city development plan for udaipur, 2041 · 2019-07-23 · city development plan for udaipur, 2041...

City Development Plan for Udaipur, 2041

(Interim City Development Plan)

June 2014

Supported under

Capacity Building for Urban Development project (CBUD)

A Joint Partnership Program between

Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India and

The World Bank

Ministry of Urban Development

Capacity Building for Urban Development Project

City Development Plan for Udaipur – 2041

Interim City Development Plan

CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited

June 2014

Green Lake city of India...

Education hub … Hospitality

centre….

[ii]

Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

BMTPC Building Materials and Technology Promotion Council

BOD Biochemical oxygen demand

BPL Below Poverty line

BRG Backward Regional Grant

BRGF Backward Regional Grant Fund

CAA Constitutional Amendment Act

CAGR Compound Annual Growth Rate

CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute

CBUD Capacity Building for Urban Development

CCAR Climate Change Agenda for Rajasthan

CPCB Central Pollution Control Board

CST Central Sales Tax

DDMA District Disaster Management Authority

DEAS Double entry accounting system

DLC District land price committee

DPR Detailed Project Report

DRR Disaster risk reduction

EWS Economically weaker section

GDDP Gross District Domestic Product

GDP Gross Domestic Product

GHG Green House Gases

GIS Geo information system

HRD Human Resource Development

IHSDP Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme

IIM Indian Institute of Management

INCCA Indian Network for Climate Change Assessment

LOS Level of Services

MLD Million Liter per Day

NLCP National Lake Conservation Programme

[iii]

NMT Non Motorised transport

NRW Non-revenue water

OHSR Overhead service reservoir

PHED Public health engineering department

PMU Project management unit

RIICO Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment

Corporation

RPCB Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

RSPM Respirable suspended particulate matter

SLB Service Level Benchmarling

STP Sewage treatment plant

UDT Urban Development Tax

URDPFI Urban & Regional Development Plan Formulation &

Implementation

WFPR Work force participation ration

WTP Water treatment plant

[iv]

Contents

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND ............................................................................................................ 1

1.1 Context .................................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 Revised CDP under Capacity Building for Urban Development Project ................................. 2

1.2.1 Preparation of Revised CDP under CBUD Programme ............................................ 3

1.3 Revised CDP Guidelines – Key Areas of Emphasis ............................................................... 3

1.3.1 Vision-Led Planning ................................................................................................... 4

1.3.2 Resource-based planning .......................................................................................... 4

1.3.3 Participatory approach ............................................................................................... 4

1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty, and local economy development ..................................... 4

1.3.5 Capacity building in ULBs .......................................................................................... 5

1.3.6 Sectoral action plans with goal-oriented targets ........................................................ 5

1.3.7 Monitoring and evaluation arrangements .................................................................. 5

1.4 Objective of the Assignment ................................................................................................... 5

1.5 Approach and Methodology .................................................................................................... 6

1.6 Brief of 1st Generation CDP ..................................................................................................... 7

1.6.1 Key facts at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP ....................................... 8

1.6.2 Projects envisaged under 1st generation CDP ........................................................... 9

1.7 Brief scenario of city after 1st Generation CDP ....................................................................... 9

1.8 Key Process undertaken for CDP Preparation ..................................................................... 10

1.8.1 Committee Formation .............................................................................................. 11

1.8.2 Stakeholder‟s consultation brief ............................................................................... 11

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY ................................................................................................... 13

2.1 Regional Setting .................................................................................................................... 13

2.2 Administrative Boundary ....................................................................................................... 14

2.2.1 Location and connectivity ........................................................................................ 14

2.3 Defining the Study Area ........................................................................................................ 15

2.4 Physical Setting ..................................................................................................................... 15

2.4.1 Topography and geology ......................................................................................... 15

2.4.2 Climate ..................................................................................................................... 16

2.4.3 Agriculture, mineral, and industry ............................................................................ 16

2.4.4 Water resources....................................................................................................... 16

2.4.5 Forest resources ...................................................................................................... 17

[v]

3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE TOWN ................................................................................ 19

3.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 19

3.2 Population and Urbanization ................................................................................................. 19

3.2.1 Udaipur district ......................................................................................................... 20

3.2.2 Udaipur city .............................................................................................................. 21

3.3 Population Growth Trend ...................................................................................................... 21

3.4 Population Density ................................................................................................................ 24

3.5 Average Household Size ....................................................................................................... 27

3.6 Literacy Rate ......................................................................................................................... 27

3.7 Sex Ratio ............................................................................................................................... 28

3.8 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population .............................................................. 28

3.9 Population Projections .......................................................................................................... 29

3.9.1 Methodology adopted for estimation of population .................................................. 29

3.9.2 Summary of Population Projection through various methods ................................. 31

3.10 Key Issues ............................................................................................................................. 32

4. ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE CITY .......................................................................................... 33

4.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 33

4.2 Overview of Economic Situation of the State and the Town ................................................. 33

4.2.1 Rajasthan‟s Economic Profile .................................................................................. 34

4.2.2 Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP) ................................................................ 35

4.2.3 Per Capita Income ................................................................................................... 35

4.2.4 Industrial Policies and Incentives ............................................................................. 35

4.2.5 Udaipur District‟s Economic Profile.......................................................................... 38

4.2.6 Udaipur City ............................................................................................................. 39

4.3 Industrial and Commercial Activities ..................................................................................... 40

4.3.1 Market Yard ............................................................................................................. 41

4.3.2 Informal Commercial Activity ................................................................................... 41

4.4 Workforce Participation Rate (WFPR) .................................................................................. 42

4.5 Workers‟ Classification .......................................................................................................... 42

4.6 Horticulture ............................................................................................................................ 43

4.7 SWOT Analysis ..................................................................................................................... 43

4.8 Issues .................................................................................................................................... 44

5. PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH MANAGEMENT ............................................................ 45

5.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 45

[vi]

5.2 Constitutes of Planning Area ................................................................................................. 45

5.3 Projected Population under Master Plan .............................................................................. 45

5.4 Spatial Growth Trends .......................................................................................................... 46

5.5 Spatial Distribution of Population .......................................................................................... 47

5.6 Land use Analysis ................................................................................................................. 47

5.6.1 Comparison with UDPFI guideline (for large cities) ................................................. 49

5.7 Critical Appraisal of the Master Plan/Development Plan ...................................................... 50

5.7.1 Land use analysis Master Plan Provisions .............................................................. 50

5.7.2 Comparison with URDPFI Guidelines ..................................................................... 51

5.7.3 Development Proposals ........................................................................................... 53

5.8 Urban Planning Functions and Reforms ............................................................................... 55

5.9 Roles and Responsibilities of ULB and Parastatals .............................................................. 55

6. Social and Cultural Resources ...................................................................................................... 56

6.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 56

6.2 Health Facilities ..................................................................................................................... 56

6.2.1 Existing Situation ..................................................................................................... 56

6.2.2 Basic Public Health Indicators ................................................................................. 58

6.2.3 Role of Municipal Body in Health Programmes ....................................................... 58

6.2.4 Comparison with URDPFI Norms ............................................................................ 58

6.2.5 Issues ....................................................................................................................... 59

6.3 Educational Facilities ............................................................................................................ 59

6.3.1 Existing Situation ..................................................................................................... 60

6.3.2 Comparison with URDPFI Norms ............................................................................ 61

6.3.3 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 61

6.4 Recreation Facilities .............................................................................................................. 62

6.4.1 Sports facilities ......................................................................................................... 62

6.4.2 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 62

7. Infrastructure and Services ........................................................................................................... 63

7.1 Water Supply ......................................................................................................................... 63

7.1.1 Existing Water Supply Situation ............................................................................... 63

7.1.2 Water Supply – Future Demand .............................................................................. 68

7.1.3 Critical Analysis of Water Supply System post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ..... 69

7.1.4 Institutional Framework for Water Supply System ................................................... 71

7.1.5 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 72

[vii]

7.2 Sewerage and Sanitation ...................................................................................................... 72

7.2.1 Existing Sewerage and Sanitation System .............................................................. 72

7.2.2 Future Sewage Generation ...................................................................................... 75

7.2.3 Critical Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation System Post – 1st Generation CDP

Scenario ................................................................................................................................ 75

7.2.4 Institutional Framework for Sewerage and Sanitation System ................................ 77

7.2.5 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 77

7.3 Solid Waste Management ..................................................................................................... 78

7.3.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System ............................................................. 78

7.3.2 Future Solid Waste Generation ............................................................................... 79

7.3.3 Critical Analysis of Solid Waste Management Systems: Post – 1st Generation CDP

Scenario ................................................................................................................................ 80

7.3.4 Institutional Framework for SWM ............................................................................. 81

7.3.5 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 81

7.4 Storm Water Drainage .......................................................................................................... 82

7.4.1 Existing Drainage System ........................................................................................ 82

7.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage ........................................... 82

7.4.3 Critical Analysis of Drainage System: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario .......... 82

7.4.4 Key Issues ............................................................................................................... 83

8. Traffic and Transportation System ............................................................................................... 84

8.1 Existing Road Infrastructure .................................................................................................. 84

8.1.1 Road Hierarchy System in the City .......................................................................... 84

8.1.2 Important Junctions ................................................................................................. 85

8.1.3 Bridges, Flyovers and Interchanges ........................................................................ 86

8.1.4 NMT Facilities .......................................................................................................... 87

8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges ..................................................................................... 87

8.2 Existing Traffic and Transportation System .......................................................................... 87

8.2.1 Traffic Volume .......................................................................................................... 87

8.2.2 Modes of Transport .................................................................................................. 88

8.2.3 Existing Transportation Infrastructure ...................................................................... 89

8.2.4 Parking Facilities ...................................................................................................... 89

8.2.5 Safety and Traffic Management Measures .............................................................. 90

8.2.6 Issues and Key Challenges ..................................................................................... 90

8.3 Review of Institutional and Investments ................................................................................ 91

8.3.1 Review of Institutional System ................................................................................. 91

[viii]

8.3.2 Budgetary and Expenditures ................................................................................... 91

8.4 Analysis of post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario .................................................................. 92

9. Housing and Urban Poverty .......................................................................................................... 96

9.1 Overall Housing Scenario in the City .................................................................................... 96

9.1.1 Present availability of Housing Stock ...................................................................... 96

9.1.2 Quality of Housing Stock ......................................................................................... 96

9.1.3 Housing requirement as per the future Projected Population .................................. 96

9.1.4 Housing in Inner city, Unplanned areas, Urban Villages and Unauthorized Colonies

97

9.1.5 Overview of growing Housing sector in the town ..................................................... 97

9.2 Urban Poverty and Slums ..................................................................................................... 97

9.2.1 Number of Slums ..................................................................................................... 98

9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Slums (ward-wise distribution) .............................................. 99

9.2.3 Average Slum Size .................................................................................................. 99

9.2.4 Available Infrastructure for Slum Communities ..................................................... 100

9.2.5 Land tenure-ship of Slums ..................................................................................... 100

9.2.6 Housing Stock (slums) ........................................................................................... 100

9.2.7 Government Initiatives in Slum Improvement ........................................................ 100

9.2.8 Critical Analysis of Housing and Urban Poverty Sector under 1st Generation CDP

Scenario .............................................................................................................................. 102

9.2.9 Policy, Regulation and Institutional Framework ..................................................... 102

9.2.10 Key Issues ............................................................................................................. 103

10. Baseline Environment: Urban Environment and Disaster Management ............................ 104

10.1 Pollution Level in the Town ................................................................................................. 104

10.1.1 Ambient Air Quality ................................................................................................ 104

10.1.2 Noise Pollution ....................................................................................................... 104

10.1.3 Water Pollution....................................................................................................... 105

10.2 Water Bodies ....................................................................................................................... 107

10.2.1 List of Water Bodies ............................................................................................... 108

10.2.2 Existing Condition of Water Bodies ....................................................................... 108

10.3 Gardens, Open Spaces, and Urban Forests ....................................................................... 108

10.4 Identification of Environmentally Sensitive Areas ............................................................... 109

10.5 Disaster Proneness Assessment of the City ....................................................................... 110

10.6 Disaster Management Mitigation Measures ........................................................................ 111

10.7 Key Issues and Concerns ................................................................................................... 114

[ix]

11. Climate Change and Sustainable Development ................................................................. 115

11.1 Climate Change and the City .............................................................................................. 115

11.2 Carbon Footprint Mapping – Application of Estimation Models .......................................... 116

11.3 Impact and Imperatives ....................................................................................................... 117

11.4 Climate Resilience and Carbon Reduction Strategy ........................................................... 118

12. Cultural Resources, Heritage, and Tourism ....................................................................... 120

12.1 Historical Importance of the Town ....................................................................................... 120

12.2 Existing Situation for Heritage ............................................................................................. 120

12.3 Heritage Conservation Initiatives ........................................................................................ 125

12.4 Tourism Scenario ................................................................................................................ 126

12.4.1 Major Tourist Spots ................................................................................................ 126

12.4.2 Tourist Arrival ......................................................................................................... 126

12.4.3 Existing Tourist Supported Infrastructure .............................................................. 127

12.4.4 Existing Tourism Development Initiatives .............................................................. 128

12.4.5 Role of Agencies Involved in Tourism Development ............................................. 128

12.5 Fairs and Festivals .............................................................................................................. 129

12.6 Traditional – Handicrafts, Silk, and Cuisine ........................................................................ 129

12.7 Key Concern Areas for Tourism Development ................................................................... 130

13. Assessment of Institutions, Systems and Capacities ......................................................... 131

13.1 Urban Governance System ................................................................................................. 131

13.2 Urban Reforms/Transfer of Function (CDP Post 1st Generation Scenario) ........................ 133

13.2.1 Status of JNNURM Implementation ....................................................................... 133

13.2.2 Progress in Implementation of Reforms – State-Level Reforms ........................... 134

13.2.3 ULB-Level Reforms – Mandatory and Optional ..................................................... 135

13.3 Roles and Responsibilities of various Institutions ............................................................... 136

13.4 Key Issues ........................................................................................................................... 137

14. Financial Assessment ......................................................................................................... 139

14.1 First-Generation CDP: Key Features of Municipal Finance ................................................ 139

14.2 Key Financial Indicators ...................................................................................................... 140

14.3 Assessment of Municipal Finance....................................................................................... 140

14.3.1 Status of Municipal Finance ................................................................................... 140

14.4 Revenue Account ................................................................................................................ 141

14.4.1 Revenue Income ......................................................................................................... 142

14.4.2 Revenue Expenditure .................................................................................................. 144

[x]

14.5 Capital Account ................................................................................................................... 145

14.5.1 Capital Income ............................................................................................................ 145

14.5.2 Capital Expenditure ..................................................................................................... 146

14.6 Key Issues ........................................................................................................................... 146

15. SWOT Analysis ................................................................................................................... 148

16. Stakeholder Consultation .................................................................................................... 150

16.1 Consultative Meetings ......................................................................................................... 150

16.2 Workshop Process .............................................................................................................. 150

16.3 Issues Identified .................................................................................................................. 152

16.4 Sector analysis and Strategies formulation ......................................................................... 153

17. Annexure ............................................................................................................................. 156

17.1 Attendance Sheet of Workshop .......................................................................................... 156

17.2 Workshop – Issues and Strategies provided by stakeholders ............................................ 159

17.3 Water user charges ............................................................................................................. 163

17.4 Maps of Udaipur City ........................................................................................................... 165

[xi]

List of Tables

Table 2-1: Major Lakes and Catchment Area ....................................................................................... 17

Table 3-1: Rajasthan State Profile ........................................................................................................ 19

Table 3-2: Urban Structure of Rajasthan 2001 ..................................................................................... 20

Table 3-3 Population of growth rate – Rajasthan city, Udaipur district and Udaipur city ...................... 20

Table 3-4: Comparative Population of Udaipur City - 2011 .................................................................. 21

Table 3-5: Population Growth Trend – Udaipur City ............................................................................. 21

Table 3-6: Population Growth Trend – Census Towns ......................................................................... 22

Table 3-7: Total Population (Udaipur City + Census Towns) ............................................................... 22

Table 3-8: Migration Status – Udaipur City ........................................................................................... 23

Table 3-9: Tourist Arrival Statistics - Udaipur ....................................................................................... 23

Table 3-10: Population Density – Udaipur City ..................................................................................... 24

Table 3-11: Ward Density ..................................................................................................................... 25

Table 3-12: Household Size .................................................................................................................. 27

Table 3-13: Literacy Rate – Udaipur City .............................................................................................. 27

Table 3-14: Literacy Rate Comparison ................................................................................................. 27

Table 3-15: Sex Ratio ........................................................................................................................... 28

Table 3-16: SC and ST Population – Udaipur City* .............................................................................. 28

Table 3-17: Share of SC and ST Population – District and State Level ............................................... 28

Table 3-18: Projected Population in Different Documents .................................................................... 29

Table 3-19: Population Projections by Various Methods for 2nd

Generation CDP ................................ 30

Table 3-20 Projections for tourist population ........................................................................................ 30

Table 3-21: Projected Tourist Population .............................................................................................. 31

Table 4-1: Details of existing micro, small and artisan units – Udaipur ................................................ 38

Table 4-2: List of existing micro and macro-enterprises – Udaipur city ................................................ 41

Table 4-3: Work force Participation Rate – Udaipur city ....................................................................... 42

Table 4-4: Main and Marginal Workers ................................................................................................. 42

Table 4-5: Occupational Pattern ........................................................................................................... 43

Table 5-1: Projected population under Draft Master Plan and 1st -generation City Development Plan 45

Table 5-2: Existing Land Use – 2011, Udaipur ..................................................................................... 47

Table 5-3: Comparison of land use from 1971 to 2011 ........................................................................ 48

Table 5-4: Existing land use and comparison with URDPFI guidelines ................................................ 49

[xii]

Table 5-5 Key planning pareameters – Master plan of Udaipur ........................................................... 50

Table 5-6: Land use comparison – Master Plan 2022, Draft Master Plan 2031 ................................... 51

Table 5-7: Proposed land use comparison with URDPFI guidelines .................................................... 51

Table 5-8: Proposed bus stands in Draft Master Plan, 2031 ................................................................ 54

Table 6-1: Medical/Health facilities in Udaipur ...................................................................................... 57

Table 6-2: Basic Public Health Indicators ............................................................................................. 58

Table 6-3: Comparison of healthcare facilities with URDPFI guidelines .............................................. 59

Table 6-4: Educational facilities, Udaipur 2011 .................................................................................... 60

Table 6-5: Existing education facilities in comparison with URDPFI norms ......................................... 61

Table 7-1: Water supply sources .......................................................................................................... 64

Table 7-2: Details of transmission and distribution zones .................................................................... 64

Table 7-3: Details of water treatment plants in Udaipur ........................................................................ 65

Table 7-4: Type of connections and connection charges ..................................................................... 67

Table 7-5: User charges (metered and unmetered connections) ......................................................... 67

Table 7-6: Service-level indicators for water supply sector - Udaipur .................................................. 68

Table 7-7: Water demand estimation .................................................................................................... 68

Table 7-8 Key Features of Water Supply System as per 1st Generation CDP .................................... 69

Table 7-9: Water supply system indicators – Post 1st Generation CDP ............................................... 70

Table 7-10: Service-Level Indicators – Sewerage and Sanitation ........................................................ 74

Table 7-11: Rating and Categorization of Cities based on Sanitation practices ................................... 74

Table 7-12: Sewage generation estimation .......................................................................................... 75

Table 7-13: Present Status ................................................................................................................... 76

Table 7-14: Service-Level Indicators .................................................................................................... 79

Table 7-15: Changes over the last few years ....................................................................................... 80

Table 7-16: Post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario ................................................................................. 83

Table 8-1 Distribution of road network in Udaipur city .......................................................................... 84

Table 8-2: Number of Street Lights ....................................................................................................... 86

Table 8-3: Details of Public Transport facilities - Udaipur ..................................................................... 89

Table 8-4: Post – 1st generation CDP Scenario .................................................................................... 93

Table 8-5: Udaipur Current situation ..................................................................................................... 93

Table 9-1: Details of housing stock in Udaipur city - 2001 .................................................................... 96

Table 9-2: Projected housing stock in the city ...................................................................................... 97

Table 9-3: Ward wise slum population ................................................................................................. 98

Table 9-4: Ward wise distribution of slums ........................................................................................... 99

[xiii]

Table 9-5: Basic services to Urban Poor ............................................................................................ 100

Table 9-6 IHSDP project details .......................................................................................................... 101

Table 10-1: Trend in noise levels ........................................................................................................ 104

Table 10-2: Noise pollution levels in Udaipur ...................................................................................... 105

Table 10-3: Water quality of major lakes in Udaipur – 2013 ............................................................... 106

Table 10-4: Ground water quality at different locations in Udaipur ..................................................... 106

Table 10-5 Water bodies, Udaipur ...................................................................................................... 108

Table 11-1: Sectoral impacts and imperatives in Rajasthan ............................................................... 117

Table 11-2: Sectoral climate resilience and carbon reduction strategy – sector wise ........................ 118

Table 12-1: List of Heritage Structures - UMC .................................................................................... 121

Table 12-2: Tourist Arrivals in Udaipur ............................................................................................... 126

Table 13-1: Status of projects implemented under JNNURM ............................................................. 133

Table 13-2: City-level status of mandatory reforms under JNNURM ................................................. 135

Table 13-3: Optional Reforms at ULB level ........................................................................................ 136

Table 13-4: Roles and Responsibilities of Various Institutions ........................................................... 137

Table 14-1: Changes in Municipal Finance ......................................................................................... 140

Table 14-2: Income and Expenditure of UMC..................................................................................... 140

Table 14-3: Revenue Income Constitutes ........................................................................................... 142

Table 14-4: Number of properties in Udaipur...................................................................................... 143

Table 14-5: DCB Statement of Urban Development Tax (in crores) .................................................. 144

Table 14-6: Overview of expenditure constitutes ................................................................................ 144

Table 16-1: Key requirements in the city ............................................................................................ 150

Table 16-3: Sectoral suggestions by stakeholders ............................................................................. 153

[xiv] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

List of Figures

Figure 2-1: CBUD Project Components .................................................................................................. 3

Figure 2-2: CDP Approach ...................................................................................................................... 6

Figure 2-3: Approach and Methodology .................................................................................................. 7

Figure 2-4 Investment identified under 1st generation CDP .................................................................... 9

Figure 2-5 Kick off meeting at UMC ...................................................................................................... 10

Figure 2-6 1st city level stakeholder consultation .................................................................................. 11

Figure 3-1: Udaipur – Regional Setting ................................................................................................. 13

Figure 3-2: Location and Connectivity – Udaipur city ........................................................................... 14

Figure 4-1: Udaipur district .................................................................................................................... 20

Figure 4-2: Population growth trend – Udaipur city .............................................................................. 21

Figure 4-3: Tourists arrival in Udaipur ................................................................................................... 23

Figure 4-4: Udaipur Ward Map ............................................................................................................. 24

Figure 5-1: GSDP – Rajasthan State .................................................................................................... 34

Figure 5-2: Sectoral contribution of GSDP (current price) .................................................................... 34

Figure 5-3: District-wise GDP contribution ............................................................................................ 35

Figure 5-4: Udaipur District – GDDP (current price) ............................................................................. 38

Figure 6-1: Spatial growth trend over a time period .............................................................................. 47

Figure 6-2: Existing Spatial Structure ................................................................................................... 50

Figure 6-3: Master Plan 2022 and Draft Master Plan 2031 .................................................................. 52

Figure 8-1: Water supply network map - Udaipur ................................................................................. 66

Figure 8-2 Administration framework for water supply ......................................................................... 72

Figure 9-1 Vehicular registration growth ............................................................................................... 88

Figure 11-1: Biodiversity map – Rajasthan ......................................................................................... 110

Figure 11-2: State- and district-level disaster management institutional framework .......................... 113

Figure 13-1: Tourist arrivals in Udaipur ............................................................................................... 127

Figure 13-2: Important tourist spots in the city .................................................................................... 127

Figure 14-1: Existing organizational structure of UMC ....................................................................... 132

Figure 15-1: Overview of Financial Position of UMC .......................................................................... 141

Figure 15-2: Tax and Non-tax sources of Revenue Income ............................................................... 142

Figure 15-3: Revenue expenditure ..................................................................................................... 144

Figure 15-4: Capital income ................................................................................................................ 145

Figure 15-5: Capital expenditure ......................................................................................................... 146

[xv] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

Figure 17-1 Pictures of stakeholders‟ meeting.................................................................................... 151

Figure 17-2 Key issues identified by stakeholders ............................................................................. 152


[1] Interim City Development Plan – Udaipur

1. PROJECT BACKGROUND

1.1 Context

The need for overall urban improvement and development to sustain the economic growth momentum

post the liberalization era first found its expression in the mandate of Jawaharlal Nehru National

Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) launched by the Government of India in 2005. The project

endeavoured to bring about an improvement in urban areas for their quality of life and make them as

investment destinations. The programme derived its initial rationale from the „National Common

Minimum Programme‟ of the Government of India that laid stress on the expansion of physical

infrastructure, and therefore, comprehensive urban renewal and slum development could be taken up.

