental political unit in ancient Greece.• It was made up of a city and

its surrounding countryside which included numerous villages

• controlled between 50 and 500 square miles of territory

• contained fewer than 10,000 residents.

• Citizens gathered at the acropolis (i.e. agora, marketplace, or fortified hilltop)to discuss matters of city politics.

Greek Political Structures

Monarchy Aristocracy Oligarchy

• State ruled by a single person, called a king

• Rule is hereditary• Some rulers claim

divine right• Practiced in Mycenae

by 2000 BC

• State rules by a small group of noble, landowning families

• Rule is hereditary and based on family ties, social rank, or wealth

• Social status and wealth support rulers’ authority

• Practiced in Athens prior to 594 BC

• A government ruled by a few powerful people

• Started when trade allowed for a new class of wealthy merchants and artisans to emerge; they became unhappy with the nobility so they took power or shared it with people

• Ruling group controls military

• Practiced in Sparta by 500 BC

On page ___ of the IWHN, create the following table and take notes on Athens and Sparta

using the book on pages 128-131

Athens SpartaTake notes on:- How their government was

organized; who was the leader, how were they chosen, who could participate in government

- How citizens received their education: who was allowed, what were they taught, at what age

- The basis of their economy- Their social life: literature, religion,

arts, sports- How people spent their daily lives- Whether they had social classes or

not

Page heading: Athens v. Sparta

Double Bubble: Athens vs. Sparta• Compare and contrast the two Greek city-states• You are expected to do MORE THAN three per side

ATH

ENS

SPARTA

SIMILARITIES

The Persian Wars: 131-133

• Read the following pages of the book• As you read pay special attention to

• words in blue (vocabulary words)• Paragraph headings: help to organize thinking• Maps and pictures on the sides: help to visualize information

• Answer guided questions:• Do not have to be in complete sentences• Answers do have to be thorough: meaning with LOTS of

details and explanations• Consider presenting your answers as graphic organizers

[thinking maps] and lists [bullet points]• Consider using different color pens and highlighters

Page _____ of IWHN

Section 3 Objectives• Identify the three goals of Pericles.• Describe Greek art and architecture.• Summarize the work of Greek dramatists and

historians.• Explain the major conflicts in the Peloponnesian

Wars.• Identify Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle.

Setting the Stage

For about 50 years from 477 to 431 B.C., Athens experienced a

growth in intellectual and artistic learning called the

Golden Age of Athens.

Divide and Conquer

• Section 3 has been divided into eight topics:

1. Pericles’ Plan for Athens2. Glorious Art and

Architecture3. Drama and History4. Athenians and Spartans

go to War5. Philosophers Search for

Truth6. Socrates7. Plato8. Aristotle

• Depending on your table # will determine what topic you have• You must summarize your

topic according to the guidelines given to you. • ONE person from your table

must come up and present your topic to the class• As each team is presenting,

you are all filling out your notes

Page _____ of IWHN

Section 4 Objectives• Describe Philip’s conquest of Greece.• Explain how Alexander the Great defeated the

Persian Empire.• Summarize Alexander’s conquests and their impact

on future cultures.

Setting the Stage

Peloponnesian War weakened Greek city-states militarily and economically.

King Philip II, of nearby Macedonia [who considered themselves Greek too],

wanted to:• control Greece•use it to invade Persia• avenge Persian invasion of Greece in

480 B.C.

Macedonia

• Located north of Greece• Rough terrain; cold

climate• Lived in mountain

village not city-states• Did not have great

philosophers, artists, or writers• But had fearless kings!

King Philip II• Became king in 359 B.C. @ 23

years old• Turned peasants into a well-

trained and professional army • Organized them into phalanxes 16

men across and 16 men deep each armed with an 18 foot pike

• Won against the Greece in his 338 B.C. invasion at the battle of Chaeronea and ended Greek independence • Never got the chance to invade

Persia because he was stabbed to death by a former guardsmen at his daughter’s wedding. His son took over.