The second rationale for such a large-scale programme was derived from India‟s international

commitment to achieving the Millennium Development Goals and therefore, the Government of India

(GoI) proposed to:

Facilitate investments in the urban sector; and

Strengthen the existing policies in order to achieve these goals.

In recognition to the above mandate, the JNNURM programme was conceived. The scale of the

programme was aimed to be on a mission mode, primarily to make the cities to realize their full

potential and become engines for growth. It was opined that the urban sector contributes to over 50%

of the country‟s gross domestic product (GDP), and therefore, focused attention is required for urban

infrastructure development.

As already mentioned above, JNNURM is the first flagship national programme for urban

development of this nature and size launched by the Government of India. The programme sought to

bring about a change in the very manner of looking at urban development. It recognized the

importance of two major aspects for urban development in the country including:

The need for urban infrastructure improvement in order to improve quality of life and sustain

the local economy as well as to attract more investments; and

The need for investment for carrying out the urban infrastructure improvements.

In doing the above, the programme brought about the necessary awareness among the urban local

bodies (ULBs) regarding planning and implementation of projects, need for systematizing the urban

services and their management, the need for involving stakeholders in project planning, and raising

revenues for the urban areas that can sustain the urban infrastructure. Significant emphasis was

given to urban governance reforms and the need to link reforms with investments. Assistance

therefore to the state governments and ULBs was proposed to flow through a reform-linked plan.

Introduction of such reforms was considered crucial for developing sustainable infrastructure that

would include:

Efficient management of created physical assets so as to increase self-sustainability and

Enhance efficient service delivery.

Both these aspects were to be achieved through the agenda of reforms in the cities.

Progress

Over the past seven years, the programme has committed over Rs. 286 billion for 552 projects

involving a total investment of over Rs. 620 billion. Some of the key achievements of the project

include:



The mission has been successful in catalyzing multi-year investments and reformed

development in urban infrastructure.

There has been visible improvement in the delivery of municipal services in many cities.

Some cities have prepared development/master plans for the first time. There is also greater

awareness in the ULBs regarding the need to develop systematic plans for improvement in

infrastructure. There is also an increase in the aspiration levels among communities and a

demand for better infrastructure and services.

Several projects, especially in the transport sector, have been taken up within the JNNURM

framework that has significantly improved the quality of life in the cities.

There has been good progress in the implementation of reforms at state and central level.

Most of the states have framed their policies on reforms and started implementing the same.

ULBs have started implementing the reforms in the areas of accounting and e-governance.

While there has been significant change in the urban sector due to JNNURM, at the same, there have

been challenges, which need to be addressed going forward:

City development plan (CDP) was seen as an investment plan for projects in the immediate

term, and not as a vision document for the city, with very limited cities revising the same.

While preparing the CDP, consultations with the stakeholders were limited and mostly

restricted to the line departments and parastatal agencies.

The pace of project execution has been found to be slow. Some states have been able to

take greater advantage of the programme than others.

Cities have not been very successful in leveraging JNNURM funds to raise finances on their

own or to attract private or PPP-based investment.

The ULBs are not in a position to take over all the functions mentioned under the 12th

schedule of 74th Constitutional Amendment Act (74th CAA) at present. Most of the ULBs are

also not in a position to take over functions like roads and bridges, water supply, sewerage,

drainage, and urban forestry due to their present incapacity to do so.

Institutional strengthening and capacity building initiatives are yet to be initiated in most of the

ULBs. Most of the ULBs are facing capacity related issues such as lack of staff (staff

recruitment has not been carried out since long).

The Planning Commission of Government of India, through a committee, has devised a framework for

JNNURM-II. This framework has been prepared after studying and analyzing the success and

challenges arising from JNNURM-I and the initiatives taken by other ministries in urban development.

1.2 Revised CDP under Capacity Building for Urban

Development Project

In order to give an impetus to the reforms under JNNURM, the Ministry of Urban Development

(MoUD) and the Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation (MoHUPA) have launched a new

project called „Capacity Building for Urban Development’ (CBUD). The project has been launched

with support from the World Bank (WB). The Government of India (GoI) has received financing from

the World Bank / International Development Association (IDA) towards the CBUD project. The broad

aim of the CBUD project is to address the major constraints of urban development and specifically

focus on the capacity building requirements for successful urban management and poverty reduction

across the selected ULBs in India.



The project will contribute to GoI‟s overarching objective of creating economically productive, efficient,

equitable, and responsive cities. Achieving this objective will help sustain high rates of economic

growth, accelerate poverty reduction, and improve services, especially to the urban poor.

The project has the following three components.

Figure 1-1: CBUD Project Components

1. Capacity Building for Strengthened Urban Management. This component is aligned with

the infrastructure and governance sub-mission of JNNURM and will thus support the technical

assistance across several urban management topics.

2. Capacity Building for Effective Urban Poverty Monitoring and Alleviation. These

capacity-building initiatives are aligned with the basic services to the urban poor sub-mission.

They reflect the need for building information systems, sharing experiences, and designing

strategies on urban poverty alleviation.

3. Implementation Support. This component will support a national Project Management Unit

(PMU) for providing overall technical and managerial support during the implementation of the

programme. The PMU will play a critical role in promoting and supporting the project.

1.2.1 Preparation of Revised CDP under CBUD Programme

In order to identify the broader issues for intervention and areas of assistance pertaining to the

development of city, CDPs, which were already available for most of the cities under JNNURM, are

required to be revised as per the revised CDP Guidelines (April 2013) issued by the Ministry of Urban

Development.

MoUD has identified 30 cities across India under the CBUD project to facilitate the support. MoUD

invited proposals and entrusted CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solutions with the responsibility of

preparing the CDP.

1.3 Revised CDP Guidelines – Key Areas of Emphasis

The revised guidelines issued by MoUD further incorporate additional aspects, which shall be covered

while preparing both the Fresh and Revised CDP. The aspects to be incorporated are:

Formation of CDP committees – policy and technical

Inclusion of heritage, health, and education sector in the CDP

Stress on infrastructure management aspects



Outcome parameters of projects

Revenue enhancement initiative, expenditure management initiatives, and asset management

initiatives

Special emphasis on PPP projects

Transit oriented development.

Apart from the above points, some of the other key areas of importance in the revised guidelines are

as follows.

1.3.1 Vision-Led Planning

The revised guidelines specify that unlike the past CDPs, the vision for city needs to be more detailed.

The vision need to be based on understanding the SWOT for the city and the needs and priorities of

the people of the city. The people must be encouraged at workshops and consultation sessions to

visualize the future of the city, their aspirations, and the consequent growth that they anticipate in the

city. This vision finally can be translated into respective sectoral visions.

1.3.2 Resource-based planning

Every city in India in the context of its regional location has particular strengths in terms of its resource

endowments. Such resources need to be assessed and their strengths realized for city development.

The approach for plan preparation could be: a) national resource led planning for cities endowed with

natural resources like water bodies OR b) Economy based (for an industrial or trading city), OR c)

Tourism based for heritage cities OR d) combination of the above. This helps in settling the city apart

from the rest. This approach can be identified based on:

Existing city strengths and opportunities;

Regional role of city in the context of state development, and

Needs of the city

1.3.3 Participatory approach

As already mentioned above, the revised CDP guidelines have specified that the CDP be treated as a

„living document‟. For this, periodic revision and up-dation of the CDP is necessary. Such revisions

have to and must be conducted with a participatory planning approach. The CDP outlines that local

area plans need to be prepared in consultation with the ward committees to fulfil the expectations of

the citizens. Also, the guidelines specify that such an approach is necessary to ensure that equity

concerns and poverty issues are integrated in the CDP. Consultations also need to be carried out at

every stage of the plan preparation and implementation. The citizens must be able to prioritize and

choose their needs for infrastructure development.

1.3.4 Equity concerns, poverty, and local economy development

Poverty and local economy development go hand in hand. Understanding of the local economy would

help in devising appropriate infrastructure development strategies that can help in/be conducive to the

growth of local economy and thereby nurture local talent and resources. These need to be given

adequate focus in the present CDP exercises and therefore help in not just local economy

development but also in regional economy development.

The 12th Five Year Plan has also started a mission for National Urban Poverty Alleviation (NUPAM)

for targeting housing and poverty alleviation based on recommendations of the NUPAM identifying the



issues of poverty and housing in city and implementation status of programmes such as Rajiv Awas

Yojana (RAY), Integrated Housing and Slum Development Programme (IHSDP), etc. Integration of

these aspects would be crucial in making the CDP relevant to state and central government policies.

1.3.5 Capacity building in ULBs

The ULBs presently face serious human resource shortage for planning, development, and urban

management activities (including operation and maintenance, monitoring and evaluation, financial

management, and procurement). This issue has been highlighted by the study on appraisal of

JNNURM projects as well. The guidelines have proposed that the CDPs must address this issue.

Also, it has been suggested in the guidelines that urban reforms need to be undertaken with greater

participatory approach. The strategies to arrive at the vision for the city should be linked to the reform

agenda. ULBs should be asked to furnish the reforms and propose a timeline to achieve the same.

Administrative and structural reforms should be made mandatory and carried out as soon as possible.

Financial thresholds need to be decided and adhered to for the central assistance under JNNURM

being given as a soft loan or a grant. This approach would help in designing an appropriate capacity

building strategy.

1.3.6 Sectoral action plans with goal-oriented targets

The revised guidelines specifically outline the need for preparation of sectoral action plans that have

targets oriented towards specific goals. Action plans are specifically required f such as Local

Economic Development Plan, Infrastructure Development Action Plan, Housing and poverty

alleviation action plan, City Mobility Plan, Heritage Management Plan (Where needed), Financial

Management Plan, Institutional and Capacity Building Action Plan and Environment Management

Plan (including disaster management). Such sectoral plans would be based on clearly identified

goals. Also, inter-sectoral as well as intra-sectoral linkages need to be addressed through the CDP.

1.3.7 Monitoring and evaluation arrangements

The guidelines clearly outline the need for monitoring and evaluation at regular intervals for

implementation of the CDP. Also, development of such monitoring arrangements would go a long way

in securing community participation in the process of monitoring.

1.4 Objective of the Assignment

The CDP aims to identify an integrated solution to the challenges facing the city. It recognizes the

economic growth strategy as well as the actions that would be required by various agencies to ensure

sustainable development of the city. The CDP is the ULB‟s strategy that presents the vision of a

desired future for the city, and the mission statements on how the ULB, together with other

stakeholders, intends to work towards achieving this long-term vision. The CDP incorporates the

assessment of city on majorly four levels: socio-cultural and economic environment; physical

environment; infrastructure services and institutions; and urban poverty and heritage.

The primary objective of this assignment is to revise and update the existing CDP. The scope of work

in brief shall entail the following:

Profiling the present status of the city, giving an in-depth analysis of its demographic,

economic, financial, infrastructure, physical, environmental, and institutional aspects



Based on the above analysis, the consultant shall develop a perspective and a vision for the

city, which would be prepared in consultation with its relevant stakeholders. In order to

achieve the vision, a formulation strategy for bridging the gap between where the city is at

present and where it wishes to reach need to be prepared.

The CDP should provide for a City Investment Plan (CIP), based on which the concerned

ULB will be able to access funds under central/ state government schemes as well as from

own and other sources based on priority actions and projects identified in the CDP.

The document should also provide Financial Operating Plan (FOP) to direct the ULBs for

mobilizing various financial resources to implement the identified projects. The inter-sectoral

and intra-sectoral issues need to be addressed by the CDP.

Preparation of the CDP will consist of city development strategies that will emerge out of a

structured consultative process. The process will enable elected representatives, key staff of

departments of Municipal Corporation/ Municipal Corporation, Parastatal agencies and other

institutions, policy makers and the citizens to participate and plan for spatial, social and

economic development of the concern cities.

The CDP has to adhere to the latest revised toolkit prepared by the MOUD for CDP

preparation published on its website www.jnnurm.nic.in in April 2013.

1.5 Approach and Methodology

The approach to the assignment would be based on the consultative and analytical assessment of the

existing situation. The inputs from stakeholders would be used to prioritize areas of development and

formulate strategies, in order to make the revised CDP an implementable document. The approach of

revised CDP preparation is presented in the figure below.

Figure 1-2: CDP Approach

The revised CDP would be prepared for the period of next 30 years, i.e., 2041. It will be a forward-

looking consensus programme for the city that outlines the path with respect to the following aspects:

Infrastructure Development – Assessment, gap analysis, arriving at investment requirement

(short term and long term), and prioritization of various services provided by the municipal



corporation - water supply, sewerage, storm water drainage, roads, traffic and transportation,

street lighting, solid waste management, fire fighting, education, health, etc.

Slum Development – Preparation of a programme for the development of slum pockets in

the city. This includes access to all the basic services as well as housing for urban poor.

Economic Development – The revised CDP will focus critically on tapping the strengths of

the region and identifying key economic development opportunities for the city.

Social Development – The revised CDP will take into account the social development needs

of the city such as the need for hospitals, education institutes, and recreational centres.

Institutional Development – Assessment of capacity-building needs of ULBs to undertake

development of city

Financial Sustainability - The revised CDP will assess the revenue sources, areas of

expenditure and current and future investment requirement of the city. Based on this, it would

arrive at a sustainable investment capacity and would suggest measures to improve revenues

and control expenditures.

Reform Assessment Plan – The revised CDP will also discuss status of various reforms

undertaken by the ULBS to bring about improvements. These reforms are in the areas of

accounting, e-governance, property tax, user changes, building bye laws.

Moreover, the approach will be based on the philosophy of developing workable solutions. The

methodology for the preparation of revised CDP is presented in the figure below. Broadly, there are

five stages in the process. Each of the tasks and the components are further discussed in detail in this

chapter.

Figure 1-3: Approach and Methodology

Inception meeting

City level Assessment, SWOT Analysis, Review of SLB indicators and ongoing projects & reforms

Submission of Interim ReportStakeholder

Meeting

Preparation of FOP and CIP, framing Vision, Goals, Identification of priority sectors and identification of Infrastructure projects.

Submission of Draft Report

Stakeholder

MeetingFinal City Development Plan

Committee Formation

CDB Policy Committee

CDP Technical Committee

1st Step

2nd Step

3rd Step

4th Step

5th Step

Data collection as required for CDP

Review of 1st Generation CDP

Submission of Inception Report

1.6 Brief of 1st Generation CDP

The 1st generation CDP for Udaipur town was prepared in the year 2006-07. The preparation of CDP

involved consultations with UMC officers, the elected body, and representatives from other parastatals



dealing with urban infrastructure and service provisioning in the town. An important and essential

component of the CDP preparation process is stakeholder consultation. In order to effectively capture

the needs and priorities of the stakeholder, a three-stage consultation process was adopted. The

consultant had arranged for presentations and discussions at different stages, where necessary

inputs were provided by the officers. The CDP report mentions that it was prepared in consultation

with:

Udaipur Municipal Council (UMC),

Urban Improvement Trust (UIT),

Public Health Engineering Department (PHED),

Public Works Department (PWD).

Moreover, consultations were conducted with NGOs, the Chamber of commerce, Hotelier‟s

Association, transport associations, key industrialists, and eminent citizens.

The city vision of Udaipur is an amalgamation of voices of several cross sections of the civil society. It

is defined ensuring representation of views and aspirations shared by stakeholders. The vision of

Udaipur as developed after taking the above factors into account is:

“A city of lakes that provides for its residents an environmentally friendly,

economically vibrant ambiance, providing large amounts and a variety of

opportunities along with a sustainable infrastructure that takes care of all of its

citizens giving equal importance to urban poor of city”

The CDP notes that the stakeholder consultations were attended by participants from various

government offices, public representatives, journalists, builders and engineers, trade and commerce

institutions, academicians, members of the civil society, non-governmental organizations, etc.

However, most of the officials involved in CDP preparation are not with UMC now, and the present

UMC officials seem to be unaware of the vision and projects identified for Udaipur under the CDP.

The discussion with the honourable mayor of city revealed that elected representatives have

contributed extensively in the preparation of the CDP.

The UMC officials are interested in developing a comprehensive document for the development of

Udaipur city. They intend to increase the role of UMC in developing and implementing infrastructure

projects, as they would be better equipped with data for managing the infrastructure, which has been

designed and developed by them.

The local government of Udaipur has recently got upgraded to a municipal corporation from a

municipal council. A technical and managerial capacity enhancement programme may be covered

under revision of CDP. The UMC officials are specifically looking forward to in-house capacity

building, e-governance for all municipal services, projects under social amenities and traffic

management that can improve the quality of life and inclusion of issues related to flood/ disaster

mitigation.

1.6.1 Key facts at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP

The CDP report for the city of Udaipur projects a population of 8.41 lakhs for the year 2031. The

status of infrastructure then in the town was inadequate. The intermittent availability of water supply

was 74 lpcd. An underground sewerage network was present in select areas of the city; septic tanks

and soak pits were used for the disposal of sludge at the household level where underground

drainage is not laid. Door-to-door solid waste collection not implemented. The waste was being

collected at community MSW containers and dumped at dump site without treatment.



1.6.2 Projects envisaged under 1st generation CDP

For improving service delivery, the previous CDP has proposed capital investment plan for the Year

2006-12. It defined the demand and investment needs across different sectors. It envisaged projects

to the tune of Rs. 742 crores under various sectors. Nearly half of the investment was planned for

water supply and followed by sewerage. Other major sectors include traffic and transportation,

drainage (including development of the Ayad River), lake conservation, and heritage and tourism. The

table below presents the cost break-up for each proposed project and the key components under

each sector.

Figure 1-4 Investment identified under 1st

generation CDP

Source: 1st Generation City Development Plan for Udaipur

1.7 Brief scenario of city after 1st Generation CDP

The 1st generation CDP is a detailed and comprehensive documentation of the city‟s urban

infrastructure, municipal services, and other specific sectors such as urban environment, heritage etc.

It focused on a consultative approach to finalize and prioritize the projects.

As proposed in the 1st generation CDP, the water supply project was taken up, and related service

levels have shown improvement over the years. The water supply project was implemented by PHED.

Even though proposed, projects of solid waste management and sewerage projects were not taken

up by UMC due to lack of technical knowhow for designing and implementing large infrastructure

projects. It is important to note that the ULB of Udaipur has been recently upgraded to a municipal

corporation from a municipal council. The staffing of UMC is being upgraded, which will help in

improving the capacity for developing infrastructure projects.

Presently, UMC has limited role in the provisioning of urban services. Water supply is provided by

PHED. UIT plays an important role in developing new projects for sewerage and roads. Recently,

maintenance of sewerage been transferred to UMC. UMC is providing SWM and roads. Hence, UMC

has comparatively lower financial responsibility, and with the available financial resources, it could

manage the services and achieve a stable operating ratio in last few years. In future, role and

responsibility of UMC in service provisioning will increase, which will require more financial resources.



In state of Rajasthan, urban development tax (UDT) is levied instead of property tax. It is known that

UD tax allows for higher exemption as compared to property tax. The Urban Development tax

collection performance of UMC is nearly 10%, which needs to be improved on priority. Implementation

of property tax in true sense is necessary. The service provisioning levels for SWM and sanitation

facilities need to be improved, and user charges need to be levied.

The 1st generation CDP highlighted need for lake conservation, heritage conservation, and tourism

development. The lake conservation has been taken up under National Lake Conservation

Programme (NLCP). The heritage listing has recently been initiated. These efforts need strengthening

for supporting tourism economy of city.

1.8 Key Process undertaken for CDP Preparation

The revision of CDP was initiated with a kick-off meeting in September 2013. The Municipal

Commissioner of the Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) chaired the meeting and was attended by

key city officials to be involved in the CDP preparation process. The following aspects were discussed

during the meeting:

Objective and coverage of the CBUD project

Need for revising CDP

Revised CDP guidelines

Process of preparation of revised CDP

Formation of committees

Importance of consultation process and city level stakeholder workshops

Timelines and deliverables

The support and information needed from UMC officials was discussed in detail which was followed

up by responding the queries of UMC officials.

Figure 1-5 Kick off meeting at UMC

A meeting with the honourable mayor of Udaipur city was conducted post kick off meeting. A briefing

was given to her about the CBUD project, objective of revision of CDP, and role of the elected body.

Data collection

After the kick-off meeting, CRIS team members visited Udaipur city several times to collect data from

different organizations such as UMC, UIT, PHED, Pollution Control Board, Education and health



department etc. Other major documents such as Udaipur Master plan, detailed project reports of

various urban services, municipal budget, slum free city plan of action and physical progress of on-

going projects was collected. CRIS team has carried out the consultations with various stakeholders

of the city and carried out City level assessment which includes the Strength, Weakness, Opportunity

and Threat (SWOT) analysis.

1.8.1 Committee Formation

One of the important aspects in the revised CDP guidelines is the formation of committees -- CDP

Policy Committee and CDP Technical Committees. These committees would guide the overall CDP

revision process. The UMC is in process of formation of these committees.

1.8.2 Stakeholder’s consultation brief

To ensure a participatory and inclusive development process CRIS team carried out wide range of

stakeholder consultations and focus group discussions with the city stakeholders of the city. The

exercise involved mapping of the key stakeholders in the city followed by discussions on city level

issues. As indicated in the figure below, one to one consultations were carried out with the

Government officials, business and trade organisations.

Further, CRIS in association with UMC organised a city level stakeholder workshop on 9th June 2014

at UMC. The Objective of the workshop was to discuss about status and performance of service

delivery mechanism in Udaipur, City SWOT analysis, to understand aspirations of the citizen on city

development and framing of the vision for Udaipur city. The workshop was attended by 48 participants

who include the representatives from parastatal agencies, NGOs, academicians, trade association,

hotelier association, UMC council member and UMC officials etc.

Figure 1-6 1st

city level stakeholder consultation



Figure 2-1: Udaipur – Regional Setting

2. INTRODUCTION TO THE CITY

Udaipur city is considered as one of the oldest cities in India. Foundation of the present day Udaipur,

which is the capital city of Mewar kingdom, was laid in 1559 by Maharaja Udai Singh. The city

continued to be the capital of Mewar till it became a princely state of British India in 1818. When India

got independence in 1947, the Maharaja of Udaipur granted the place to the Government of India

Udaipur was constituted as a municipality in 1922 by the Mewar dynasty. In 1960, Udaipur was

connected with Ahmedabad through a meter gauge railway line, which has increased the tourist traffic

from Gujarat to Udaipur and has also increased the trade between these two important regional

trading hubs. In April 2013, it got the status of Municipal Corporation.

2.1 Regional Setting

The city is a district head quarter of Udaipur

district. Udaipur also serves as a market centre

for smaller towns in the region. The city has

wholesale markets for various commodities

ranging from food grains to building materials.

Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale

market for grains.

After the partition of India, a large number of

refugees migrated to Udaipur, which increased

the city‟s population and eventually its extent.

Important educational institutes offering

graduate and post-graduate degrees, such as

universities, agriculture colleges, polytechnics,

medical colleges, rural institutes, ayurvedic

colleges, and Railway Research Institute, were

established. During this time, it was discovered

that Udaipur city and surrounding region were

rich in mineral resources. The important metals

and non-metallic minerals found in the district were ore of copper, lead, zinc, and silver. Among

industrial minerals, phosphate, asbestos, calcite, limestone, barites, emerald, and marble were also

found in the region. With the availability of these important minerals, Udaipur and its surrounding

region witnessed industrial development.

The city has witnessed multi-fold development in the last two decades. It acts as an industrial,

administrative, and educational centre of the region. It is also an important tourist destination for local

as well as foreign travellers; however, the city is facing competition from other cities of Rajasthan. The

city‟s connectivity and historic significance play a major role in making it an important city of the

region.



2.2 Administrative Boundary

Udaipur city is the administrative capital of Udaipur district having a total area of 11,724 sq km. As of

today, there are 17 urban centres comprising Municipal Corporation, municipalities, and census

towns. The UMC is the only municipal corporation in the district. UMC has an area of 64 sq km after

the city‟s expansion, and is divided into 55 election and revenue wards. The city has witnessed

growth in peripheral areas during the last few years, owing to which 4 adjoining towns are being

notified as census/urban towns. These urban centres are Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuwana, and Bicchri.

2.2.1 Location and connectivity

Udaipur city is a part of Girwa tehsil of Udaipur district in southern Rajasthan, which is located at an

altitude of 1962 feet from mean sea level. It is located at longitude 24.58°N and latitude 73.68°E. On

its southwest state capital city of Jaipur, in west city of Kota, and in northeast city of Ahmedabad are

located.

Figure 2-2: Location and Connectivity – Udaipur city

Udaipur is directly linked to major cities of India like New Delhi, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, and Mumbai

through roads, railways, and air routes. It is located at a distance of about 450 km from Jaipur and

250 km from Ahmedabad on National Highway 8. It also has the distinction of being the only city in

the country to have both the East-West and North-South Corridors of the Golden Quadrilateral

Highway Project passing through it. Udaipur is well connected to the major cities of India by land, rail,

and air. The city lies on the Golden Quadrilateral National Highway (NH-8), midway between Delhi

and Mumbai. The East-West Corridor, which starts from Porbandar and ends at Silchar, passes from

Udaipur and shares the common space from Udaipur to Chittor.

Udaipur city has direct trains on the broad gauge network to most of the major cities in Rajasthan and

the rest of India such as Alwar, Jaipur, Kota, Chittorgarh, Ajmer, Delhi, and other cities and a meter

gauge network to Ahmedabad. Famous luxury trains, the Palace on Wheels, Royal Rajasthan,

Maharaja Express, and Indian Maharaja, make a scheduled stop in Udaipur. The city is a famous

tourist attraction, with approximately 15 to 18 thousand daily tourist arrivals and is often called as the

„Venice of the East‟ as well as the „Lake City‟. The lakes Pichola, Fateh Sagar, Udai Sagar, and

Swaroop Sagar in the city are considered as the most beautiful lakes in the state.



Maharana Pratap Airport is situated in a satellite town about 20 km from Udaipur city. Daily flights are

operated by various airlines, which connect Udaipur with Jodhpur, Jaipur, Mumbai, and Delhi. The

airport was constructed by the Airports Authority of India and is going to be upgraded to an

international airport.

2.3 Defining the Study Area

A key step in the preparation of CDP is the delineation of its limits, i.e., the geographic extent to be

considered in the plan. Spatial limits considered for developing the revised CDP include area under

the ULB and the outer growth areas. As per the 2011 census, Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuwana, and Bichhri

towns are classified as census towns – outer growth areas. As per the Udaipur Draft Master Plan for

2031, other than the Udaipur city area, total 121 revenue villages have been added in the planning

area.

2.4 Physical Setting

2.4.1 Topography and geology

Udaipur is strategically guarded by the spectacularly green, lofty, and mineral-rich Aravalli hills and

steel-blue lakes. The old city is mostly on a hillock, and new extensions are on a plain terrain, which is

enclosed by a massive wall 5-feet thick and about 20 feet high and having about a 6-mile

circumference, which was constructed during 1615-1734 AD. The wall has 10 gates.

The Udaipur district is divided into three regions based on physiographic and geological

characteristics: tribal, desert, and plain regions. It has undulating topography, towards the western

part of the district; series of Aravalli hills run along north east and south west direction.

A typical plain of gneisses and granites without any alluvium cover is observed to the east of Aravalli

ridges. Soil characteristics of the district vary from clay loam to heavy clay. Geomorphologically, the

district is divided into the following units:

Origin Land forms Occurrence

Fluvial Valley Fill Scattered in the entire district

Denudation Pediment Main concentration in the northeast and scattered in the entire district

Buried pediment Main concentration in the east and scattered in the entire district

Hill Structural Hill Cover the entire district, except the northeast

The hydrogeological formations occurring in and around Udaipur city being mainly graywackes and

phyllites, generally have poor ground water potentiality. The average yield of the tube wells in is 6000-

9000 per hour1.

1 http://www.geologydata.info/udaipur_water_resources.htm

http://www.geologydata.info/udaipur_water_resources.htm



2.4.2 Climate

Winter season is the favourable season to visit Udaipur. During the coldest month of January, days

are bright, sunny, and warm with maximum temperature around 28.3°C. Mornings, evenings, and

nights are cold with the minimum temperature around 11.6°C. During summer months, the average

maximum temperature is around 40°C. Monsoon arrives in the month of July, and the average annual

rainfall is about 637 mm. Monthly precipitation varies between 3.5 mm in January to 205 mm in the

month of August.

2.4.3 Agriculture, mineral, and industry

Agriculture

Udaipur district falls under the humid southern plain as per the agriculture and water map of the

state2. The majorly crops grown in the district include wheat, malt, corn, guar, pulses, sugarcane,

cotton, oil seeds, rice, and tobacco. Udaipur serves as a market centre for smaller towns of the

region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities ranging from food grains to building

materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for grains. UIT has also planned to

develop a large sub-city centre. This is essential to meet the growing need for a formal and organized

commercial space in the heart of city and decentralization of commercial activities from the walled

city.

Mineral and industry

Industrially, Udaipur‟s development originated in the 1950s. Prior to the 1950s, only about 15 units

were registered in Udaipur. These units were largely associated with the processing and

manufacturing of mineral ores, metals, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals, as well as wooden toys, oil,

and food products. The most important milestone in the development of mineral-based industries was

the formation of Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited.

On the basis of the development in the industrial sector, Udaipur is considered to be one among the

leading districts of the state. This is merely due to the fact that Udaipur has a large variety of mineral

resources as well as it is connected through rails and roads from all important trade centres of the

state as well as country.

There are around 14678 commercial establishments in the city as on 2011 (covering shops and

workshops). After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the

railway station along the Udai Sagar Road. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles,

stone grinding, and auto-repair workshops.

2.4.4 Water resources

The Rajasthan state constitutes 10% of the country‟s area, but is bestowed with only 1.17% of its

water resources. Ground water table all over the state is going down3. Major water resources for the

city are lakes; Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly or indirectly the life source of

the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and the ecosystem at large.

2 In absence of city level information, information is derived from this source

http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Departments/Agriculture/index_hnd.asp 3 http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/SoE%20report%20of%20Rajasthan_0.pdf

http://www.krishi.rajasthan.gov.in/Departments/Agriculture/index_hnd.asp

http://envfor.nic.in/sites/default/files/SoE%20report%20of%20Rajasthan_0.pdf



The Udaipur lake system comprises lakes Pichola, Rang Sagar, Fateh Sagar, Swaroop Sagar, Badi,

Madar, and Udai Sagar. All the lakes form a chain in the saucer shaped Udaipur valley. The inner

Girwa plain of Udaipur is surrounded by the western and central hill, and its water drains into the Ahar

River. Important lakes of this basin are Badi, Fateh Sagar, Pichola, Rang Sagar, and Swaroop Sagar.

Table 2-1: Major Lakes and Catchment Area

Lake name Catchment Area (Ha)

Pichola lake 12700

Fatehsagar lake 2315

Bada Madar lake 7290

Chotta Madar lake 2534

Badi lake 1820

Chikalwas lake 6450

Total 33190

Source: Brief Note on Urban Environment – Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

Fatehsagar Lake

The lake is situated in the north of Udaipur city, as a part of the western lake frontage. The lake was

constructed in the year 1678 AD and then renovated in 1889 AD by Maharana Fateh Singh. The dam

of this reservoir is 720 m in length and about 100 m in breadth. The lake has a catchment area of

53.66 km. The greatest depth of lake lies near the middle of the dam, i.e., 13.4 m. The total spread is

4.0 sq km.

Lake Pichola

The lake was initially constructed in the 14th century. Rana Udai Singh further raised its embankment

in 1560 AD. Water spread of the lake is 6.96 sq km, and it has a maximum depth of 10.5 m towards

the west where the Kotra River drains into the lake. The lake is the main source of drinking water. The

Sisarma River, a tributary of Kotra, is the chief source of water to the lake.

Rang Sagar

This lake was constructed by Amar Singh Badava and is also called „Amarkund‟ after him.

Constructed in 1668, this lake has a length of 1030 m, a width of 245 m, and a maximum depth of 7

m. It is one of the smallest lakes along the western waterfront of Udaipur, and connects Pichola and

Swaroop Sagar.

Swaroop Sagar

Swaroop Sagar lake is located in south of Rang Sagar and it is a part of Lake Pichola. The lake

provides a combined water weir for Pichola and Rang Sagar. The lake also links Pichola and Rang

Sagar with adjoining Fateh Sagar Lake through a canal. In monsoon, this canal is sometimes used to

draw water in Fateh Sagar from Pichola Lake when Pichola reaches a high water level.

2.4.5 Forest resources

Forests constitute an important component of the physical environment of the state. Rajasthan state

is largely arid. It has only 9.5% of the total geographical area recorded as forest. Most of the forests

are dry deciduous type and concentrated in the Aravalli and Vindhyan hill systems in eastern



Rajasthan with the western part having many grasslands. The forests are rich in flora and fauna. The

forests of Rajasthan are spread unequally in the northern, southern, eastern, and southeastern parts.

As per 2001 information, 37% of the total geographical area of Udaipur district is under forests. As

compared to other districts of Rajasthan, the Udaipur district has higher forest resources . The per

capita forest area is 0.17 Ha, as per the census 2001 population4.

A strong social forestry programme is underway, to preserve forests and biodiversity, since the 1980s.

There is extreme exploitation of forests and biodiversity in the state.

4 Presented data in the report is sourced from this website: http://rajforest.nic.in/?q=district-forest-geo1.

http://rajforest.nic.in/?q=district-forest-geo1



3. DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE OF THE TOWN

3.1 Background

Rajasthan is a state in western India, which is known as „the land of kings‟. The state was formed on

30th March 1949; the region was until then known as Rajputana. As per Census 2011, the population

of Rajasthan was about 6.86 crores, spread over an area of 342239 sq km. The state is

administratively divided into total 33 districts, 7 divisions, 249 blocks, and 44672 villages. Rajasthani

is the widely spoken language in the state, although Hindi and English are used for official purpose.

Rajasthan is pre-eminent and the leading investment destination in India after Maharashtra and

Gujarat because of peaceful environment, better law and order situation, excellent infrastructure, and

investment friendly climate.

3.2 Population and Urbanization

As per Census 2011, the total population of the state was 6.86 crores, which accounts for 5.67% of

the total population in India. Share of urban population has increased minimally from 23.39% in 2001

to 24.89% in 2011. As compared with the national average (about 33%), the rate of urbanization in

the state is marginally low. Over the last decade, the net addition of urban population has been about

38.66 lakhs.

Of the total 33 districts, 4 districts, viz., Jaipur, Jodhpur, Kota, and Ajmer, have reported higher

percentage share of urban population of the state). Districts like Pratapgadh, Jaisalmer, Dungarpur,

and Banswara have reported almost nil urban population.

Table 3-1: Rajasthan State Profile

Particular Details

Administrative Districts (No.) 33

Total Population (2011) 68.62 million

% Urban Population 24.89%

% Rural Population 75.11%

Area (Sqkm) 342,239

Per capita GSDP 2005-06 (Rs Current price) 18,565

Per capita GSDP 2010-11 (Rs Current price) 39,967

State Capital Jaipur

Sex Ratio 926

Literacy Rate 67.06%

Population as % of total population in India (2011)

5.67%

Further, urban centres in the state is categorised into municipal corporations, municipal councils, and

municipalities. As of now, there are 6 municipal corporations, 166 municipalities, and 12 municipal

councils in the state. As per the 2001 census, there were total 216 urban centres in Rajasthan having



132.05 lakh population, 20 class I cities accounting for 57% of the urban population,. Class I cities

include Jaipur, Jodhpur UA, Kota UA, Bikaner, Ajmer UA, Udaipur, and others.

Table 3-2: Urban Structure of Rajasthan 20015

Class of Towns Population range

(Person)

No. of Towns Population (in lakhs)

Growth rate %

Class I above 100000 20 75.58 49.5

Class II 50000-100000 26 18.40 34.1

Class III 20000-50000 90 27.47 27.1

Class IV 10000-20000 59 9.14 -29.3

Class V and VI below 10000 21 1.16 -26.6

Total 216 132.05 31.17

For 2011, information regarding class of towns is not yet available, hence not presented here.

However, as per the 2011 census, cities of Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Kota come under the category of

million-plus cities.

3.2.1 Udaipur district

Udaipur district is an important administrative,

commercial, and educational centre in the state. It is

the 5th largest district in terms of total population and

holds the 8th position in terms of urban population in the

state. As per the 2011 census, population of Udaipur

district was 30.68 lakhs, which accounts for only 4% of

the total state population.

Population of the district has increased from 24.80 lakhs

in 2001 to 30.68 lakhs in 2011, registering a decadal

growth of 23.7%. Share of urban population is about

26.8%, which is lower than state average of 29%. The

district is divided into 11 tehsils and 2123 villages.

19.83% of the total district‟s population lives in urban

regions of the district. There are total 5 urban centres in

the district. Udaipur city accounts for 74.14% of the total

district‟s urban population, which indicates that Udaipur

city has a significant presence in the district.

Table 3-3 Population of growth rate – Rajasthan city, Udaipur district and Udaipur city

Administrative unit Population (2011) (in lakhs) Growth Rate (%)

Rajasthan 68.62 21.51

Udaipur District 30.68 16.54

Udaipur City 4.51 15.83

5 http://iuc2011.in/sites/default/files/presentations/Small-and-Medium-Towns-Of-Rajasthan.pdf

Figure 3-1: Udaipur district

http://iuc2011.in/sites/default/files/presentations/Small-and-Medium-Towns-Of-Rajasthan.pdf



Administrative unit Population (2011) (in lakhs) Growth Rate (%)

Udaipur UA 4.75 18.00

Source: Census of India 2011

3.2.2 Udaipur city

As per the Census of India, the population of Udaipur in 2011 was 4.51 lakhs, and it is the 6th largest

city among cities having more than 1 lakh population in the state. UMC population accounts for 2.65%

of the urban population of the state and 74.14% of the urban population of the district. Area of the city

has increased from 37 sq km in 2001 to 64 sq km in 2013.

Table 3-4: Comparative Population of Udaipur City - 2011

Administrative unit

Population (lakhs) % of urban population w.r.t. total population

Urban population comparison

Total Rural Urban

Rajasthan 685.48 515.00 170.48 24.87 2.65

Udaipur District 30.68 24.59 6.08 19.82 74.14

Udaipur City 4.51 0 4.51 100 100

Source: Census 2011

3.3 Population Growth Trend

The city has witnessed considerable

population growth in the last four decades

while acting as a magnet city for the

surrounding region. The growing economy

and growing tourism sector have attracted

both urban as well as rural populace. The

city has witnessed high growth rate during

1971-1981 and 1981-1991 due to

increased economic activities.

The decadal growth rate from 2001 to

2011 was 15.83% which is near to natural

growth rate of population. It has reduced

from previous decades, due to growth of outer peripheral areas. Areas outside the core city started

developing during the last few years. Another reason for this scenario is less or stagnated work

opportunities for marginal jobs in core city area.

Table 3-5: Population Growth Trend – Udaipur City

Year Population (Municipal Corporation) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth Rate (%)

1971 161278 - -

1981 232583 71305 44.21

1991 308571 75988 32.67

2001 389438 80867 26.21

Figure 3-2: Population growth trend – Udaipur city



Year Population (Municipal Corporation) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth Rate (%)

2011 451100 61662 15.83

Source: Census 2011

Categorized as villages in 2001, Bedla, Bargaon, Bhuwana, and Bicchri have become census towns

in 2011. There has been a drastic change in the decadal growth rate in these towns, as shown in the

next table.

Table 3-6: Population Growth Trend – Census Towns

Year Population (census towns) Decadal Variation Decadal Growth rate (%)

2001 24531 - -

2011 36919 12388 50.50

Source: Census 2011

Name of town Year (population) Decadal variation (No.) % decadal growth rate

2001 2011

Bedla 4478 5766 1288 28.76

Baragaon (rural) 5779 9193 3414 59.08

Bicchri 4052 4295 243 6.00

Bhuwana 10222 17665 7443 72.81

The decadal growth rate in Baragaon and Bhuwana was more than 50%. Bhuwana is located along

NH-8, while Baragaon (rural) is near SH-76.

Table 3-7: Total Population (Udaipur City + Census Towns)

Year Population (Nagar nigam) Population (census towns) Total population (Udaipur

UA)

2001 389438 24531* 413969*

2011 451100 36919 488019

Source: Census 2001, 2011

Note: *In 2001, census towns were considered as villages.

Migration Status/Floating Population

Migration is movement from one place to another place during a time period. It is thus place and time

specific. It also has direction, from and to. Migration is one of the most important components of

population change.

The city is a growth pole for the region. It is evident from the in-migration statistics published under

Census 2001 that Udaipur has witnessed 34% rural-to-urban and 49% urban-to-urban migration of

the total migration.



Table 3-8: Migration Status – Udaipur City6

Percentage of total migrants

1981 2001

Outside State

Within State

Others Outside State

Within State

Others

Total Migrants - -

Rural to Urban 30 34

Urban to Urban 40 49

Migration within State 24 - 2 24 74 30

Migration within District 20 16 30 31 43 26

Source: Primary Census Abstract and Migration Tables 2001; City Development Plan, Udaipur 2007

Tourist Population

Udaipur city is a well-known tourist

destination globally, which is famous for its

lakes, culture, architecture, and heritage.

Tourism sector is the largest contributor to

Udaipur‟s economy. Tourist season in

Udaipur starts by August and lasts until

March. The period between October and

February is the peak season for tourism

activities. Most of the fairs and festivals are

held during this season. There is also a large

religious tourist inflow during these months.

The number of foreign tourists has increased during the last four years, and the number of total

tourists have also increased. Foreign tourists comprise around 22-24%, while domestic tourists

comprises 76–78%. It has been observed that the tourist population has not grown significantly in last

few years. It has remained in the range of 7 to 7.5 lakh tourists.

Table 3-9: Tourist Arrival Statistics - Udaipur

Year Domestic tourists

(No.) (% of total)

Foreign tourists (No.) (% of total)

Total tourists (No.)

2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507

2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586

2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879

2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630

2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330

2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880

2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530

6 Migration data for then census 2011 is not available; hence migration data of 1991 and 2001 years is taken into consideration.

Figure 3-3: Tourists arrival in Udaipur




(No.) (% of total)



2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270

2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676

2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312

2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313

2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143

2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612

Source: Rajasthan State Government Tourism Department website

3.4 Population Density

Population density within the city has decreased from 10525 persons per sq km (2001) to 7048

persons per sq km (2011), due to inclusion of census towns.

Table 3-10: Population Density – Udaipur City

Year Population Area (sq km) Population density (persons per sq km)

2001 389438 37 10525

2011 451100 64 7048


Density in the core city is about 7048 persons per sq. km, whereas density in census towns is about

1515 persons per sq km. Previously, these areas were rural settlements where the population would

be concentrated in one residential area (Abadhi) and the remaining area would be either agricultural

land or vacant land.

Population Density – Ward wise

The ward-wise population has been analysed to understand the spatial distribution of population. The

Municipal Corporation of Udaipur is divided into 55 wards.

Figure 3-4: Udaipur Ward Map



Source: http://www.udaipurmc.org/

The population distribution and density at disaggregated level are given in the following table.

Table 3-11: Ward Density

Ward No.

Population Ward area (Ha)

Population density

(pph)

Ward No.

Population Ward

area (Ha)

Population density

(pph)

1 9112

232 39 31 12443

543 23

2 8124

448 18 32 8151

204 40

3 6178

194 32 33 10596

55 194

4 6549

117 56 34 4617

79 58

5 8341

63 132 35 8856

69 129

6 9092

115 79 36 6182

270 23

http://www.udaipurmc.org/



7 10881

53 204 37 17182

213 81

8 12990

192 68 38 6957

41 169

9 6774

496 14 39 7176

136 53

10 6538

15 439 40 8625

133 65

11 6488

43 150 41 7278

52 141

12 6357

7 882 42 6837

37 183

13 5510

12 475 43 5069

10 497

14 6804

100 68 44 5620

11 504

15 7327

91 80 45 6105

20 301

16 12964

172 75 46 6107

12 519

17 10941

110 99 47 6640

13 520

18 8864

108 82 48 4963

8 651

19 12124

193 63 49 5895

10 601

20 13829

167 83 50 6066

105 58

21 9488

64 149 51 6779

57 120

22 9589

134 72 52 7929

108 73

23 13379

140 96 53 6752

44 152

24 7671

38 201 54 9428

93 102

25 3314

20 164 55 6928

154 45

26 10874

139 78

27 6468

46 142

28 8533

65 131

29 5829

29 198

30 10987

122 90

As seen from the table above there is large variation in population distribution among 55 wards.

Population density is high in ward no. 12, 48, 49, and 10.



3.5 Average Household Size

In UMC, the number of households has increased from 78557 in 2001 to 94704 in 2011, recording a

decadal growth of 21%. However, almost negligible change is noted in household size, i.e., 4.96 in

2001 to 4.76 in 2011. The household size in the district and state is larger than that in the city;

however, there has been an overall decrease in household size from 2001 to 2011 at all levels.

Table 3-12: Household Size

Year State District City

2001 6.06 5.19 4.96

2011 5.45 4.92 4.76


3.6 Literacy Rate

According to the 2011 census, literacy rate if the city is 80%, while in the census towns, it accounted

for 75%. Male literates accounted for 84%, while female literates accounted for 76% in 2011. As

compared to 2001, the overall literacy rate has increased with an overall Improvement in male and

female literacy rate.

Table 3-13: Literacy Rate – Udaipur City

Year Male literacy rate (male literates/ total male

population)

Female literacy rate (female literates/ total female

population)

Total literacy rate

2001 83 72 77

2011 84 76 80


The literacy rate is compared with that of the district and state to analyse the trends in the city.

Table 3-14: Literacy Rate Comparison

Year Udaipur city Udaipur district State

2001 87 59 60

2011 80 61 66

According to the census 2011, UMC‟s literacy rate is higher than the district (61%) and state (66%)

literacy rates. The reason could be availability of adequate educational facilities within the city.