Alexander the Great

• Took over @ 20 years old• Was a student of Aristotle: learned Science, geography, and literature• Inspired by Homer’s descriptions of Achilles in the Iliad• Learned how to be a soldier at a young age• When he became king, Greek city of Thebes revolted:

he destroyed it, killed about 6000 and sold the rest to slavery• All other city-states gave up any idea of a rebellion

Invasion of Persia

In 334 B.C, he led 35,000 troops into

Anatolia

Met an army of 40,000 at the

Granicus River

Alexander led the first attack and smashed the

Persian

Persia King Darius III raise an army between

50-75,000 and met them at a place called

Issus

Alexander broke through a weak

point and attacked city of Darius directly

King Darius and his army

ran away

Conquering the Persian EmpireDarius tried to make peace: offers all the lands west of the Euphrates

River

Alexander, after such an easy

defeat, rejects and sets out to conquer all of

the Persia

Marched into Egypt: welcomed as a

liberator and crowned Pharaoh, or god-king

The moved east into Mesopotamia to meet

Darius who had an army of 250,000

Met at Gaugamel: attacked with phalanxes and

cavalry

Darius fled: ended Persian

empire

Then conquered Babylon, Sa, and

Persepolis: Persia’s royal capital

Alexander’s Other Conquests • Alexander more interested in expanding his empire

than governing it• Kept pursuing Darius east until he found him near the

Caspian Sea murdered by one of his governors• For three years, he kept moving East across central

Asia hoping to read the farthest edge of the continent • 326 B.C.: reached Indus River; fought off Indian army

and marched 200 miles after• After 11 years, his soldiers had low morale, tired, and

wanted to go home. Alexander agreed

323 B.C.

• Alexander returns to Babylon with plans to organize and unify his empire• Wanted to construct new cities, roads, harbors, and conquer

Arabia• But he became ill with a fever and died a few days later at the

age of 32

• His general fought for control and divided the empire:• Antigonus: became King of Macedonia and Greek-City states• Ptolemy: seized Egypt, became pharaoh and made a dynasty• Seleucus: took more of old Persian empire and it became the

Seleucid Empire. • All governed with complete power over their subjects contrary to the

democratic traditions of Greece

Section 5 Objectives• Describe Hellenistic Culture. • Identify the achievements of Hellenistic scholars.• Summarize the major philosophies and artistic

styles of the Hellenistic period.

Setting the Stage

During his military campaign, Alexander wanted to combined the culture of the Persian to his Greek culture. He adopted Persian dress and customs and married a Persian woman. He started new cities as administrative centers of Greek culture like Alexandria in Egypt. After his death, trade a shared Greek culture, and a common language kept the cities linked.

The Spread of Hellenistic Culture: 146-149• Read the following pages of the book• As you read pay special attention to

• words in blue (vocabulary words)• Paragraph headings: help to organize thinking• Maps and pictures on the sides: help to visualize information

• Answer guided questions:• Do not have to be in complete sentences• Answers do have to be thorough: meaning with LOTS of

details and explanations• Consider presenting your answers as graphic organizers

[thinking maps] and lists [bullet points]• Consider using different color pens and highlighters

Page _____ of IWHN

Draw this out in your notebook ON PAGE ____ OF IWHN and fill it out with everything we learned about

the Greek Civilization.

Greece

Make sure you include notes on all four categories:

• Construction Projects • Advances in the Arts• Advances in the Sciences • Empire Building

Make sure you include notes on all three categories:

• Government• Economy• Social Structure

S.A.D CYCLEPage title: SAD CYCLE: Greece

Draw this out in your notebook ON PAGE ____ OF IWHN and fill it out with everything we learned about

the Greek Civilization.

Conflict in Greece

CONFLICTPage title: CONFLICT: Greece

COMPLETE THE TABLE on page ___ of the IWHN using what we

studiedInteraction between

humans and the Environment

Development and Interaction of Cultures

State-Building, Expansion, and Conflict

Creation, Expansion, and Interaction of Economic Systems

Development and Transformation of Social Structures

Themes#1

#2

#3#4

#5

Page title: THEMES: Greece