Further, efforts have been made by the district education department to improve public education

facilities in the city. During last few years, there has been a substantial increase in private educational

institutes in and around the city, which would have affected the literacy rate.

The district literacy rate has also increased from 59% in 2001 to 61% in 2011, and the state literacy

rate increased from 60% to 66% in the same period.



3.7 Sex Ratio

Sex ratio has significantly improved over the decades in UMC, from 844 in 1981 to 925 in 2011. This

indicates a healthy gender composition in the city.

Table 3-15: Sex Ratio

Year Udaipur city Udaipur district State

1981 844 - -

1991 845 - -

2001 907 971 922

2011 925 958 928

Source: Census

The district sex ratio decreased from 971 to 958 during the decade 2001-11. At the same time, the

sex ratio of the state has increased from 922 to 928. It is to be noted that the sex ratio of the district is

higher than the city and state average.

3.8 Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe Population

The city has a sizeable scheduled caste (SC) and scheduled tribe (ST) population. As per Census

2011, SC population (0.47 lakhs) and ST population (0.22 lakhs) accounted for 10% and 5% of the

total population, respectively. SC population has increased from 0.36 lakhs in 2001 to 0.47 lakhs in

2011, registering a decadal growth of 28%. ST population has increased from 0.18 lakhs in 2001 to

0.22 lakhs in 2011, registering a decadal growth of 22%.

Table 3-16: SC and ST Population – Udaipur City*

Category 2001 2011 Decadal Growth (%)

SC 36879 47308 28

ST 18553 22633 22


*Note: Only Udaipur city’s population is taken into consideration.

SC and ST population in census towns has increased at a decadal growth rate of 68% and 25%

respectively.

Category 2001 2011 Decadal Growth (%)

SC 1656 2788 68

ST 4394 5505 25

Further, SC and ST population levels are compared with that of the district and state to understand

their share in total population. According to Census 2011, in Udaipur district, SC population accounts

for 6% and ST accounts for 50% of the total district population.

Table 3-17: Share of SC and ST Population – District and State Level

Unit Total population (lakhs) % of SC population % of ST population



UMC 4.511 10 5

Udaipur district 30.68 6 50

Rajasthan state 685.48 19 14

Source: Census 2011

As far as the state is concerned, SC population accounts for 19% and ST population accounts for

14% of the total state population. The share of ST population in the district is high as compared to the

city and state.

3.9 Population Projections

Population projections play a vital role in the assessment of future needs of the city. Projected

population would assist in estimating the demand for water supply, sewerage, solid waste

management, and social infrastructure facilities, such as schools, hospitals, and parks, in the ensuing

years. Projection is carried out for the next 30 years using various methods. Following sections

describe the methodology adopted for population projections.

3.9.1 Methodology adopted for estimation of population

In order to estimate the population for the next 30 years, initially, the population projections provided

in the 1st

generation CDP, water supply project, and draft Master Plan 2031, were reviewed. In the 1st

generation CDP, population projections were made based on the population growth trends and

migration pattern for the city. In draft Revised Master Plan for 2031, population projections were also

made based on past growth trends. The review indicates that projected population in 1st generation

CDP and draft master plan project report were almost near.

Table 3-18: Projected Population in Different Documents

Year 1st

generation CDP Draft Master Plan 2031 Water supply project DPR

2021 8.36 7.59 -

2031 10.8 10.02 -

2041 - - 11.02

Note: Population in lakhs

The appropriate method for population projection has been adopted to estimate the population for the

years, i.e., 2021, 2031 and 2041. Based on this, infrastructure requirement in water supply, sewerage

and sanitation, solid waste management, storm water drainage, traffic and transportation, and other

amenities would be forecasted. Further, based on the population trends during the past decades,

CRIS has projected the population for the study area using the following methods:

Arithmetic;

Geometric;

Incremental increase;

Exponential;

Power;

Log;

2nd order polynomial; and

3rd order polynomial



Basic Assumptions Made for Population Projection

While estimating the population for the next three decades, following factors were considered, which

would influence city‟s future growth:

Past growth trends of population and its patterns

Growth of various economic activities such as trade and commerce, industrial development,

agriculture and tourism related activities

Urbanization of surrounding villages

Table 3-19: Population Projections by Various Methods for 2nd

Generation CDP

Year Census

Population

Projected Population

2nd Order Polynomial

3rd Order Polynomial

Arithmetic Increase method

Incremental Increase method

Geometrical Progression

method

2011 488019 - - - - -

2021 522341 2708248 569704 594350 680653

2031 588788 1488719 651390 725325 949325

2041 715508 -1141184 733075 880946 1324049

Year Census

Population

Projected Population

Exponential Method Power Method Log Method

2011 488019 - - -

2021 - 5657250 3285756 2556129

2031 - 7723270 3638220 2689661

2041 - 10543799 3980370 2807444

Source: CRIS analysis

It can be observed from the table above that population projected through power, exponential, log,

and geometrical methods are on the higher side. The 3rd order polynomial method projects the

population on a lower side as compared to other methods. It is estimated that the population would

increase to 13.24 lakhs by the end of 2041, as per geometrical progression method. Using the

incremental increase method, it is expected to reach up to 8.80 lakhs by 2041.

Tourist Population Projections

Tourist population projection is carried out, considering the fact that tourism sector plays an important

role in Udaipur‟s economic development. Tourists visiting Udaipur also put pressure on the existing

infrastructure and basic services; hence, for the 2nd

generation CDP, tourist population is projected.

Table 3-20 Projections for tourist population


(No.) (% of total)



Annual growth rate (%)

2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507 -

2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586 -11.44




(No.) (% of total)



Annual growth rate (%)

2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879 -20.39

2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630 4.32

2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330 10.32

2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880 12.22

2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530 4.14

2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270 -4.06

2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676 2.49

2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312 -5.99

2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313 6.04

2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143 -0.29

2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612 3.25

Source: UMC

As seen in the table above, there is a wide fluctuation in annual tourist arrival in Udaipur from 2000 to

2012. Hence, it is not feasible to project future tourist population based on this trend and on decadal

basis. The average annual tourist arrival in Udaipur is 720589 (based on data), and the average

annual growth in tourist arrival is 6% (considering only positive growth). Hence, assuming an annual

increase of 13% for 2021, 15% for 2031, and 20% for 2041 based on the past trends, the estimated

tourist arrival in Udaipur will be as given below.

Table 3-21: Projected Tourist Population

Year Assumed annual increase (%) Projected tourist population

2021 13 812507

2031 15 828677

2041 20 864707


3.9.2 Summary of Population Projection through various methods

The population projected through various methods has been compared with population projections

estimated provided in the 1st generation CDP, detail project report for water supply project, and draft

Master Plan 2031.

Based on the above comparison, population growth trends during past four decades, and population

forecast from various methods, it is observed that the population forecast arrived at using

incremental increase method is most appropriate. As per the incremental increase method,

population of the Udaipur would increase to 7.25 and 8.80 lakhs in 2031 and 2041, respectively.

Further, population projection methods were presented during 1st city-level stakeholders‟ workshop.

The results of all the population projection methods were discussed with UMC officials.



3.10 Key Issues

Lower growth rate of Udaipur city as compared to district‟s and state‟s growth rate. Bikaner,

Badmer, Jodhpur are the other few rapidly growing districts of Rajasthan.

City holds 6th position in terms of urban population (among cities having more than 1 lakh

population).

Lower household size as compared to the district and state

Out-migration of male population in search of job due to less availability of work opportunities

Number of tourist arrival in Udaipur has increased however; growth rate has remained

stagnant during last few years. This may be due to increasing competition among other cities

of the state such as Jodhpur, Jesalmer etc.



4. ECONOMIC PROFILE OF THE CITY

4.1 Background

This chapter presents a detailed assessment of the economic profile of Udaipur covering aspects

such as key economic drivers of the city, spatial distribution of economic activity, industrial profile,

workforce participation rate, workers‟ classification, state-level economic policies which impact the

city‟s economy, key economic indicators with reference to state and district, and a brief on informal

sector activity in the city etc. The sector-wise workforce projections have been carried out for future

years. Further, key issues with respect to the city‟s economic base have been detailed out at the end

of the chapter.

Udaipur city has a diversified

economic base. The four pillars of

the city‟s economy are tourism,

education, administration and trade,

and commerce and industrial

sectors.

Industrial development in Udaipur

started way back in the 1960s when

only 15 units were registered.

These units were largely associated

with mineral ores‟ processing and

manufacturing, chemicals,

pharmaceuticals, wooden toys, and

food products. The most important

milestone in the development of mineral-based industries was the formation of Rajasthan State Mines

and Minerals Corporation. After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall

and near the railway station. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soap stone

grinding, and repair workshops.

It is a headquarters of Udaipur Division comprising five districts of division. The city is host to several

state and regional public offices. These include the offices of the Director of Mines and Geology,

Commissioner of Excise, Commissioner of Tribal Area Development, Hindustan Zinc Limited, and

Rajasthan State Mines and Mineral Corporation Limited. Other district-level offices include the

Collectorate, Public Works Department, Public Health and Engineering Department, and Office of

Senior Town Planner.

Udaipur serves as the market center for smaller towns of the region. The city has wholesale markets

for various commodities ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a

centralized whole-sale market for grains. Moreover, Udaipur is also an educational hub with 3

universities, 6 colleges and more than 160 high schools.

4.2 Overview of Economic Situation of the State and the Town

Rajasthan, the largest (area-wise) state in India, is located in the north-western part of the

subcontinent. It is surrounded on the north and north-east by the states of Punjab, Haryana and Uttar



Pradesh; on the east and south-east by the states of Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh; and on the

south-west by the state of Gujarat.

4.2.1 Rajasthan’s Economic Profile

The economy of the state is mainly agricultural and pastoral. Wheat and barley are cultivated over

large areas, as are pulses, sugarcane and oil seeds. Cotton and tobacco are the state‟s main cash

crops. Rajasthan is among the largest producer of edible oils in India and the second-largest producer

of oil seeds. There are mainly two crop seasons. Water for irrigation comes from wells and tanks.

Rajasthan is also the biggest wool-producing state in India and the main opium producer and

consumer. It is pre-eminent in quarrying and mining in India. The state is the second-largest source of

cement. Tourism and handicrafts industry are also important to the state‟s economy. The main

industries are mineral-based, agriculture-based and textiles. Rajasthan is the sole producer of lead

concentrate, zinc concentrate, gypsum, calcite, selenite and wollastonite as well as the leading

producer of silver, gold, copper, marble, sandstone, rock phosphate, lignite, etc. It accounted for 9.6%

of the total value of minerals produced in 2012-13.

The state‟s economy is analyzed at a current price

based on available data. As per the Economic

Review 2012-13 report of the state, GSDP has

increased over the years. However, GSDP‟s growth

rate declined in 2011-12 and 2012-13 both at current

and constant prices in comparison to previous years.

GSDP is the total monetary value of all the final

goods and services produced by an economy during

a given period of time accounted without duplication.

As seen in figure 4-2, the service sector‟s contribution

to GSDP is higher than agriculture and the industrial

sector. Contribution from industry is lower than

agriculture, which indicates low development of

industrial activities in the state.

Figure 4-2: Sectoral contribution of GSDP (current price)

Source: Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State

Figure 4-1: GSDP – Rajasthan State



4.2.2 Gross District Domestic Product (GDDP)

Average gross district domestic product of the state at current price in 2009-10 is Rs.805,530 lakhs.

The economy of Udaipur, Jaipur, and Jodhpur is largely driven by the tourism sector. The economy of

other districts is largely dependent on agriculture activities, and educational, service and tourism

sectors. As shown in the accompanying figure, Udaipur stands at the 6th position in GDP contribution.

Figure 4-3: District-wise GDP contribution

Source: Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State

4.2.3 Per Capita Income

Per capita income of the state and district has been reviewed

from the period 2012-13. It is derived by dividing the net

state domestic product by the total population of the state. As

per advance estimates, per capita income for the year 2012-

13 at current prices is estimated at Rs.60,552. This has

registered an increase of 12.87 percent over the previous

year.

4.2.4 Industrial Policies and Incentives

Rajasthan has been ranked 12th in India (2010) on the basis of its macro-economy, investment

environment, infrastructure, agriculture, primary education and consumer market. The share of

Rajasthan in industrial investments as a percentage to India‟s total industrial investment has been

steady; it has been increased from 1.26 percent in 2006 to 1.7 percent in 20107.

Rajasthan enjoys a strategic geographical position – it is situated between the northern and

western growth hubs in the country and 40 percent of the Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor runs

through it. The state has been successful in attracting a large number of multinationals as well as

domestic companies to set up operations in the state. Investors have set up ventures in fields as

diverse as information technology, electronics, textiles, chemicals, agro-processing, cement, granite,

and engineering. As in 2010, there are 322 industrial areas. The state is one of the favored

7 http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Rajasthan-state-profile.pdf

http://www.phdcci.in/admin/userfiles/file/Research-Bureau/Rajasthan-state-profile.pdf



destinations for the cement industry, being endowed with limestone which acts as the base for

cement production and also on account of the concessions provided by the state to the industry. The

state boasts of tremendous bio-diversity which is rarely to be found in other states. It has the potential

to create immense industrial activity in the field of biotechnology and modern biotech products like

recombinant DNA products and Bio-Informatics. Construction of four state-of-the-art biotech parks is

under consideration.

The state has identified immediate and long-term actions necessary for economic growth. It has

initiated facilitation steps aimed at streamlining the approval processes, promotion of exports, and

promotion of knowledge-intensive industries and better quality infrastructure. The key measures

aimed at are:

Improving Business Climate -- Focus on reducing the cost of delays and doing business

Developing High-Quality Infrastructure -- Enhancing the competitiveness of enterprises by

providing high-quality infrastructure

Enhancing Skill Levels and Employability -- Setting up different types of training institutes in

partnership with the private sector

Ensuring easy availability of land for projects -- Simplification of the process of land use

change, conversion of land and approvals of building plants

Encouraging Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME) -- The state facilitates cluster-

based development of MSMEs to make the produce competitive for the world market.

Promotion of thrust areas -- Special emphasis to be given to the promotion of mining and

mineral processing, IT, tourism, handicraft, cottage and agro-based industries

Initiatives on improving business and business climate8

Establishment of Economic Policy & Reforms Council

Establishment of Board for Infrastructure Development and Investment

Strengthening and deepening of electricity sector reforms

Approval of Special Economic Zone policy

Establishment of a venture capital fund for promoting technology and knowledge-intensive

businesses

Establishment of an investment commissioner office in New Delhi, to facilitate better interface

with industry and business

The Rajasthan Industrial and Investment Promotion Policy 2010 and the Rajasthan Investment

Promotion Scheme 2010 have been introduced in the state to achieve global competitiveness,

accelerate the overall pace of industrial growth, increase employment opportunities, ensure

sustainable development, and strengthen small, medium and large-scale industries. The scheme

offers a package of financial incentives, subsidies and exemptions to the enterprises in the state,

which has greatly increased the attractiveness of the state as an investment destination.

Medium-Scale and Large-Scale Industries

8 http://pppinindia.com/state-policy-rajasthan.php

http://pppinindia.com/state-policy-rajasthan.php



In all, there are 89 medium-scale industries in the state, as on 31st March 2013, employing 10,508

persons. The types of industries present are textile, food, and plastic. As on 31st March 2013, there

are 306 large-scale industrial running units, employing around 161,234 persons. The major categories

of industries include textile, chemical, cement, food, and iron and steel9.

Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

The state has a scheme for Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises Development Assistance Scheme,

200810

. It has the following characteristics:

Exemption from entry tax on inputs (raw materials, processing materials, and packaging

materials except fuels)

Reduction of CST to 0.25 percent only

Exemption of 75 percent electricity duty for units located in rural areas

30 percent of the plots will be reserved for micro, medium and small enterprises in new

industrial areas, to be developed by Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment

Corporation (RIICO).

The state government will encourage private sector investment for setting up industrial parks

and clusters by providing level playing field.

The state government will suitably augment „Critical Infrastructure Fund‟ and 50 percent of

this fund will be earmarked for infrastructural needs of the micro and small enterprises‟

clusters such as providing road connectivity, power lines and water availability.

There are in all 297,403 MSME industrial working units in the state, with an investment of Rs. 7,650

crore and employing around 12 lakh employees.

Agriculture

Agriculture and allied sectors play an important role in the state‟s economy. Agriculture in Rajasthan is

primarily rain-fed. The period of monsoon is short. Due to unstable weather conditions, farmers have

to depend on both rain-fed and ground water agriculture. During 2012-13, the following major

programmes were initiated by the department:

12 new soil-testing labs with the creation of micro-nutrient testing facilities in 32 labs

Ensuring fodder availability

Providing nutritional security through intensive millet promotion

Promoting farm mechanization

Weather-based crop insurance scheme is being implemented in the state for all major rabi

and kharif crops.

Special campaigns are being organized before each crop season at the gram panchayat level

to disseminate technical knowhow and ensure timely availability of agriculture inputs at the

door step of farmers.

Increasing the seed replacement rate and productivity of maize in tribal areas

9 http://rajind.rajasthan.gov.in/Medium_Scale_Ind_2012-13.pdf

10 http://www.rajcluster.com/pdf/msmepolicy.pdf

http://rajind.rajasthan.gov.in/Medium_Scale_Ind_2012-13.pdf

http://www.rajcluster.com/pdf/msmepolicy.pdf



A World Bank-funded project, namely „Rajasthan Agriculture Competitiveness Project,‟ has

been launched during 2012-13. This project is mainly emphasizing the judicious use of

irrigation water including ground and surface water and efficient use of water in rain-fed

areas.

Promotion of organic farming incentives for cultivators

4.2.5 Udaipur District’s Economic Profile

Udaipur is known for its picturesque

surroundings and its royal past. The district

is rich in mineral resources as a large

variety of important minerals are found in

the district. The secondary and tertiary

sectors are prominent in the district.

Industries, agriculture activities, and service

sectors are the key contributors to the

district‟s economy. Udaipur accounts for 9

percent of the state‟s industrial output while

Jaipur is at the top with a share of 39

percent. The Gross District Domestic

Product of Udaipur has increased from Rs.6627.59 crores in 2004-5 to Rs. 11,936.4 crores in 2009-

2010, at the current price. Per capita income of Udaipur district was Rs.17,925 in 2004-05 which is

higher than the state average in the same year. 11

Trade, hotels, and restaurants followed by the manufacturing sector are the largest contributors to

GDDP (at current price for 2000-01). Latest information for the same was not available and hence has

not been presented here.

Minerals and Industries

Important metals found in the district are copper ore, lead, zinc and silver. Among industrial minerals,

rock, phosphate, asbestos, calcite, lime stone, barites, emerald and marble are important. The total

quantity of minerals produced in the district is around 30 MT, as in 2010-11. There are eight industrial

areas in the district (31st March 2012) with 4,021 industrial units. Of these, registered medium and

large units are 29. Details of the same are given in the table below.

Table 4-1: Details of existing micro, small and artisan units – Udaipur12

Sr. No. Industrial categories No. of units

1 Agro-based 174

2 Beverage and tobacco-based industry 2

3 Textile other than handloom industry 680

4 Handloom 31

11

Economic review 2012-13, Rajasthan State 12

http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf

Figure 4-4: Udaipur District – GDDP (current price)




Sr. No. Industrial categories No. of units

5 Wooden-based 317

6 Paper-based 55

7 Rubber plastic, petroleum and chemical-based 230

8 Leather-based 115

9 Mineral-based 634

10 Basic metal and non-ferrous metal-based 132

11 Machinery and machine tools 174

12 Electrical appliances industries 46

13 Transport, equipment and parts 3

14 Service and repairing 1016

15 Miscellaneous manufacturing industry 412

Total 4021

Source: http://dcmsme.gov.in/dips/DIPR_Udaipur.pdf

As seen in the table above, service and repairing, textile other than handloom industry and mineral-

based industry form the larger number of industries in the district. Sixteen large-scale and 14 large

and medium-scale industries operate in the district. There are four major clusters in the district, viz.,

the terracotta cluster, Marble cutting and Polishing, Imitation jewelry, and white metal wooden

furniture.

Of the total geographical area of the district, 29 percent of forest area to reporting area, 31 percent of

net irrigated area to net area sown and 23 percent of gross irrigated area to gross area sown is there

as per 2011 census. Rice, maize, small millet, urad, arhar, and sugarcane are some of the crops

grown in the district.

4.2.6 Udaipur City

The city can be described as a multi-functional city, as of today, though it was initially regarded as an

important tourist, culture, and heritage destination. Over a period of time, the city has grown across

various economic sectors. The tertiary / service sector has contributed more than 90 percent of the

total workforce of the city. The major tertiary sector activities are trade, commerce, services, health

and education. The secondary sector is the next major contributor; major industrial clusters and

industries are located along Chittoragadh Road.

Service sector

The city being the district headquarter houses offices such as

those of the Collectorate, taluka and revenue office, block

development office, magistrate courts and other government

and semi-government offices.

Trade and Commerce

Udaipur serves as a market center for smaller towns of the

region. The city has wholesale markets for various commodities




ranging from food grains to building materials. Krishi Upaj Mandi is a centralized wholesale market for

grains. The major trade areas are around Chetak Circle, Jagdish Temple Street, Hathi Pole, Bada

Bazaar, and Lake Palace Road. UIT has also planned to develop a large sub-city center. This is

essential to meet the growing need for a formal and organized commercial space in the heart of the

city and decentralization of commercial activities from the walled city.

Health and Education sector

Further, there are several educational and health institutions in the city operated either by the

government or the private sector. The majority of these institutions are located along Chittorgadh

Road and in outer city growth areas.

Tourism sector

With its picturesque landscape, lakes, and historic significance,

Udaipur is a major destination for most tourists visiting

Rajasthan. Udaipur abounds in places of tourist interest like

manmade lakes Pichola, Fatehsagar, City Palace, Lake Palace,

Jag Mandir, Sajjangarh, and Shilp gram. Udaipur receives the

fourth-largest number of tourists in Rajasthan following Mount

Abu, Jaipur and Pushkar.

Industrial areas

The major industrial areas in and around Udaipur are Gudli, and Madari. Others include the Mewar IT

park, Pratap nagar, and Bhamashah kaladwas. Gudli has been developed by Rajasthan State

Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Ltd. It is located at a distance of 15 km from the

core city area of Udaipur, which was set up in 1991. The top industries in Udaipur are M/s. Murli wala

Agrotech, M/s. Econ Industries, M/s. Vakratunda Pharma, M/s. Friends Engg. and M/s. Ranka

Organics.

4.3 Industrial and Commercial Activities

Industrial development in Udaipur started way back in the 1960s wherein only 15 units were

registered. These units were largely associated with mineral ores processing and manufacturing,

chemicals, pharmaceuticals, wooden toys, and food products. The most important milestone in the

development of mineral-based industries was the formation of the Rajasthan State Mines and

Minerals Corporation. After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and

near the railway station. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles, soap stone grinding

and repair workshops.

There are in all 18,127 industrial units in eight industrial areas in Udaipur District (31st March 2013); of

these, 40 are registered medium and large units. Even though the registered small-scale industries‟

data is not available, it was estimated that in all, 27,423 workers were employed in these industries.

These micro and small-scale industries were mostly engaged in agro, textile other than handloom,

mineral, service & repairing, and wooden-based industries. The details of the small-scale industry,

which is one of the largest contributors to employment in Udaipur District and Udaipur town, are given

below.



Table 4-2: List of existing micro and macro-enterprises – Udaipur city

Sr. No. Category of industries No. of units Employment (nos.)

1 Agro-based industry 1602 6300

2 Beverages and Tobacco-based industry 2 43

3 Textile other than handloom industry 3055 6471

4 Handloom 45 351

5 Wooden 2605 6532

6 Paper 82 963

7 Rubber, Plastic, Petroleum, and Chemical-based 769 8945

8 Leather 2287 4563

9 Mineral 2402 20627

10 Basic Metal and Non-ferrous metal 1267 6254

11 Machinery and machine tools 221 2475

12 Electrical appliances 55 1889

13 Transport and Equipment and parts 4 42

14 Service and repairing 3255 13927

15 Miscellaneous manufacturing industry 476 1997

Total 18127 81379

Source: http://udaipur.nic.in/DIC/Brief%20Industrial%20Profile%20of%20Udaipur.pdf

Udaipur Phosphates and Fertilizers, Secure Meters, Hindustan Zinc limited and Rajasthan Petro

Synthetic are some of the major industrial units located in these industrial areas near Udaipur city.

There are around 14,678 commercial establishments in the city as in 2011 (covering shops and

workshops). After 1955, various industries established themselves outside the city wall and near the

railway station along Udai Sagar Road. Most of these were associated with metals, automobiles,

soapstone grinding and repair workshops.

4.3.1 Market Yard

Krishi Upaj Mandi is a regulated market, which was established in 2005. It is located at a distance of 2

km from Udaipur railway station. Facilities and services available in the market include storage,

canteen, water and sanitation, post office, banks, auction platform, parking, and rest houses.

4.3.2 Informal Commercial Activity

Informal / street-vending activities are mainly located along the bus stand, railway station, and on

major roads. UMC is planning to give permits to street vendors as well as to hawkers and camel and

horse-riders, operating in various tourist and public places.

http://udaipur.nic.in/DIC/Brief%20Industrial%20Profile%20of%20Udaipur.pdf



4.4 Workforce Participation Rate (WFPR)

Udaipur being the district headquarters, there are a number of employment opportunities for people.

As per 2011 Census, workforce participation is 34 percent at the city level, which is equal to the

district‟s urban WFPR.

Table 4-3: Work force Participation Rate – Udaipur city

Year Work Force Participation Rate

1981 28.83

1991 29.71

2001 32.12

2011 34

Source: Census of India

Of the total WFPR, male workforce participation rate is 81 percent while female workforce

participation rate is only 19 percent. A large percentage of female workers fall into other workers‟

category. As compared to 2001, female workforce participation rate has increased in 2011 (i.e., it is

16 percent in 2001) while male workforce participation rate has decreased.

4.5 Workers’ Classification

As per census definition, workers are classified into mainly two categories, main workers and marginal

workers. Main workers are those workers those had worked for the major part of the reference period,

i.e., six months or more. Marginal workers are those workers those had not worked for the major part

of the reference period, i.e., less than six months. The main workers account for 93.90 percent of the

total workforce and marginal workers for only 6.10 percent while non-workers constitute 65.59 percent

of the total population. The percentage of non-workers has decreased in 2011 from 68 percent in

2001.

Table 4-4: Main and Marginal Workers

Description 2001 2011 Udaipur district 2011 (urban)

WFPR 32 34 34

Main 114980 145750 193355

Percentage % 93.06 93.90 92.21

Marginal 8580 9464 16325

Percentage % 6.94 6.10 7.79

Total workers 123560 155214 209680

Source: Census 2011

Workers have been classified into those engaged in the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors.

Primary sector workers comprise agriculture and cultivation laborers. The secondary sector comprises

manufacturing and household industries. The tertiary sector comprises workers involved in the service

sector, trade and commerce, and informal business. On the basis of industrial category of workers,

the occupational pattern of workers is as mentioned below.



Table 4-5: Occupational Pattern

Details Udaipur city Udaipur district (urban)

Percentage of total workers

(2001)

Percentage of total workers

(2011)

Percentage of total workers (2001)

Percentage of total workers (2011)

Cultivators 0.58 0.55 2.50 2.90

Agriculture laborers 0.46 0.91 1.16 2.21

Household workers 5.65 5.60 6.12 5.41

Others 93.31 92.94 90.21 89.48

Total workers 100 100 100 100

Source: Census 2011

The occupational pattern of the city as per the 2011 Census reveals that about 93 percent of the total

number of workers is engaged in other economic activities (tertiary, service sector). This indicates

diversification of workforce from agriculture to non-agriculture activities. Not much variation is

observed in the occupational pattern of Udaipur city from 2001 to 2011. In comparison to the city, in

district (urban) cultivators, agriculture laborers and household workers are more. This shows the

continued prevalence of agriculture and related activities in other urban areas.

4.6 Horticulture

The Rajasthan state has a National Horticulture Mission in 2005. The horticulture sector has

contributed significantly to GDP in agriculture. The objectives of the National Horticulture Mission are

to double horticulture production (300 million ton by 2011-12). The mission would adopt an end-to-end

approach covering production, post-harvest management, and processing and marketing. It would

assure appropriate returns to producers, promote research and development of technologies for

production, ensure post-harvest management and processing in potential belts/clusters, enhance

coverage and productivity in potential belts, adopt a coordinated approach, and promote partnership,

convergence and synergy among R&D processing and marketing agencies in the public as well as

the private sectors.

Varied agro-climatic conditions favour growing of large numbers of horticulture crops in the state. The

majorly-grown horticulture crops include fruits, spices, medicinal and aromatic plants, vegetables and

flowers.

4.7 SWOT Analysis

Strength Weakness

Regional market center for surrounding region

Highly conducive environment and regional economic catalysers

Trade, commerce, service sector, tourism, industries, health, education are key and potential economic drivers

WFPR is equal to that of the district (urban) and higher than the state average

Concentration of major commercial activities in the city center, causing congestion problems

Population Population



The city is part of the golden quadrilateral project which boosts industrial development – it can develop as logistics hub; gateway of Rajasthan to southern India and Gujarat

Improving city linkages

Promotion of agro-based, non-polluting industries

Udaipur can be a part of tourist circuits which promote tourism in this area.

Congestion in inner city area

Depleting resources like marble and other minerals due to lack of resource management and overuse

Competing investment in tourism infrastructure in other cities of Rajasthan

Newly merged areas lack infrastructure facilities, which would hamper the development of economic activities in these region.

4.8 Issues

Share of agriculture sector has declined mainly due to lack of irrigation water availability.

Women workers account for merely 19 percent of the total workforce.

There is a need for promotion of agro-based and non-polluting industries, to strengthen the

economic base of the city.

Economic activity majorly relies on the tourism-related sector which is directly dependent on

the city‟s heritage, culture and natural ecosystem. Competition is arising from other tourists

centers in the state; this would be a threat for the city‟s growth and economic base.

Improving the city‟s linkages and providing basic infrastructure facilities will help in boosting

up industrial and economic activities.



5. PHYSICAL PLANNING AND GROWTH

MANAGEMENT

5.1 Background

The Urban Improvement Trust (UIT) and UMC are responsible for urban planning functions within

Udaipur city. UIT was established by the Government in 1960 to achieve its objectives under the

Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act 1959. This trust is responsible for the overall development of

Udaipur and also for planning the future of the city.

The first master plan for the city was prepared in 1997 for the year 2022. The projected population

was 8.30 lakh for 2022 and the plan was prepared for an area of 351 sq. km, covering 62 villages.

Recently, the Udaipur Draft Master Plan for 2031 was prepared and notified, which is open to

comments and suggestions. It has projected a population of 10.2 lakh and planning area of 456 sq.

km, covering 121 villages. The existing and proposed land use analysis have been carried out on the

basis of data available.

5.2 Constitutes of Planning Area

In 1946 area of Udaipur Municipality was 17 sq.km. Till March 2013, the UMC area was 37 sq. km. In

March, the city area has been extended to 64 sqkm . It now covers the four surrounding census towns

– Bedla, Baragaon (rural), Bicchri, and Bhuwana.

While the area included in the Draft Master Plan of 2031 is the core city area, Ashoknagar, Bhuwana,

Hiranmagari, Goverdhan Villas, Ambamata, Highway control, Gudli–Dabok growth center (near the

airport, in the eastern direction), Umrada growth center (to the south of Udaipur city) and fringe area.

These areas are divided into nine zones for planning purpose.

5.3 Projected Population under Master Plan

As per the Draft Master Plan prepared in 2011, Udaipur city has reported a growth rate of 32.67

percent in 1991, followed by 26.18 percent in 2001 and 47.70 percent in 2011 (includes the city as

well as villages).

Further, the master plan has considered natural growth patterns as well as tourism and other

developmental activities to project the population for 2031. As per the projected population in the

master plan, the population would increase to 10.02 lakhs by the end of 2031. The population for

2021 is projected as 7.59 lakhs.

Table 5-1: Projected population under Draft Master Plan and 1st

-generation City Development Plan

Year Population (as per draft Master Plan, 2031)

Population (as per 1st

generation CDP) (includes UMC + Peripheral villages)

2001 389317 500202



Year Population (as per draft Master Plan, 2031)

Population (as per 1st

generation CDP) (includes UMC + Peripheral villages)

2011 575000 646575

2021 759000 835781

2031 1002000 1080354

Note: Except for 2001, for rest of the years population is projected

Source: Draft Master Plan Report for 2031, UIT, 1st generation CDP Udaipur

5.4 Spatial Growth Trends

The spatial growth pattern examined from the satellite imagery shows

the urban sprawl along the Airport Road (i.e. the Chittorgadh Road) and

on NH-8 towards Ahmedabad with varying levels of development

intensity. The total urbanized area is 26,925 acres, of which 53.7

percent is developed area. Rest of the land is under mountains, lakes,

agriculture, and forests or vacant land. In the old city area, due to high

density, the residential area accounts for 55.56 percent of the

developed area. The area under industrial use is 10.7 percent while the

area under recreation and entertainment is 14.3 percent. The area

under public and semi-public use is 14.3 percent. The area under

commercial use is only 4.6 percent while the area under institution is

1.5 percent. The old city was established neighboring Pichola lake on

east. Fatehsagar lake is located to the northwest of the old city area.

The railway line passes from the east of the old city area.

Development Trend: The city‟s growth direction is towards the east, north-east and south-east. The

city did not grow to the west and north-west due to the presence of the Aravalli hills. From the year

1946, the municipal area has increased from 17 sq. km to the existing 64 sq. km. In the pre-

Independence period, the majority of the land was under agriculture. But with changing time, land

usage has shifted towards residential use, which now occupies almost half the area of the city. With

increased needs, the area under transportation and commercial spaces has also increased. The main

commercial mode of Udaipur has been developed immediately next to the old city area to its east, and

extends up to the railway station. The city has already developed to a great extent in areas outside its

municipal jurisdiction. The core city area/ old city area is narrow, highly dense and congested. These

areas are characterised by narrow lanes, low-rise structures, and low infrastructure services.

Udaipur city has largely developed in the eastern and southern directions. Several large institutions

are located northeast of the old city area. The important regional linkages NH-8 and NH-76 have

triggered growth in the north, south, and west direction. Development has happened along the bypass

road (Udaipur–Pindwada), which was proposed in the master plan of 2022.

The northeast part of Udaipur has plain area, so secondary and tertiary activities are increasing in this

direction. Small-scale industries and a mineral-based industry is developing in this region. Hindustan

Zinc Ltd. established near Lake Udai Sagar in the eastern direction of the Udaipur urban area.

Presently, development activities have increased near water bodies and the highways of Udaipur. The

airport in the east of the city has also had a significant effect on the city‟s development.



Figure 5-1: Spatial growth trend over a time period

Source: 1st generation CDP

5.5 Spatial Distribution of Population

The city can be described as a ribbon-shaped linear spread which is governed by the transport

network. There is marked growth along the national highway and roads connecting the city radially in

all directions. The main arteries along which the sprawl is taking place include the Ahmedabad route,

Rajasamand, Ajmer route, part of the National Golden Quadrilateral, and the Chittorgadh route east

west corridor. The core city area is highly developed as tourist destinations with guest houses and

restaurants. The new Udaipur city is developed towards the south-east and the eastern direction.

These areas have mid-rise residential, several institutions.

5.6 Land use Analysis

Existing land use

The city has about 53.7 percent of its area under the developed/built category and the rest 46 percent

of the area is under undeveloped categories such as agriculture, water bodies or forests, government-

reserved, and other open areas.

Table 5-2: Existing Land Use – 2011, Udaipur

Land use Details Area (Acre) 2011 % of developed land % of total area



Land use Details Area (Acre) 2011 % of developed land % of total area

Residential 8052 55.7 29.9

Commercial 659 4.6 2.4

Industrial 1553 10.7 5.8

Institutional 212 1.5 0.8

Entertainment 534 3.7 2.0

Public and Semi-public 2066 14.3 7.7

Circulation 1387 9.6 5.2

Developed area 14463 100 53.7

Government reserved 929 3.5

Agriculture, Forest 1579 5.8

Water bodies 2394 8.9

Other open areas 7560 28.1

Total 26925 100

Source: Udaipur Master Plan - Draft (2011-2031)

In existing land use, residential development occupies around 56 percent of the developed area, while

industrial use spreads over 11 percent. Public/semipublic use accounts for around 14 percentage of

the developed area which is high mainly because Udaipur is a regional administrative hub. Areas

outside the city‟s main area like Ashok Nagar, Madhuban, and Bhupalpura, have less residential

density. The outskirts are developed in a planned way and under various schemes due to which the

average density in these areas is around 25 persons per acre.

Wholesale trade and commercial areas are mainly located in the core city area. The main commercial

areas stretch from Hathipole to Jagdish Chowk, Suraj Pole to Ghanta Ghar and Gulab Bagh, Delhi

Gate to Dhanmandi, Chetak Circle and Sashtri Circle. Hotels and guesthouses are located on main

roads such as the bus stand to Udaipole and the railway station road. Five-star hotels, resorts and

farm houses are largely located along Lake Front, in vicinity of lakes and outside the city.

One military area (680 acres) is located in the south-west direction of the city, near Govardhan Villas

Village, and another one is near the city railway station (20 acres). In the village Dewari, around 136

acres of land have been allocated to RAC which is under development.

Table 5-3: Comparison of land use from 1971 to 2011

Land use Area (Acre) (% of total)

1971 1988 1997 2011

Residential 1585 (37) 2565 (30) 4988 (22) 8052 (30)

Commercial 115 (3) 295 (3) 548 (2) 659 (2)

Industrial 170 (4) 910 (11) 1152 (5) 1553 (6)

Institutional 75 (2) 92 (1) 96 (0.4) 212 (1)

Entertainment 365 (8) 302 (4) 358 (2) 534 (2)

Public and Semi-public 1010 (23) 1615 (19) 1632 (7) 2066 (8)



Land use Area (Acre) (% of total)

1971 1988 1997 2011

Circulation 540 (13) 995 (12) 1105 (5) 1387 (5)

Developed area 3860(90) 6774 (80) 9879 (44) 14463 (54)

Government reserved 130 (3) 800 (9) 865 (4) 929 (3)

Agriculture, Forest 75 (2) 255 (3) 285 (1) 1579 (6)

Water bodies 85 (2) 135 (2) 1900 (8) 2394 (9)

Other open areas 150 (3) 531 (6) 9672 (43) 7560 (28)

Total 4300 (100) 8495 (100) 22601 (100) 26925 (100)

Source: Udaipur Master Plan - Draft (2011-2031)

As seen from the table above, the developed area percentage has decreased over the years, from

1971 to 1997. However, it increased again in 2011. Residential land use occupies the larger

percentage of developed area. The area under other open areas is observed to be very high in 1997,

in comparison to the 2011. This scenario may be due to the inclusion of new areas/villages within the

municipal area in the master plan of 1997.

5.6.1 Comparison with UDPFI guideline (for large cities)

Existing land use has been compared with URDPFI guidelines to assess the adequacy of the existing

areas under various categories/zones. As indicated in the table below, the city lacks adequate land

use share under various categories, i.e., residential, industrial, commercial, traffic and transportation/

circulation, public and semi-public, and recreational.

Table 5-4: Existing land use and comparison with URDPFI guidelines

Land use Details UDPFI Guidelines Existing Meets the benchmark

Residential 40-45% 29.9 No

Commercial 3-4% 2.4 No

Industrial 8-10% 5.8 No

Public and Semi–Public 10-12% 8.5 No

Recreational 18-20% 2.0 No

Transportation 12-14% 5.2 No

Agriculture/ Forest/ Government reserved/Water bodies/Other open areas

Balance - -

Source: URDPFI guidelines, 2014



Figure 5-2: Existing Spatial Structure

Source: Google image and CRIS

5.7 Critical Appraisal of the Master Plan/Development Plan

5.7.1 Land use analysis Master Plan Provisions

The first master plan for Udaipur region was prepared in 1976-1996. The Master Plan, 1976-96 had

proposed a land use pattern, whereby 5,512 ha area was demarcated as urbanizable. It has proposed

4153 Ha as developed area. 47.6 percent was allocated for residential use, 13.6 percent under

circulation, 14.1 percent for public and semi-public use, 10.5 percent for industrial, 5 percent for

commercial, and 1.2 percent for governmental.

The plan was subsequently revised and a new master plan for the year 2001-2022 was prepared. The

Master Plan, 2001 proposed a land use distribution of developed area in between; 37.42 percent was

allocated for residential use, 18.8 percent for transportation, 12.3 percent for public and semipublic

use, 10.5 percent for industrial, 3.82 percent for commercial, 25.41 percent for recreational, and 1.2

percent for governmental. Recently, the draft master plan for the horizon year of 2011-2031 was

published; public opinion, objections and recommendations are invited currently.

Table 5-5 Key planning pareameters – Master plan of Udaipur

Details Master Plan 2022 Master Plan 2031



Details Master Plan 2022 Master Plan 2031

Projected population (lakh) 8.30 10.02

Total Area covered (Ha) 10,999 (including Municipal area + 62 villages)

20,012 (including Municipal area + 121 villages)

Planning zones 6 9

% of developed area 86 89.75

Source: Udaipur Master Plan 2022, Udaipur Draft Master Plan 2031

The Master Plan for 2031 estimates that the population of Udaipur will reach up to 7,59,000 in 2021

and 10,02,000 in 2031. Considering the town will cross 10 lac population, the plan proposes to

increase the urbanisable area to around 20,012 ha. Of this, around 17,960 ha area is proposed to be

developed under various urban activities while the remaining 2,052 ha will be under government

reservations, water bodies and plantation. To accommodate the growing population, the Master Plan

proposes to incorporate nine planning zones within an area of 27,738 ha in addition to fringe area

development of 18,239 ha. The plan envisages developing a growth centre around Dabok airport in

the east of the city at a distance of 15 km.

Table 5-6: Land use comparison – Master Plan 2022, Draft Master Plan 2031

Land use (area in acre) Master Plan 2022 (% of total area) Draft Master Plan 2031 (% of

total area)

Residential 13380 (49) 27788 (56)

Commercial 1220 (4) 1382 (3)

Industrial 1110 (4) 2852 (6)

Institutional /Govt. 340 (1) 451 (1)

Entertainment/Recreation 2430 (9) 4512 (9)

Public and Semi-public 2420 (9) 2783 (6)

Circulation 2480 (9) 4610 (9)

Developed area 23380 (86) 44380 (90)

Government reserved 950 (3) 1195 (2)

Agriculture, Forest 800 (3) 1520 (3)

Water bodies 2000 (7) 2354 (5)

Total 27180 (100) 49451 (100)

The total developed area is proposed to increase from 86 percent to 90 percent, from 2022 to 2031.

The percentage area under residential land use has increased in the proposed draft Master Plan

2031, as compared to the Master Plan 2022.

5.7.2 Comparison with URDPFI Guidelines

As per population projections carried out in the demography section, the city would have a population

of around 8 lakhs by 2041. Hence the comparison has been carried out with URDPFI guidelines for

large cities with 5 to 10 lakh population.

Table 5-7: Proposed land use comparison with URDPFI guidelines

Land use Details UDPFI Guidelines Existing Meets the benchmark

Residential 40-45% 56 Yes



As indicated in the table above, the proposed land use is meeting the requirement only in the case of

residential and commercial categories. In all other categories, the proposed land use share is grossly

deficit with respect to URDPFI guidelines. This is due to the fact that except for Udaipur city, the rest

of the area was rural when the master plan was prepared.

Figure 5-3: Master Plan 2022 and Draft Master Plan 2031

Source: Proposed Master Plan 2022

Commercial 3-4% 3 Yes

Industrial 8-10% 6 No

Public and Semi – Public 10-12% 7 No

Recreational 18-20% 9 No

Transportation 12-14% 9 No

Agriculture/ Forest/ Government reserved/Water bodies/Other open areas

Balance - -



Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report 2031

Areas in the draft master plan of 2031 include the following.

Sr. No. Name of planning area Area (Acre)

1 City area 866.69

2 Ashoknagar 3281.79

3 Bhuwana 15042.42

4 Hiranmagari 13644.53

5 Govardhan villas 11259.0

6 Ambamata 5437.0

7 Highway control zone 5500.0

8 Gudli growth center 9239.73

9 Umrada growth center 3036.09

Urbanizable area 67307.25

10 Fringe area 45399.0

Proposed urbanizable area 1,12,706

Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report 2031

5.7.3 Development Proposals

The following various major development proposals are given under the Draft Master Plan, 2031.



International Entertainment City

In all, 1,814 acres of land are proposed on the north-east side of Maharana Khel village, in which

there is a proposal to develop international-level entertainment facilities. This entertainment city will

have the latest technologies and infrastructure facilities, and comprise the following:

Amusement park

Green buildings/ Eco-friendly houses/farm houses/Cottages

Resort/ Holiday cottage resort/ Health resort

Multi-specialty hospital/medical facilities

Public utilities and facilities

Modern exhibition center

International Sports City

There is a proposal to develop an international sports city or stadium on a land of 1,149 acres near

Hathidhara village. It will have:

An amusement park/ I.T. Park

Sports ground

Golf course

Green building/ Eco-friendly houses/Farm houses/Cottages

Resort/ Holiday cottage resort/ Health resort

Multi-specialty hospital/Medical facilities

Public utilities and facilities

Modern exhibition center

Proposal for bus stands and Transport Nagar

Considering the existing scenario and future development, it is proposed to have bus stands

connecting various city roads to the outer areas.

Table 5-8: Proposed bus stands in Draft Master Plan, 2031

Sr. No. Name of roads Location Area (acre)

1 Nathdwara road Near highway crossing 35.4

2 Ahmedabad road On land of roadways workshop 2.5

3 Ahmedabad rod In front of IIM 19

4 Jaisamand road Savina Khera 3.3

5 Chittorgarh road At circle of pratapnagar chauraha 13.3

6 Sisarma road Near Sisarma chauraha 2.0

Total 75.5

Source: Proposed Draft Master Plan report for Udaipur 2031

Other than these, one interstate bus stand is proposed at Amberi chauraha on National Highway 8

and State Highway 27. It will have all modern facilities –roadways, buses, private buses, taxi stands,

filling station, accommodation facilities for tourists, and parking facilities will be provided.



5.8 Urban Planning Functions and Reforms

As per the 74th CAA, the urban planning function in Rajasthan has been transferred to urban local

bodies. Provisions have been made in the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Chapter 10, section

156-157 and chapter 11, section 159 to 199). The preparation of a detailed City Development Plan

with the assistance of other parastatal agencies (Chapter X) and preparation of a city-scale master

development plan with detailed surveys in coordination with chief town planner of the state and district

town planning committee (Chapter XI) have been prescribed.

However, actual implementation of the transfer has not taken place. The preparation of regional-level

master plans (including city-level planning) is done by the Town Planning Department (TPD) which is

a state-owned body. UIT and UMC act as its executing institutions. The preparation and execution of

the master plan is governed as per the provisions of the Rajasthan Urban Improvement Act, 1959

(Chapter II, Section 3).

The Town Planning Department of UMC is headed by the district town planner (DTP).The total staff

includes one DTP and two surveyors. The DTP holds the charge for both Udaipur and Bhilwara. The

Town Planning Department in UMC undertakes the functions of building plan approvals. There are no

sanctioned posts for architects or assistant architects in UMC.

The function of regulation of land use and construction has been transferred to the corporation

through the Rajasthan Municipalities Act 2009, Chapter IX (182). However, the above-mentioned

functions as well as approval for land use conversion provided by UIT for land within municipal limits

and UIT boundary. For any other major changes in land use, the approval of Chief Town Planer,

Rajasthan has to be taken.

5.9 Roles and Responsibilities of ULB and Parastatals

The roles and responsibilities of UMC and UIT in the preparation of the Master Plan are limited to

consultations and meetings with the Town Planning Department and the appointed external agencies.

For the preparation of the Udaipur Master Plan 2031, three interdepartmental meetings have been

held, which were attended by administrative and technical officers from UIT and UMC. UIT is entitled

to submit a detailed account of all the land use changes that have happened in the past year at the

beginning of the planning process.

The Public Health and Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for all aspects relating to urban

water supply, right from development to O&M. PHED is also responsible for the development of a

sewerage system while O&M is the responsibility of the respective ULBs.



6. Social and Cultural Resources

6.1 Background

Udaipur is considered as the hub for education and medical facilities in the district. The city has a

wide range of education institutions like universities and colleges which were established by the

Government and private organizations. The Department of Health and Education plays a major role in

the provision of basic facilities in the city.

6.2 Health Facilities

The Government of Rajasthan through the Department of Medical, Health and Family Welfare and

Department of Education is responsible for the provision of medical and educational infrastructure.

The major health and education facilities are located in Udaipur. In order to promote healthcare in

Udaipur, UMC shall provide the following facilitating services:

Supply clean and safe drinking water and sanitation facilities for maintaining hygienic

conditions;

Control mosquito breeding;

Control stray dogs; and

Regulate hotels and roadside food vendors

6.2.1 Existing Situation

Health care facilities in the city are provided by many hospitals which are supported by both

government and private institutions. There is a dominance of allopathic facilities in both the

government and private sectors and a significant presence of homeopathic facilities in Udaipur city.

Government health facilities include a government hospital, a women‟s hospital, a child hospital, a

T.B. sanatorium, a referral hospital, a primary health center, a satellite hospital and a dispensary.

Private health facilities include a hospital and a dispensary.

There are two major hospitals in the city, i.e., the Maharana Bhupal Public Hospital with 1,146 beds

and the Ayurvedic hospital with 75 beds. Near Badi village is the T.B. sanatorium with 230 beds which

caters to patients from Udaipur and other districts. There is one multi speciality satellite hospital which

has gynecologist, physician, surgeon, orthopedic surgeon, pediatrician and dentists. Facilities

provided by this hospital include consultation, drug dispensing and inpatient care13

.

In different areas of the city, there are around 12 dispensaries. Other than this, there are 45 private

hospitals with 550 beds. The number of beds in different hospitals and dispensaries is not adequate

for the population of the city.

13

http://arth.in/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/census-of-health-facilities-final-report-10mar05.pdf



Table 6-1: Medical/Health facilities in Udaipur

Sr. No. Details Number Available beds Avg. beds per facility

1 Allopathic

A Government

Government hospital 1 1146 1146

Women hospital 1 350 350

Child hospital 1 135 135

T.B. Sanatorium 1 230 230

Referral hospital 20 685 34

Primary Health Center 71 426 6

Satellite hospital 1 100 100

Dispensary 12 -

B Private

Hospital 45 550 12

Dispensary 105 -

2 Ayurvedic

Ayurvedic hospital 1 75 75

Natural hospital 1 50 50

Detection center 1 20 20

Dispensary 6 -

3 Homeopathic 6 -

4 Uninani 3 -

Total 276 3767 14

Source: Udaipur Draft Master Plan – 2031 Report

Private facilities outpatient care compared to the government sector, government institutions have

greater caseloads. Government facilities provide a wide range of primary health services, as

compared to the private sector. Private sector facilities provide a range of specialized medical and

surgical services.

Brief on the major Hospitals

Maharana Bhupal Hospital: This is the main hospital of the city which is well-equipped with new

areas of medical science. The hospital consists of 37 wards, 6 operation theaters and a well-equipped

central laboratory.

Mewar Group of Hospitals: The Mewar Hospital was established in 1998; it has various sectors like

orthopedics, spine, neurology, urology, gynecology and trauma care. It has become a multispecialty

hospital in 2013.

Geetanjali Medical College and Hospital: A multi-super-specialty hospital, it offers a wide range of

services to the population of the state. The hospital is equipped with the latest and state-of-the-art



facilities for diagnosis and treatment of common as well as rare diseases. It is located near

Manwakhera, NH-8 bypass.

6.2.2 Basic Public Health Indicators

Basic public health indicators include infant mortality, fertility, life expectancy, birth rate and death rate

indicators. According to the latest Udaipur district report, infant mortality rate in Udaipur district is 62

(2012-13), while state-level infant mortality rate is 60. Maternal mortality ratio is 285 which is higher

than the state average of 264.

Table 6-2: Basic Public Health Indicators

Health Indicators Udaipur District Rajasthan State India

Birth rate (per thousand persons) 30 28.6 23.1

Death rate (per thousand persons) 7.0 7.0 7.4

Infant mortality rate (per thousand live births) 62 65 55

Life expectancy at birth (years)

Male - 62.2 63.7

Female - 62.8 66.9

Source: http://ppp.rajasthan.gov.in/Rajasthan_171109.pdf

A number of initiatives such as the Chief Minister‟s Jeevan Raksha Scheme and the World Bank-

assisted Rajasthan Health System Development Project have been taken up to improve health care

facilities in the state.

6.2.3 Role of Municipal Body in Health Programmes

The main responsibility of UMC as an urban local body is to carry out cleaning operations and make

the city clean and livable. In association with the Health Department, it carries out fogging of

medicines to curb seasonal diseases, control flies and insects. Other than this, no major role is played

by the municipal body in health-related programmes.

6.2.4 Comparison with URDPFI Norms

The existing health care facilities have been compared with the URDPFI guidelines to check the

current status of health care infrastructure and further identify the gap in health care facilities.

As on date, the demand for dispensaries, nursing homes, polyclinics and general hospitals has met

the requirement. Moreover, the existing facilities are on the higher side as compared to URDPFI

guidelines.

As indicated in the table below, the city has only seven diagnostic centres while the requirement is for

about 16. However, this would not be an issue since the majority of the private hospitals have their

own diagnostic labs. Further, as per the guidelines, the city lacks veterinary hospitals and dispensary

facilities for pets.



Table 6-3: Comparison of healthcare facilities with URDPFI guidelines

Health care facility URDPFI guidelines

Requirement as per

guidelines

Existing situation

Met the benchmark

Dispensary 1 for 15000 population

30 123 Yes

Nursing home, child welfare and maternity centre

45000 to 1 lakh population

10 73 Yes

Polyclinic 1 for 1 lakh population

5

General Hospital (NBC) 1 for 2.5 lakh population

2 1 No

Diagnostic centre 1 for 0.5 lakh population

9

Veterinary Hospital for pets and animals

1 for 5 lakh population

1 0 No

Dispensary for pet animals and birds


5 0 No

6.2.5 Issues

The city is a pioneer in terms of overall healthcare facilities. However, in the area of public

health care facilities, intermediate hospitals and specialty hospitals could be developed for the

BPL population within the district.

The major prevailing diseases in the city are malaria, diarrhea and general diseases.

There are few pathology diagnostic laboratory facilities; the private sector dominates in the

field of laboratory and imaging services

6.3 Educational Facilities

The city is a regional hub and pioneer in higher education and graduate programmes in the state. The

Department of Education, Government of Rajasthan, is responsible for the development of education

in this state. The state has a high dropout rate, and the Government has undertaken various

measures to reduce the dropout rate to ensure that all children attend classes and stay in school. The

renowned institutions in the city are as follows:

Mohanlal Sukhadia University: This university is a state university established by an act in

the year 1962 to cater to the needs of higher education. Graduate, post-graduate, PhD and

professional courses are being offered at the university. Courses offered are also offered in

the field of commerce.

Pacific University: The Pacific University came into existence by virtue of a special act of the

Rajasthan State Assembly in 1997. It provides higher education and professional courses in

dental science, management, pharmacy, engineering, hotel management, arts, science,

fashion technology, media and mass communication. The campus is spread over an area of

100 acres on the Airport Road, Pratap Nagar extension.



Maharana Pratap University of Agriculture and Technology: Established in 1964, it offers

an undergraduate course in agricultural engineering. It was transformed by the state

government to a college in 1975-76. It offers bachelors, masters and PhD programmes along

with MBA in engineering. The types of courses offered include agricultural engineering,

electrical engineering, civil engineering, computer science and engineering, mechanical

engineering, information technology and electronics and communication engineering.

6.3.1 Existing Situation

Udaipur is famous for its educational institutes. Vidhya Bhawan and Vidhyapith are the old and

famous educational institutes in the city. Bhopal Nobles College was established by Maharana Bhupal

Singh in the 1930s. After Independence, several educational and training institute has been in

Udaipur including a professional training institute by Western. During the last three decades, a

medical college, an agriculture college, the Udaipur Polytechnich College and an industrial training

institute have been established. There are in all 13 colleges in the city.

Table 6-4: Educational facilities, Udaipur 2011

Sr. No. Details Number of schools Number of students

Govt. Pvt. Govt. Pvt.

1 Primary school 23 309 75994 -

2 Upper primary school 57 355 31991 -

3 Secondary school 13 53 2026 10518

4 Higher secondary school 21 49 6587 20268

5 College 13 8 - -

6 ITI 2 - - -

7 University 3 3 - -

Total 132 777

Source: Udaipur Draft Master Plan – 2031 Report

The major colleges in the city are located on Chittorgadh Road. Educational facilities in the city have

improved due to the establishment of an IIM in Balicha gram, Singhania University near Bhatevar,

Gitanjali University and Pacific University.

About 576 teachers are working in primary and upper primary government schools according to

information. Hence, the student-teacher ratio in primary and upper primary schools is 1:53, which is

higher than the preferred norm of 1:30 as per the Right to Education Act.

The salaries of staff in the municipal schools are being taken care of by the state government. School

buildings are constructed and maintained by PWD of the state government.



6.3.2 Comparison with URDPFI Norms

The existing education facilities have been compared with the URDPFI guidelines to check the current

status of education facilities and further identify service gaps. It is observed that the city has adequate

facilities in terms of higher education and graduation schools.

Table 6-5: Existing education facilities in comparison with URDPFI norms

Health care facility URDPFI guidelines

Requirement as per guidelines

Existing situation

Met the benchmark

Pre-primary, nursery school 1 for 2500 population

180 - -

Primary school 1 for 5000 population

90 332 Yes

Senior secondary school 1 for 7500 population

60 70 Yes

Integrated school (with hostel facility)

1 for 90000 to 1 lakh

5 - -

School for physically challenged

1 for 45000 population

10 - -

School for mentally challenged


- - -

College 1 for 1.25 lakh 2 21 -

Technical education 1 for 10 lakh population

- - -

Engineering college 1 for 10 lakh population

- - -

Medical college 1 for 10 lakh population

- - -

Other professional college 1 for 10 lakh population

- - -

Nursing and paramedical institute


- - -


It is observed that the city has adequate facilities in terms of primary schools, senior secondary

schools and colleges. There is an absence of information related to pre-primary and nursery schools,

schools for the physically/mentally challenged, technical education, medical colleges and other

professional colleges. However, there are several private institutions, colleges and universities which

offer medical courses, technical education, and other professional courses.

6.3.3 Key Issues

The city has adequate higher education facilities largely provided by private institutions;

however, it lacks adequate government educational facilities, i.e., primary and elementary

schools.

The student-teacher ratio is higher than the recommended norms for primary and upper

primary school level government schools.

Infrastructure status in government schools is poor in terms of substandard buildings and

basic facilities.



High dropout rate among girls in government schools is a matter of concern.

6.4 Recreation Facilities

As far as recreational facilities are concerned, the city of Udaipur has many parks and gardens which

form a major source of attraction for both locals as well as tourists. Other than this, there are theaters

for entertainment in the city.

6.4.1 Sports facilities

Due to the availability of lakes, water parks are being developed in different areas of the city. Gulab

Park and Saheliyo ki baadi are beautiful parks and raise the aesthetic appeal of the city. After

Independence, various parks were developed which include the Nehru park in Fatehsagar lake, Moti

Magri park, Town hall garden, sukhadiya circle garden, manikyalal verma garden, dindayal upadhyay

garden, sanjay park, aravalli vatika, and bhamashah garden(Please use capitals for the first letter of

words that are specific names of places, people and things). Surrounding the lakes, various gardens

and parks are being developed. There are in all, 199 small, medium and big parks in the city, as per

information provided by UMC.

Gulab Bagh is the largest garden of Rajasthan, spread over an area of 100 acres. Maharaja Sajjan

Singh took the initiative to build this beautiful garden. It has an abundance of roses due to which it is

known as the Gulab Bagh. It is situated right beneath the banks of Pichola Lake on the Lake Palace

Road. Tourists from all over come to visit this garden.

UMC has started an initiative by which people or a community or a society can adopt a park within

their area or society. The municipality provides funds every month for maintenance and management

of adopted parks to the community, based on the park‟s size. Necessary infrastructure in the

park/garden is being provided by UMC. In all, 33 parks/gardens have been given on adoption basis

and the amount spent for their maintenance and management in 2013-14 was Rs.780,000.

In the financial year 2014-15, 36 new parks/gardens are proposed to be given on adoption. Estimated

amount to be spent on the same would be Rs.11, 04,000.

6.4.2 Key Issues

Apart from parks, the city lacks other recreational facilities, especially for children, like sports

grounds and stadiums.

The entertainment zones, folk centres, cultural villages etc. need to be developed for catering

to the evening entertainment need of tourists.



7. Infrastructure and Services

UMC, UIT and PHED together provide basic infrastructure facilities to the Udaipur city. UMC is

responsible for providing basic services such as sewerage and sanitation (up to a certain extent,

mainly O&M), SWM, streetlights, roads, housing, and basic services in slum areas within UMC

jurisdictions. Public Health Engineering Department (PHED) is responsible for planning, designing,

construction, operation, and maintenance of the water supply system. The Urban Improvement Trust

(UIT) is responsible for the provision of sewerage facility in UIT areas. There is an overlap in service

provisioning by UMC, UIT, and other parastatals at different levels. This section provides a snapshot

of the pre-JNNURM scenario and key highlights of each sector based on the earlier CDP. It also

highlights the progress made under each sector and the existing situation.

7.1 Water Supply

Lakes are the major sources of water supply in Udaipur city. Initially, the water supply scheme was

commissioned from Pichola Lake as a source in 1968. The water supply scheme from Fatehsagar

Lake as a source was subsequently commissioned in the year 1970.

Further, in 1976, the Pichola Lake water supply scheme was augmented. During 1987, Badi Lake was

considered for augmentation of the water supply scheme for the city. Pichola and Fatehsagar lakes

were only reserved for water supply distribution in Udaipur since 1985. During 1988, when there was

a drought, an emergency scheme for water supply was prepared, considering Jaisamand as the

source. This scheme was commissioned in the year 1995 and was designed for 21 MLD. The water

supply schemes from Pichola and Fatehsagar lakes were further augmented in 1996.

Another scheme was taken into consideration as a result from dewatering of Jhamerkotra mines in the

year of 1996. Thus water from tube wells of Jhamarkotra mines played considerable role in water

supply in the city. Water from 8 tube wells of Kharbadiya mines were pumped to Purohito ki Madri.

The Mansi Wakal I project was initiated in 2000, which has been completed recently. The gross

storage capacity of the dam is 24.37 million cum with 50% dependability. 23.35 MLD water supply

started in the year 2007-08. The state government sanctioned the Dewas Stage II project in the year

2005. It involved construction of Akodra dam having a net storage capacity of 8.15 M.cum, Madri dam

having a net storage capacity of 2.39 M.cum, a tunnel from Madri dam 1.33 km, and a tunnel from

Akodra dam 11.05 km. The net storage of both dams with 90% dependability is 10.84 M.cum, which

will assure availability of water for the whole year.

7.1.1 Existing Water Supply Situation

a) Water Supply Source and Storage

At present, the city relies on surface as well as ground water sources for its daily water needs. The

water supply system in the city is dependent on surface water to a large extent. Fatehsagar Lake,

Pichola Lake, Jaisamand, and Mansi Wakal dam are the major sources of water for the city.

Besides this, PHED has 53 tube wells and 29 open wells/baories/step wells, which supplement the

existing water supply system. The total ground water production is estimated to be 11 MLD. About

108 punghats and 2100 hand pumps have been developed in various localities of the city. Water from

hand pumps and punghats is used for domestic purpose and is provided free of cost to the users. The



present water supply scheme covers Udaipur city as well as seven peripheral villages (i.e., Bedla,

Bargaon, Bhuvana, Sobhaggar, Saveenkhera, Saveenaand Govardhan villas). The existing average

production from all sources is 70 MLD against the demand of 86 MLD. This need to be augmented.

Table 7-1: Water supply sources

No. Source Normal Drawl (MLD) Drawn in Lean period (MLD)

1 Lake Fatehsagar 13.50 2.00

2 Lake Pichola 19.50 10.00

3 Dewas – I (flow reaches Lake Pichola)

Included in 2 Included in 2

4 Tube wells in Jhamarkotra and Kanpur

10.60 10.00

5 Bawadies -- --

6 Lake Jaisamand 21.65 21.00

7 Mansi Wakal Dam (stage I) 24.07 23.35

8 Lake Badi -- 4.00

Total 89.33 70.35

Source: Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and operation of water supply and sewerage

system in Udaipur through PPP

There are 30 clear water reservoirs (CWR)/ground level reservoirs (GLR) with a storage capacity of

26738 kilolitre. Many of these structures need repair and maintenance, while some of the structures

need replacement. There are 35 overhead service reservoirs (OHSR)/service reservoirs (SR) with a

total storage capacity of 66001 kilolitre.

b) Water Transmission and Treatment Facilities

The entire city is divided into total 9 transmission and distribution zones. There are 38 water supply

subzones at present. These water supply zones are divided into Division 1 and Division 2, based on

the area. More distribution zones need to be defined and developed for growing outer areas of the

city.

Table 7-2: Details of transmission and distribution zones

Sr. No. Name of transmission and distribution zones

1 Doodh Talai water supply zone

2 Mansi Wakal water supply zone

3 Patel Circle water supply zone

4 Jhamar kotra water supply zone

5 Teetardhi water supply zone

6 Neemachmata water supply zone

7 Gulab bagh water supply zone

8 Fatehsagar water supply zone

9 Kanpur water supply zone





The length of the pipeline network is more than 900 km, and that of the transmission main is

approximately 250 km. Many of the pumps in 30 pumping stations need to be replaced as the pumps

are running below the desired optimum efficiency. Pumps in 20 pumping stations don‟t have efficiency

more than 60%. There is no record of „unaccounted-for water‟. As informed, the distribution loss will

be around 20% of the water supplied. Water is supplied at an interval of 2 days.

The city has 10 water treatment plants (WTP) with a total treatment capacity of 84.24 MLD and 89%

utilization. Of the 10 treatment plants, 6 plants are based on rapid gravity filters (RGF), while 3 are

based on pressure filters (PF). The following table presents details about the existing water treatment

plants in Udaipur, their capacities, and the year of construction. Present treatment facilities are

adequate; however, efficiency of the same requires to be increased.

Table 7-3: Details of water treatment plants in Udaipur

Sr. No.

Name of Water Treatment Plant

Capacity (MLD)

Year of construction

Source of Raw water

1 Doodh Talai RGF 13.64 1976 Pichola

2 GulabBagh RGF 4.54 1968 Pichola

3 GulabBagh PF 2.27 1968 Pichola

4 Doodh Talai PF 2.85 1996 Pichola

5 Neemuch Mata RGF 11.35 1996 Fatehsagar

6 Fatehsagar WTP 3.45 1970 Fatehsagar

7 Fatehsagar PF 1.72 1968 Fatehsagar

8 Nandeshwar RGF 23.35 2007-08 Mansi Wakal-I

9 Teetardi RGF 13.5 2007 Jaisamand

10 Patel Circle RGF 7.57 1997 Jaisamand/ Pichola

Total 84.24

Source: Information provided by PHED



Figure 7-1: Water supply network map - Udaipur



c) Water Distribution System, Consumer Connections, Metering System and Policy

There are total 77,835 water connections in the city, which include connection provided to domestic

(metered and flat), industrial, institutional, commercial, and govt. buildings. At present, consumer

connection is provided with GI pipes. These connection pipes are old and have point of water

contamination. Hence, these connections need to be replaced with MDPE pipe connections. Almost,

50 per cent connections need replacement.

All water connections are metered as per the PHED policy, and new water connections for domestic

use are charged as per the type of service line to be laid. New connections provided by PHED are



with an option for consumers to either purchase or maintain their own meters and donate meters to

PHED, which are then maintained by the department.

Table 7-4: Type of connections and connection charges

Type of connections Connection Charges

Domestic Rs. 20 per connection (for 15 mm service line)

Rs. 11245 per connection (for 150 mm service line)

Non-Domestic Rs. 51 per connection (for 15 mm service line)


Industrial Rs. 120 per connection (for 15 mm service line)


Source: Information provided by PHED official

More than 20% of the total metered connections need replacement (as informed). More bulk meters

are required at the pump end and on the inlet and delivery mains of reservoirs. Unauthorized tapping

be in the trunk main or distribution main are without which difficult to locate. NRW can be controlled if

bulk meters are installed. Meter reading is done once in two months. An inspector from the

department undertakes door-to-door visits for meter reading. PHED has hired an external consultant

for the generation of demand and bills, who is stationed at Jaipur. The generated bills, after approval,

are sent in printed format to PHED, which are then distributed by hired courier service providers.

User charges are levied at volumetric rate for metered connections and and on flat rate charges for

unmetered connection (based on the pipe diameter of connection). Unmetered connections are

provided only for domestic purpose usage.

Table 7-5: User charges (metered and unmetered connections)

Type of connections User charges Rate

Domestic For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 1.56 per 1000 L (Gross)

For consumption exceeding 15,000 L and

up to 40,000 L

Rs. 3 per 1000 L (Gross)

For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 4 per 1000 L (Gross)

Flat rate charges for 15

mm domestic

connection (unmetered)

For each connection per family up to two

tape

Rs. 20

Non Domestic For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 4.68 per 1000 L (Gross)


up to 40,000 L

Rs. 8.25 per 1000 L (Gross)

For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 11 per 1000 L (Gross)

Industrial For consumption up to first 15,000 L Rs. 11 per 1000 L (Gross)


up to 40,000 L

Rs. 13.75 per 1000 L

(Gross)

For next consumption above 40,000 L Rs. 16.50 per 1000 L

(Gross)

Source: Information provided by PHED official



d) Service-Level Indicators

As per service-level benchmarks prescribed by MoUD in consultation with the 13th Finance

Commission, every ULB has to report, plan, and achieve service-level benchmarks (SLB) for basic

services/functions in their respective city. SLBs for the water supply system of Udaipur are shown

below.

Table 7-6: Service-level indicators for water supply sector - Udaipur

Indicator Benchmark Service level (2011-12)

Coverage of water supply connections 100 % 79%

Per capita water availability at consumer end 135 lpcd 124 lpcd

Extent of metering 100% 99%

Extent of NRW 15% Not available

Continuity of water supply 24x7 hours Every two days

Efficiency in redressal of complaints 80% 70%

Adequacy of treatment and quality of water supplied 100% 99%

Cost recovery 100% 29%

Collection of water charges 90% 83%

e) Water Account – O&M Recovery

The O&M cost incurred by PHED for supplying water to the consumers is Rs. 8.60/kL. But, cost

recovery is only Rs. 2.58/kL (around 29%). The annual O&M cost incurred for water supply is Rs. 25

crores, and recovery is only Rs. 7 crores (as on 2013 data).

7.1.2 Water Supply – Future Demand

Total water demand for Udaipur city with a population of 451100 (2011) and a floating population of

30000, comes to about 65 MLD, considering 135 lpcd water supply. However, the total water demand

for all sectors, i.e., domestic, industrial, institutional, tourist, and floating population, was 115 MLD (as

per the information provided by PHED) in 2011. The raw water demand is calculated on the basis of

per capita water supply norms of 135 lpcd and average water supply losses. Water supply loss is

assumed to be 20% of water supplied. Hence, the per capita raw water demand is determined as 162

lpcd.

The raw water demand has been forecasted on basis of the population projections provided in

demography section of the report. Accordingly, the city would require around 101 MLD of raw water

by 2021, 122 MLD by 2031, and 148 MLD by 2041. A detailed gap analysis has been discussed

under sector plans. Water supply demand projection for the horizon year is presented in the table

below.

Table 7-7: Water demand estimation

Year Projected population* Estimated water demand (MLD)

2021 624350 101

2031 755325 122

2041 910946 148



* Projected population includes Udaipur city population, surrounding 4 urban centres’ population, and floating

population of 30000.

While, as per „Draft Feasibility Report for Rehabilitation, Augmentation and Operation of Water Supply

and Sewerage system in Udaipur town through PPP model‟ estimated water demand for the year of

2041 is 278 MLD.

Year Projected population Estimated water demand (MLD)

2041 1,101,562 (includes Udaipur town and 7 peripheral villages)

278 (including domestic, industrial, institutional, tourist, and floating

population)



7.1.3 Critical Analysis of Water Supply System post – 1st Generation CDP

Scenario

The first generation CDP was prepared in the year 2007. The table below provides an overview of the

water supply system at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP.

Table 7-8 Key Features of Water Supply System as per 1st Generation CDP

Parameters Description

Sources of water supply

Source of water for Udaipur city was its various lakes (Pichola – 13700 million litres, Fatehsagar – 12100 million litres, Jaisamand – 300000 million litres), ground water from Jhamarkotra mines (8 nos.) and local tube wells and bowaries (50 tube wells and 32 step wells/open wells)

Water Treatment There were 9 water treatment plants having total treatment capacity of 47.59 MLD. Out of this, three water treatment plants had outlived their lives and would be defunct. Hence, the actual capacity of water treatment plants was expected to be about 40.18 MLD.

Storage and Distribution

Treated water was being supplied through a network of 11 storage facilities, 3 booster stations, and about 400 km of distribution lines. Water was distributed through 8 water supply zones and was being distributed for two to four hours in all areas, with a distribution gap of 48 hours since December 1998.

House service connections

Total 53826 house connections; and all connections were metered.

Per capita consumption/duration of water supply

74 lpcd

User charges For domestic as well as non-domestic purposes, it was minimum Rs. 100 per connection (for 20–mm diameter service line) and maximum Rs. 11,245 (for 150 mm diameter service line).

For industrial use, it is minimum Rs. 240 (for 200–mm diameter service line) and maximum Rs. 11,250 (for 150 mm diameter service line) per connection.

For domestic consumers, the usage up to first 15 kL per month was charged a minimum of Rs. 1.50 per kL and more than 15 kL, it was Rs. 3 per kL.

For commercial purpose, it was Rs. 4.68 per kL to Rs. 8.25 per kL.

Cost recovery 20%



Projects in pipeline Under ADB assisted RUIDP Mansi-Wakal project was planned. It was estimated that the per capita water supply should be maintained at 135 lpcd.

Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges:

Paucity of source

Pumping machinery and conveyance main

Ground water depletion

Treatment and disinfection facilities

Inadequate distribution infrastructure

Worn out pipelines

Uncovered areas

Power transmission system

Rejuvenation of assets

Lack of communication facilities

The earlier CDP had set different goals for the horizon year 2021:

Per capita water supply at a rate of 135 lpcd Daily water supply Reduction of non-revenue water up to 10% 100% piped water supply Water supply for 6 hours/day

100% cost recovery

An investment plan to improve the water supply system/infrastructure was identified under CDP with

an investment of Rs. 346 crores. The project proposed covering various aspects such as

strengthening of the distribution system and coverage of the existing uncovered areas, up-gradation

of filtration facilities, rehabilitation of worn out pipeline, strengthening of head works, bulk metering,

consumer metering, up-gradation of the transmission system, GIS mapping, and capacity building etc.

Proposed water supply identified was sanctioned under UIDSSMT. The total sanctioned amount was

Rs. 379.19 crores under the same. The project has been implemented.


The table below provides a comparison of how the service level has improved from preparation of the

1st generation CDP to till now.

Table 7-9: Water supply system indicators – Post 1st

Generation CDP

Indicator Benchmark Status at the time of preparation of 1

st generation

CDP (2006-07)

Present Status (2012-13)

Coverage of water supply connections

100% 69 79

Per capita water availability at consumer end

135 lpcd 74 lpcd 124 lpcd

Extent of metering 100% 24% 99%

Extent of NRW 15% Not available Not available

Continuity of water supply 24x7 hours 1.5-3 hours Every 2nd

day

Efficiency in redressal of complaints

80% Not available 70%



Adequacy of treatment and quality of water supplied

100% 85% 99%

Cost recovery 100% 20% 29%

Collection of water charges


Source: 1st generation CDP, PHED, and Draft – Feasibility report for the rehabilitation, augmentation and

operation of water supply and sewerage system in Udaipur through PPP

Since the preparation of 1st generation CDP the following parameters have improved:

Coverage of water supply connections from 69% to 79%

Extent of metering from 24% to 99%

Adequacy of treatment and quality of water supplied from 85% to 99%

Water Supply: New Project

The Government of Rajasthan with PHED, Udaipur, has proposed the „Rehabilitation, Augmentation

and Operation of Water Supply and Sewerage System in Udaipur town through PPP‟ project. The

DPR for the same has been prepared; however, the project has not been approved so far. The

estimated project cost is Rs. 918 crores. The project has been designed for the horizon year of 2041.

7.1.4 Institutional Framework for Water Supply System

The water supply is provided by PHED regional office, Udaipur. PHED manages complete cycle of

water supply provisioning for the city covering sourcing of water, treatment, transmission and

distribution, providing connections, operation and maintenance, and billing-collection for water

charges.

The Udaipur PHED regional office is headed by the Chief Engineer. Udaipur region includes Udaipur

and Chittorgarh zones, which are headed by Superintending Engineers (SE). The SE office has four

departments: Production and Distribution, Revenue, Udaipur District Department, and Salumbar Zonal

Department.

PHED has divided the Udaipur city into two zones – city zone 1 and city zone 2 – for providing water

supply. In 2009-10, for streamlining the process of water supply, the city was divided along the ridge

line, passing through the city. Both divisions have separate technical and class IV staff. And both city

divisions are headed by Executive Engineers who report to the SE. Project identification and planning

is done at the zonal office and is approved by regional office. Technical staff largely does works

related to planning, development, and designing of the water supply system.



Figure 7-2 Administration framework for water supply

7.1.5 Key Issues

Inadequate water sources: The large component of water for city supply is sourced from

lakes. These lakes are dependent on rain for water. Therefore, additional water sources need

to be explored for reducing dependability over rain.

Ground depletion: Tube wells draw water from a limited aquifer. It is mostly dependent on

water level in lakes. Most of the tube wells have very low or negligible yield in summers when

the demand is heavy.

Old Infrastructure: In some areas, the water supply infrastructure is very old, resulting in

water leakages and sudden breakdowns. Due to undulating topography of the city, there are

many low-pressure points affecting the water supply pressure at the customer end. The

storage facilities need augmentation.

Water supply time and duration: Water is supplied at 2 to 3 day intervals. The daily water

supply should be ensured.

Metering: Even though 99% percent of water connections are metered there is no record

available for non-revenue water.

Replacement of meters: More than 20% of the metered connections need replacement in

order to have correct meter reading.

Cost recovery: Cost recovery is only 29%, which is very low and has an impact on the

operation and maintenance of infrastructure.

7.2 Sewerage and Sanitation

Sewerage and sanitation is one of the key areas of concern for UMC. The city lacks an organised

sewerage system and treatment facility. Also, till date, UMC has not taken steps towards the

preparation of a city sanitation plan (CSP) in line with the National Urban Sanitation Policy.

A detailed assessment of the existing sewerage system includes assessment of sewage generation,

sewerage network, treatment facility, and sanitation system. Further, key issues in sewerage and

sanitation system is also highlighted.

7.2.1 Existing Sewerage and Sanitation System

a) Sewage Generation and Collection System



As per the DPR, the estimated population of Udaipur was 526,892 persons in 2011. The estimated

sewage generation is 82.11 MLD and is projected to be 118.52 MLD for 2026 and 174.10 MLD for

2041. However, as per today‟s population and quantity of water supply, estimated amount of sewage

generation is 65 MLD (approximately). Generated sewage is collected through sewerage network,

and soak pits since city doesn‟t have underground sewerage network. The city has 21 public toilets,

which are maintained by external agencies hired by UMC.

b) Sewerage Network and Coverage

The total area covered by the underground sewerage network in the city is 23.5 km, and entire city is

divided in to three sewer zones. Only 13% of the population is directly connected to the sewerage

network.

The sewerage system in the city is managed by UMC and UIT. In the year of 1976 to 1985, the first

sewerage scheme was introduced by PHED for the walled city area, having a network length of

21.30 km and covering an area of 4.93 sq km. The diameter of the sewer pipe ranges between 150-

800 mm. The internal network diameter ranges from 150 to 300 mm, while the trunk and outfall sewer

line diameter ranges from 400 to 800 mm. The outfall sewer is laid from Suraj Pole to Manwa Kheda.

The sewerage network collects wastewater from the following areas of

the city:

Chand Pole area

Ganesh Ghati

Bhupal Wadi

Delhi Gate

Hathi Pole

Shivaji Nagar

Shakti Nagar

Ashok Nagar

Subhash Nagar

Hiran Magri

The second scheme was implemented by UIT in 2004-05 and was aimed at the rejuvenation of lakes

in old city and laying of the sewerage network. Length of the same was 23.50 km, covering an area of

3.18 sq km with 5 sewage pumping stations. The sewerage system in the catchment area of lakes

consists of 3500-m-long sewers of diameters 150-350 mm and covering a population of about 10,000

in Amba Mata, Brahmapol, Lalghat, Navghat, and Chand Pole area. Chand Pole and Amba Mata are

regular sewage pumping stations and other three pumping stations at Gariya Devra, Nag Nagri,

Ramdwara, Maharaja Ghat are manhole lift stations. Sewage is pumped from the Chand pole sewage

pumping station through a 300-mm-diameter pumping main up to Jhatwadi (ridge line) from where it is

flowing to Hathi pole through 400 mm dia. gravity sewer.

Sewers are laid along the eastern and western bank of Pichola Lake, for a length of 9.3 km and 11.50

km respectively and rest 2.6 km. The sewer in the peripheral areas has a length of about 8.50 km,

which is presently being maintained by UMC. For remaining area of lake periphery and upcoming

development thereafter, sewer lines of about 60 km length has been taken up as a new project under

National Lake Conservation Plan by Government of India.

c) Sewerage Treatment

On 30th March 2014, a 20 MLD sewage treatment facility has been established by Hindustan Zinc

Limited started functioning. The project has been implemented through PPP. It is a wastewater

recycling plant. The Hindustan Zinc imited is using the treated water for its industrial utilisation.



d) Sewerage Operation and Maintenance

The PHED provides new sewerage connections in the city. Sewerage charge is levied and collected

along with the water supply bills by PHED. 20% of water tax is levied as sewerage tax for areas where

the sewer system has been provided. PHED is supposed to share the collected sewerage charge with

UMC, However, as of now, PHED is not sharing the collected sewerage charges with UMC. For the

year 2012-13, total Rs. 50 lakhs were due to be shared with UMC, but no amount has been

transferred so far. The total number of sewerage connections in the old city area is 13,057; from

2011, no new connections have been given.

e) Service-Level Indicators

As per the service-level benchmarks prescribed by the Government of India in consultation with the

13th Finance Commission, every ULB has to report, plan, and achieve the SLBs for basic

services/functions in their respective city. SLBs for sewerage and sanitation are shown below.

Table 7-10: Service-Level Indicators – Sewerage and Sanitation


Coverage of toilets (%) 100% 91%

Coverage of sewerage network system (%) 100% 13%

Efficiency in collection of sewage (%) 100% 19%

Adequacy of capacity for treatment of sewage (%)

100% Recently treatment plant started functioning

Quality of treatment (%) 100% Recently treatment plant started functioning

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints

80% 80%

Extent of cost recovery in sewage management (%)

90% Not available

Efficiency in collection of sewage charges 20% 0%

Source: 1st generation CDP, and Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report,

October 2013

f) Present Sanitation Level

Table 7-11: Rating and Categorization of Cities based on Sanitation practices

Category Marks Description No. of cities in each category

Red <33 Cities on the brink of public health and environmental “emergency” and that need immediate remedial action

204

Black 34 - 66 Needing considerable improvements 228

Blue 67 – 90 Recovering but still diseased 4

Green 91 - 100 Healthy and clean city 0

Total 436

Udaipur Rank - 262 <33



Udaipur Red Category Red

Source: http://moud.gov.in/sites/upload_files/moud/files/rank_cities_0910.pdf

g) Demand and supply gaps of household toilets

As per the present status, 91% households have toilet facilities; however, as per the SLB,

100% households should be covered by household toilet facilities. Hence, there is an existing gap of

7% in the provision of household toilets.

7.2.2 Future Sewage Generation

Sewage generation is estimated based on the assumption that 80% of the water supplied is used and

thrown back to the sewers as sewage. Accordingly, sewage generation has been projected as 81

MLD for 2021, 98 MLD for 2031, and 118 MLD by 2041.

Table 7-12: Sewage generation estimation

Year Projected population* Estimated water demand (MLD)

2021 624350 81

2031 755325 98

2041 910946 118

Based on the draft DPR prepared for sewerage, the estimated sewage generation is 222 MLD by

2041 (at a rate of 80% of water supply).

Year Estimated water demand (MLD) Estimated sewage generation (MLD)

2041 278 (including domestic, industrial, institutional, tourist, and floating

population)

222

7.2.3 Critical Analysis of Sewerage and Sanitation System Post – 1st

Generation CDP Scenario

Following table shows the sanitation situation at the time of preparation of 1st generation CDP.

Key Features of Sewerage and Sanitation System as per 1st

Generation CDP

Sewerage system The sewerage system covered 13 wards out of 50 wards of the municipal area.

The old sewerage system in the catchment areas of lakes consists of 3500 m of sewers with diameters from 150 to 350 mm and covering a population of about 10,000.

UIT undertook the execution of the sewerage project to protect Pichola Lake from pollution. It also laid down a network of 24-km sewer line under the NEERI project, and about 3400 sewer hose connections have been done simultaneously.

Sewage Treatment Plant

The city did not have a sewage treatment facility.

PHED was in the last stage of acquiring land in the village Manwa Kheda along the bank of the Ayad river for developing STP. The project could not be implemented due to public unrest for land acquisition for the project.

Network coverage The sewage network and collection system was not covering all areas of the



city.

House service connections

Only about 3600 odd sewer connections exist in the entire city as against 75000 households (2001).

Key Observations Based on the discussion with various stakeholders, following issues have been identified:

Inadequate coverage

House connections

Sewage treatment plants

An investment plan to improve the sewerage system/infrastructure in the city was envisaged with

an investment of Rs. 137.22 crores covering various aspects such as provision of a new

sewerage system, sewers, house connections, 3 STPs etc.

Works proposed to be taken up for the design period – 2011

For an immediate solution for collecting waste water and to prevent pollution of lakes, it

was proposed to provide a sewerage network for entire city and also develop sewage

treatment facility. This involved laying of about 400 km network of sewer lines of sizes

200 mm to 1600 mm and about 74000 house connections.

A modular treatment plant of 20 MLD capacity was to be built in the first instance, and

another module of the same capacity can be added towards the end of first phase.

Provision of all above activities is covered in the project proposal, and the cost envisaged

is Rs. 19041.20 lakhs.

Works proposed to be taken up for the design period – 2041

For providing sanitation facilities in the city and to prevent pollution of lakes, it was

proposed to provide a sewerage network in the development area and in the proposed

development area of the city till the year of 2041. This will involve laying of about 100 km

network of sewer lines and about 25000 sewer house connections. A sewage treatment

plant of a total treatment capacity of 120 MLD is proposed to be developed in a phased

manner. Extensive IEC campaigns shall have to be taken up to motivate the people for

taking house connection and stop using soak pits. The total project proposal cost is Rs.

5272.14 lakhs.

Under the National Lake Conservation Plan (NLCP), Rs. 41.50 crore has been sanctioned and project is started on 11

th April 2013 for lake conservation.


The table below provides a comparison of the status of service level noted at the time of 1st

generation CDP and now . It provides an overview of service level across various indicators.

Table 7-13: Present Status


st

generation CDP (2006-07)


Coverage of toilets (%) 100 % 42% 91%

Coverage of sewerage network system (%)

100% - 13%

Efficiency in collection of 100% 4.8% 19%



sewage (%)

Adequacy of capacity for treatment of sewage (%)

100% Not available a waste water recycling plant of 20

MLD recently started operation

Quality of treatment (%) 100% No treatment a waste water recycling plant of 20 MLD recently started

operation



Extent of cost recovery in sewage management (%)

90% Not available Not available

Efficiency in collection of sewage charges

20% Not available Not available

Source: 1st generation CDP, and UMC

A comparison based on today‟s situation reflects the following changes across the following

parameters:

Coverage of toilets and sewerage network system increased from 42% to 91%

Efficiency in collection of sewage


Operationalisatio of waste water recycling plant

However, there is no improvement in areas such as extent of cost recovery, and efficiency in the

collection of sewage charges.

7.2.4 Institutional Framework for Sewerage and Sanitation System

As per the Rajasthan Municipal Act, provisioning of sewerage services in the city is the responsibility

of UMC. However, UIT and PHED also play important role in service provisioning. The PHED has

designed and implemented first sewerage project. UIT is still designing and implementing new

sewerage and sanitation projects for city. UIT is implementing the sewerage project taken up under

NLCP.

The function of operation and maintenance of sewerage system is transferred to UMC. UMC does not

have adequate technical know-how and staff for operating and maintenance of the system. A

separate department is to be defined under UMC for managing the function. PHED continues to levy

and collect user charge for sewerage. 33% of the water charge is collected as sewer charge. The

collected charges are not transferred to UMC. Such coordination and capacity limitation of institution

affects the delivery of sewerage services in the city.

7.2.5 Key Issues

Absence of planned underground sewerage network in the city

Existing sewerage system in the old city area is defunct and needs refurbishment

Fragmentation of responsibilities between UMC, UIT and PHED

Technical and coordination issues in operation and maintenance of the existing system

Lack of technical staff at UMC for maintaining the sewerage system

As per PHED, no new sewerage connections are issued after year 2010.



PHED charges 33 per cent of water user charges as a sewerage charges however collection

of the same is not transferred to UMC.

There is no citizen charter system been defined and implemented.

7.3 Solid Waste Management

The Public Health Department of UMC is responsible for SWM services along with other key health

related services like cleaning of drains, issue of trade licences, food safety concerns, and spraying of

insecticides. The department is headed by the medical officer, who is assisted by an assistant medical

officer, sanitary supervisors, sanitary inspectors, and public health workers.

This section presents a detailed assessment of the existing SWM system, which includes the waste

generation, collection, transportation, and treatment facility. Further, the section highlights key issues

in the SWM sector.

7.3.1 Existing Solid Waste Management System

a) Solid Waste Generation

The city at present generates about 405 MT of waste per day at an average rate of 0.89 kg per capita

per day. UMC is responsible for the collection, transportation, and safe disposal of solid waste within

the UMC jurisdiction except biomedical waste.

b) Type of Waste

Generated waste includes all kind of waste geenrated from different sources such as residential,

commercial, institutional, and markets. Around 50% of the population stores waste at source, while

the rest throws waste on streets and open spaces. There is an absence of waste segregation

practices in the city.

c) Street Sweeping

Street sweeping in Udaipur is carried out by 1605 sweepers; of this, around 715 sweepers are

permanent, while the rest are hired on a contract basis. Tools used for street sweeping include

brooms, handcarts, and Surpi etc. 70% of the streets are swept on a daily basis; 20%, on alternate

days; and the rest, once in a week. The minimum road length covered by sweepers is 100 to 200 m.

Street sweeping is carried out during morning (6 am to 10 am) and evening hours (2 pm to 5 pm).

Street sweeping is carried out on all days except on Wednesday and Sunday (half day).

d) Solid Waste Collection and Transportation System

Primary waste collection is done through door-to-door waste

collection and street sweeping. Door-to-door waste collection

facility is provided in some areas of the city. Around 43% of

the population is covered for waste collection. Of the total

waste generated in the city per day, only 50% is collected.

UMC has hired 40 contractors for street cleaning and door-to-

door garbage collection. Contractors have been hired for 29

out of 55 wards in the city, while waste collection in rest of the

wards is managed by UMC. Approximately 39,062 households

are served with door-to-door waste, with a coverage of nearly

43% of total properties in the city.



There are 23 waste stands and 223 dustbins in the city with a total capacity of approximately 200 MT.

The average distance between two bins is 500 m and the bin to population ratio is 1 bin per 1000

population. The frequency of cleaning the bins varies from daily (25%), alternate days (25%), and

twice in a week (50%) depending on the area. This indicates that UMC doesn‟t have sufficient number

of vehicles for daily secondary waste collection.

Around 200 MT waste is transported daily. The vehicles used by UMC for waste transportation include

14 dumpers, 1 tricycle, 3 mini lorries, 9 trucks, 4 tractor trailers, and 500 handcarts. Per day, 4 trips

are made by trucks and lorries for waste disposal. Total 42 drivers are deployed for the waste

transportation activity, which is sufficient considering the amount of waste generated.

e) Processing, Disposal System, and Landfill site

Presently, there is no waste processing facility. Waste is dumped at Titri and Savina Kheda trenching

ground, which is approximately 15 km away from the city.

f) SWM – User Charges

Udaipur doesn‟t levy user charges for SWM services. A Samekit kar is collected along with urban

development tax which is not adequate to manage operation and maintenance of SWM services.

g) SWM – Operation and Maintenance Cost Recovery

The SWM operating cost per MT waste is Rs. 790. The sanctioned budget for SWM services for the

year 2012-2013 was Rs. 20 crores; however, the total operation and maintenance cost exceeded the

sanctioned amount.

h) Service-Level Indicators

Table 7-14: Service-Level Indicators


Household-level coverage of SWM services through door-to-door collection of waste

100% 40%

Waste collection efficiency 100% 50%

Extent of waste segregation 100% Nil

Extent of recovery of waste collected 80% Nil

Extent of scientific disposal of waste at landfill sites

100% Nil

Extent of cost recovery for the ULB in SWM services

100% Nil

Efficiency in collection of SWM charges 90% Nil

Efficiency in redressal of customer complaints 80% 70%


7.3.2 Future Solid Waste Generation

Based on projected population, estimated waste generation by 2041 will be 820 MT @ 0.9 kg per

capita per day.



7.3.3 Critical Analysis of Solid Waste Management Systems: Post – 1st


Key Features of Solid Waste Management System as per 1st

Generation CDP

Generation Around 160 MT of solid waste was generated .

As per UMC, 120 MT of waste was being collected and disposed off

daily.

Waste was being collected and transported in open vehicles.

Primary collection of waste was done while street sweeping.

Absence of door-to-door collection system in Udaipur except for a

few colonies. Only 0.5% of the total population was served by

house-to-house collection through a private contractor or the NGO

Astha.

Segregation Was was not segregated.

Treatment Plant waste was being dumped in a crude manner at Titri. Waste treatment and disposal facilities were not developed.

Use Charges No user charges were levied for SWM

Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges in the sector.

Institutional weakness

Unavailability of skilled manpower for design, implementation, and

maintenance of the SWM facility

Lack of adequate waste transportation facilities

No designated site for waste disposal and no scientific waste

disposal methods adopted

Poor public participation and cooperation, waste thrown in streets

and drains

An investment plan to improve solid waste management is collection, segregation and secondary

storage, transportation, treatment (palatization plant) and other IEC activities was proposed for an

investment of Rs. 12 crore. However, no detailed project report has been prepared due to lack in

technical knowhow.


The table below provides a comparison of how the service level has changed since preparation of

1stgeneration CDP (2006-07). It provides an overview of the service level across various indicators.

Other than household coverage there is minimal improvement in SWM system.

Table 7-15: Changes over the last few years

Indicator Benchmark

Status at the time of preparation of 1

st generation

CDP (2006-07)

Present Status (2012-

13)

Household-level coverage of SWM services through door-to-door collection of waste

100% 0.5% 43%

Waste collection efficiency 100% 60% 50%

Extent of waste segregation 100% Nil Nil



Extent of recovery of waste collected

80% Nil Nil

Extent of scientific disposal of waste at landfill sites

100% Nil Nil

Extent of cost recovery for the ULB in SWM services

100% Nil Nil

Efficiency in collection of SWM charges

90% Nil Nil


80% Nil 70%


7.3.4 Institutional Framework for SWM

SWM is being managed at three levels (central, state, and ULB). Lack of coordination and follow up

between these institutions is a matter of concern.

Level/Institution Responsibility

Central level


Ministry of Environment and Forest

Recommendations for amendments in acts and

rules/regulations and byelaws of the ULBs,

implementation of centrally sponsored schemes, and

inspection and monitoring

State level

Department of Urban Development

Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board

Plan a comprehensive programme for prevention,

control, and abatement of pollution

Local level

Udaipur Municipal Corporation – Health

and Sanitation Department

Collection, transportation, and disposal of waste

Private operators Door-to-door collection of solid waste collection

There is no separate department for SWM service management. The health department manages the

SWM function. The health department in UMC has a Health Officer, a Chief Health Inspector, sanitary

inspectors, and 953 Jamadars/sweepers. The 40 contractors hired by UMC have employed 4,700

sweepers.

7.3.5 Key Issues

Inadequate coverage of door-to-door waste collection facilities and lack of adequate waste

transportation facilities

Absence of waste segregation, waste processing, and scientific waste disposal facilities

UMC doesn‟t have a separate department for sanitation and SWM services. Existing staff

doesn‟t have skills for planning and implementing large SWM project. There is no dedicated

and distinguished staff for SWM functions.

This service is not properly performed, resulting in problems of health, sanitation and

environmental degradation.

Lack of financial resources, and institutional weakness



Poor public participation and awareness of citizes for waste management are the major

factors affecting MSW management in Udaipur

7.4 Storm Water Drainage

Detailed assessment of existing SWD systems includes assessment of existing drainage network,

water logging areas and existing institutional arrangement. The same has been presented here.

7.4.1 Existing Drainage System

The Ayad River and its tributaries drain Udaipur city. The Kotra river, one of the biggest tributaries of

Ayad, commands an extensive catchment area in the south western part of the city. Most of the

rainwater in Kotra river pour into Pichola Lake and enter the Ayad river through Swaroop Sagar Lake

and Gumania drain. In general, undulating topography and existence of number of water bodies helps

the storm water to drain and no major water logging issues are observed.

Most of the existing city roads have lined drains alongside, and most part of the area runoff is

discharged into the Ayad river. The city is generally free from prolonged drainage congestion, except

in few places identified as problematic areas. Main drains leading to storm water are irregular and

mostly unlined. Vents of the cross drainage works are choked most of the time and not functioning

properly, resulting in sluggish flow. Moreover, service pipes in many places crossing through drains

also impede the flow. Drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt, and rubbish. Drains are insufficient to

carry runoff during storm resulting flooding of adjacent roads and colonies. These drains carry runoff

as well as domestic wastewater from the city. Ultimately, these drains lead storm water and waste to

the Ayad river through agricultural lands with no definite alignment.

The total drain length is 1,289 km, covering 80% of the total road length in the city. Primary drains are

176.69 km long; secondary, 439.50 km; and tertiary, 665.26 km.

7.4.2 Operation and Maintenance of Storm Water Drainage

The storm water drainage system is managed by the Engineering Department of UMC. The

department has 26 staff members to manage the drainage system, of which 1 is the technical head

and the rest are class IV employees. New projects for laying drains in the city are identified by ward

committees or elected representatives or from customer complaints while planning for a new road

network. Funding for the drainage project is raised from UMC‟s own budget.

7.4.3 Critical Analysis of Drainage System: Post – 1st Generation CDP

Scenario

Key Features of Storm Water Drainage System as per 1st

Generation CDP

Network coverage Length of primary drains is 31 km, while length of secondary drains is 1000 km.

The existing major drains are mostly irregular and unlined.

The drains are full of weeds, vegetation, silt, and rubbish.

Key Observations The discussion with various stakeholders identified the following challenges in the sector:

Haphazard expansion of the settlement



Drains encroached by illegal construction, and solid waste thrown waste into drains blocks flow of water

High siltation

Poor motivation, lack of regulation, and poor public awareness

An investment plan to improve storm water drainage covering various aspects including construction of new drains, improvement of existing drains, and Ayad river development project was proposed for Rs. 66.79 crore.


The table below provides a comparison of how service level has changed since the preparation of 1st

generation CDP (2006-07) to now. It provides an overview of service-level indicators.

Table 7-16: Post – 1st



st

generation CDP (2006-07)


Coverage of storm water drainage network

100% Not available 80.84%

Aggregate number of incidents of water logging reported in a year

0 times Not available 10

Proportion of roads with pucca drains

Not available 69.70 of road length in the city

Source: 1st generation CDP, and Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report,

October 2013

Due to the absence of information on coverage of storm waste drainage and aggregate number of

incidents of water logging in the 1st generation CDP, it is not possible to tap changes over the last few

years.

7.4.4 Key Issues

Inadequate or no drainage facilities in many areas

Inadequate and irregular maintenance of existing storm water drains.

Most of the drains in the city is in dilapidated condition and/or choked due to silting.

A comprehensive plan for repair, revamping and de-silting of drains is required.

Lack of motivation and public awareness



8. Traffic and Transportation System

Transport infrastructure forms the backbone of economy. It plays a very significant role in growth and

development of city. It is major factor, besides others, for spatial growth of the city. A well-developed

transport infrastructure provides increased accessibility to various areas of a city and opens up

remote areas on the periphery of the city, which is necessary from the point of future development

and orderly growth of any town. The objective of studying transport sector is to analyze its role in the

context of present scenario and thereby identify its strengths and weaknesses.

8.1 Existing Road Infrastructure

Udaipur city has ring radianl model with linear growth system along corridors. The road network

system within the city center and in periphery of the city center has a curvilinear road network. The

city is well connected by national and state highways. National Highway (NH) -76, NH-76A and NH-8

pass through the city. National Highway Authority of India and Ministry of Road and Transport are

responsible for maintenance of NH. State PWD department is responsible for maintenance of the

state highways and major district roads that pass through the city. Role of UMC is to maintain urban

roads within the limits of Municipal Corporation.

8.1.1 Road Hierarchy System in the City

Total road length in the city is 1585 km. More than 85% roads are bituminous roads. Water-bound

macadam roads are present in certain parts of the old city and cement concrete roads have been

constructed in slum areas. Only 1%of roads are un-surfaced roads in the city. Udaipur has 11 arterial

roads covering 84.17 km length. Most arterials form regional linkages to neighbouring major cities and

towns.

There are 26 sub-arterial roads connect the major residential areas to commercial and other areas of

the city. Most sub-arterials are undivided, except a few that connects major junctions. About 3%of

road length has over 35 meter right of way (ROW), 18%has ROW of 25 meter to 35 meter, 56% has

ROW between 10.1 M to 25 M and rest 23% roads have ROW below 25 M. Following table provide

the length and width of the various roads in the city.

Table 8-1 Distribution of road network in Udaipur city

Road category Length (km) Width of the

roads (m)

% to total

Arterial Roads (National Highway, State Highways) 44 30- 50 4%

Sub Arterial Roads (District Roads, and other Major Roads 175 20 to 25 16%

Collector roads 200 15 18%

Other roads 685 10 62%

Total length of the Roads 1585 100%



Major road in the city include NH road which passes through the city and carries the large volume of

vehicular movement. Other major roads include Hathi pol, Suraj pol, road leading to Delhi gate

chauraha, Udai pol chauraha, and Chetak circle. These roads connect to the various parts of the city

and have high vehicular movement. Most of these roads caters intra and inter city traffic. Most of the

roads are having black top surface types having bituminous wearing coat, all major roads are covered

under this. Water bound macadam roads exist only in certain parts of the old city area while cement

concrete roads exists in slum areas.

8.1.2 Important Junctions

There are several rotary intersections in the city that

provide one way circulatory system around a central

island. These intersections provide high capacity, cause

little delay in off peak hours, result in orderly movement

and require little maintenance. Cycle and animal drawn

vehicle create problems on large rotary intersections.

There are large number of road junctions and rotary

intersections where encroachment, informal activities

cause disruption of traffic inside the city. These rotary

intersections are developed and maintained by different

authorities.



Many intersections of city roads have control system with traffic lights. Regulation and phasing of

traffic signals is however unplanned and not in proportion to the requirements of approaching traffic.

Absence of planned traffic system in the city has led to traffic problems and high probability of

accidents. Footpaths are being curtailed indiscriminately for road widening. This makes pedestrian

unsafe. Moreover encroachment and ill planned location of hand-pumps, electricity poles, and

transformers also results into frequent accidents besides adversely affecting the aesthetic look.

Following crossings of the city roads have traffic signal:

Surajpol Chauraha

Delhi Gate

Chetak Circle

Court Choraha

Paras Cinema Chauraha

Salumber Chauraha

Pratap Nagar Chauraha

Street lights

The Electrical Department of UMC manages street lights in the city. Since, last 12 years UMC has

hired private agencies for operation and maintenance of street lights. Eleven contractors have been

hired for 55 wards. Per month approximately Rs. 12.5 lakh is paid for maintenance of street lights by

UMC. The new projects are being financed from own budget of UMC.

There are 28,246 street lights in the city, over a road length of 1585 km. The average spacing

between street light is 56.11 meter which exceeds the standard norm of 30 meter. 63 percent roads in

the city don‟t have any street lighting facility. There is a need for installing new street lights for

adequate illumination on roads.

Table 8-2: Number of Street Lights

Types of lamps Total number installed

High Mast Lamps 16

Sodium Vapour Lamps 7653

Tube lights 18657

Others (energy savers) 1920

Total 28246

Source: UMC

8.1.3 Bridges, Flyovers and Interchanges

At present there are no bridges and flyovers in the city. However, there are seven under passes in

the city. All these underpasses seem to be constructed with narrow openings are proving to be highly

inadequate and looking at the pace of development happening in Udaipur these would require

capacity augmentation in near future. Location of underpasses is as follows:

Udiyapol

RCA Hostel

Sikh Colony

Sewashram Choraha



HiranMagri Sector-11

Eklingpura

Debari village

Pedestrian movements

There is an absence of organized pedestrian facilities/footpaths in the city. However there is a

provision of footpaths on newly constructed roads. Large volume of pedestrian are found at Surajpole

chauraha followed by Delhi gate chauraha, Pratap nagar chauraha and Udaipol chauraha (as per low

carbon mobility study report). There is a need for improvement in pedestrian crossing facilities at

these locations.

8.1.4 NMT Facilities

City lacks an organized public transport system and non motorized transport infrastructure. Only 3%

of all trips in Udaipur are being made using public transport whereas private vehicles are used for

51% of total trips.

Footpaths are found on only 4% of road network, compelling pedestrians to compete with motorized

vehicles for road space. As a result NMT users are vulnerable, around 50 percent of accidents victims

are NMT users.

8.1.5 Issues and Key Challenges

Underdeveloped road network: Old city doesn‟t have well developed road network, these

roads are extremely narrow and in zigzag pattern. Irregular development of city has resulted

in roads being constructed in unplanned fashion, and incomplete links to major roads.

Over used carrying capacity of roads: Large number of roads is already operating beyond

their carrying capacity.

Improper junction design: Junction development has taken place in very irregular fashion.

Majority of junctions have not been designed properly, adding to congestion and incidences of

accidents.

Encroachment by shops: Encroachment of roads and footpaths has come across as a

major problem in smooth flow of traffic. People have encroached upon ROW by construction

of various types of structures.

Pedestrian system: Absence of safe and comprehensive system of pathways exposing

pedestrians to risks.

8.2 Existing Traffic and Transportation System

8.2.1 Traffic Volume

Number of registered vehicles in Udaipur has increased from 1,60,431 in 2004-05 to 3,39,594 in

2011-12. As seen from the graph above, number of registered vehicles have increased from 2004-

2005 to 2011-2012. 2 wheelers constitute 90%of total registered vehicles. Car constitutes 9%while

buses constitute only 1%. Delhi gate, Udia pol chauraha, Chetak circle, Suraj pol and Pratap nagar

chauraha are having heavy traffic. Pratap nagar chauraha holds the traffic of buses, and trucks going

to Chittorgarh, Bhilwara and Jaipur. It is also the connecting route of the Dabok airport to the city.

Moreover traffic from Madari industrial area worsens and messes up the condition. Delhi gate



connects major commercial areas like Bapu bazaar, Ashwini market with court circle, Shastri circle,

and Suraj pol lead to a heavy traffic situation on this through ought the day.

Figure 8-1 Vehicular registration growth

8.2.2 Modes of Transport

Major modes of transportation include shared auto

taxi, mini buses operated by private transporters,

RSRTC buses, auto rickshaws and private cars,

two wheelers. Share of two wheelers is more

among private vehicles like any other city in India



8.2.3 Existing Transportation Infrastructure

Public transport in Udaipur is composed of a limited supply of city bus service which is managed by

Udaipur City Transport Services Limited, company formed by UMC. Currently city bus service is

plying along 5 routes. There is large supply of tempos and auto rickshaws. Although tempos and auto

rickshaws belong to intermediate public transport, they operate under fixed route and fixed fare

mechanism and thus providing service of public transport.

Table 8-3: Details of Public Transport facilities - Udaipur

Route no. Origin Destination Route length (km) Bus tops (No.)

1 Amabmata Badgaon 18 25

2 Rampura Dabok 14 23

3 Amberi Balicha 14 22

4 Chetak circle Matoon 18 28

5 T.B.Hosp. Gitanjili Hosp. 25 35

Source: UMC

Absence of robust public transport system in the city has paved the way for intermediate public

transport. Despite being permitted, mini buses don‟t operate within the city due to lack of profitability.

Instead, they operate from Udaipur to peripheral towns. People usually rely on shared auto rickshaws

for point to point journeys. Presently, there is 6313 auto rickshaws (on area permit basis) and another

2637 tempos ply on 27 designated routes.

Numerous private buses operate from Udaipur for short as well as long distance travel. Currently, an

authorized private bus terminal doesn‟t exist. Therefore, private buses operate from on street facilities

near Udaipol, Surajpol and Delhi gate junctions. Route wise distribution of RSRTC bus movement

from Udaipur is as follows:

26 percent towards Jaipur/ Ajmer, along NH-8

25 percent towards Chittorgarh/ Kota, along NH-76

20 percent towards Ahmedabad, along NH-8

13 percent towards Mt. Abu

11 percent towards Banswara

5 percent towards Jharol

Travel Speed

Average journey speed was found to be 38 kmph. In bottleneck points such as old city area, bapu

bazaar, ashwani market, area near pratap nagar journey speed is as low as less than 10 kmph. 4

percent of road network has a journey speed of less than 20 kmph, 13 percent of total road network is

between 21 to 30 kmph, 21 percent of road network has the journey speed between 31-35 kmph,

while about 62 percent of road network has journey speed more than 35 kmph during peak hour.

8.2.4 Parking Facilities

On street parking exists along 33% of road network. Existing parking system of Udaipur is

decentralized, unmanaged and largely dysfunctional. Parking is dominated by a large number of small

parking lots. Many of these facilities are generally poorly maintained and lack basic infrastructure.

Haphazard street parking in major markets reduces the traffic carrying capacity of roads. Walled city

area has major parking problems. The tendency in Udaipur is of commercialization along main roads.



It led to an increase in parking demand along these roads

which in turn reduced the effective carriage way. Most of the

commercial areas don‟t provide parking space hence vehicles

are parked on roads thereby obstructing road traffic. This result

in traffic bottlenecks especially in peak hours causing economic

loss.Only 9% of road network has traffic signage, while 91% of

road network does not have any signage.

8.2.5 Safety and Traffic Management

Measures

Road safety in Udaipur has become a major concern due to rapid urban development and increased

traffic. Major accident prone zone are; Delhi gate to Nehru bazaar, Parastirahe mod, Shakti nagar

corner, Macchi cut from Bapu bazaar to Surajpole, Mewar motors gali mod, Hathipole, Teen

khambhagali and Jagdishchowk marg.

Various safety and traffic management measures include:

To improve transport system

Take safety measures at the busiest traffic areas and to bring down death rate by reducing

accident prone areas

Setting up CCTV cameras at busy spots, all major junctions to keep a vigil on violation of

traffic rules

Frequent checks to de-road the polluting vehicles

Tracking three wheelers operating without permits

Removing blind curves and

Penalizing overloading

Marking of yellow band, Zebra crossing and other markings

To create awareness

Clamping of illegally parked vehicles, which will be released after the offenders pay

prescribed penal charges

8.2.6 Issues and Key Challenges

Lack of parking space at commercial, institutional and tourist areas: Large number of

parking lots is encroached by informal activities and is also being used as solid waste dumps.

Commercial areas in high density zones of the city don‟t have adequate parking facilities

resulting in spillovers to streets, thus adversely affecting through traffic.

Absence of mass transportation: Lack of good and public transport system in the city.

Mainly 3 modes namely private bus, auto rickshaws, and shared auto cater the needs of

people. Mini buses run by private operators don‟t have any fixed schedule and are not

reliable. Shared autos have well defined spots for loading and off loading passengers and in

order to maximize profit they usually carry more passenger than their capacity.

Vehicle growth: Rapid growth of vehicles is observed in the city and in absence of good

mass public transportation system, it has increased exponentially.



8.3 Review of Institutional and Investments

8.3.1 Review of Institutional System

Urban transport sector is managed by UMC, UIT and PWD within UMC and UIT area. Engineering

department of UMC looks after of roads and transportation related works and projects. Road projects

in the city including small patch construction or repairs of interior roads are undertaken by UMC.

These areas are identified through general inspections by the assistant engineers, complaints or

requests from public thorough toll-free numbers or applications, or suggestions of local groups, and

elected representatives etc. PWD also constructs some major roads in the city. An office order was

issued by the District Collector in 2009 which demarcated the lengths and areas of major roads to be

maintained by UIT, PWD and UMC for avoiding overlapping and conflicts among agencies.

UIT is also carrying out road construction, maintenance and management related works. Engineering

and Technical branch of UIT looks after of all technical works related to development.

Public Works Department (PWD) is mainly entrusted with construction and maintenance of roads,

bridges and govt. Buildings. The department also act as Technical Advisor to the State Government in

these matters. PWD Rajasthan has eight zonal offices, each is placed under control of an Additional

Chief Engineer (ACE) having three to five circles each headed by a Superintending Engineer (SE)

and each circle comprises of three to four divisions which are mainly responsible for execution of

works. A Division, headed by an Executive Engineer, is further divided in four to five Sub-Divisions.

The zonal office controls and allocates budget for various heads.

Zonal office is the head of the field office organization and reports to the Chief Engineers of respective

field. Circle office controls and monitors works executed by the division office as well as other

responsibilities of the department. The various information and circulars go through circle office to

division offices. The circle office reports to zonal office. Most of the Executive Engineers are

responsible for both construction as well as maintenance works within the jurisdiction of divisions.

Executive Engineer is the executive head of the works and major activity of the tendering process is

done by the Executive Engineer. The works are supervised by him through Assistant Engineers and

Junior Engineers. All the information regarding works/execution is available at division.

8.3.2 Budgetary and Expenditures

There is no separate head for roads and transportation related works in UMC. It is mainly covered

under public repairs and development department. Capital expenditure under the same during last

five years is as below:

Details Years (Rs. Lakh)

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Public repairs and development dept.

859.79 728.98 142.48 358.80 181.37

Expenditure on operation and maintenance

646.71 572.07 185.65 521.22 245.14

Proposed budget for public development works for the year of 2014-15 is Rs.785 lakh in UMC.

Proposed works are;

Construction of roads: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 400 lac



Construction of roads in kacchi basti: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 50 lac

Compensation for development work: Proposed capital expenses: Rs. 20 lac

As per the Master Plan 2031, one bypass road from village Debari to village Gudli which meets to

National Highway 9 is proposed. There are other proposals of road widening, establishment of bus

stands at 6 major locations in the city. There is also a proposal to for Fly over at Eklingpura Junction,

and Expression of Interest (EOI) is invited by UIT for the preparation of DPR.

8.4 Analysis of post – 1st Generation CDP Scenario

Key Features of Traffic and Transportation as per 1st

Generation CDP

Regional road network Delhi – Mumbai (NH-8)

Chittorgarh – NH-76

Road length Total road length in Udaipur is about 822 km, of this total road length maintained by PWD is 116.60 km while UIT and Municipality have a total of 7000 km road network under their jurisdiction.

11 arterial roads: 84.17 km length

26 sub arterial roads connects major residential areas to

commercial, and public /institutional areas of the city

Type of roads Most of the roads are black top roads

Vehicle growth and composition

Share of two wheelers is 33 percent followed by cars. Buses and IPT shares 17 and 15 percent respectively.

Truck terminals and stands

3 truck terminals are located in the city; however they are not completely developed.

Bus stands and Bus stops

At present Rajasthan roadways bus stand is located in Udaipol. This is a high density traffic corridor of Udaipur.

Taxi, Pvt. Bus stands Absence of planned taxi and bus stands due to which private bus operators are more in the city.

Auto rickshaw stands Total 82 auto rickshaw stands in Udaipur as identified by traffic police. It has a capacity to accommodate 558 three wheeler.

Shared Auto Taxi stands Identified and located certain stoppages for shared auto taxi.

Parking Existing parking system of Udaipur is decentralized, unmanaged, and largely dysfunctional. Parking is dominated by a large number of small parking lots.

Key challenges Major challenges identified include;

Under developed road network

Overused carrying capacity of roads

Lack of parking space at commercial, institutional and tourist

areas

Lack of mass transit modes in the city

Heavy traffic flow from city centre resulting in frequent

congestion

Improper design of turn abouts/junctions; junctions have

become major accident zones

Proper O&M of existing street lights is required



An investment plan to improve traffic and transportation scenario in the city include specific road

projects, parking projects, transport facilities (bus terminals, bus stops), and construction of missing

link of roads. An investment of Rs. 93.04 crore covering mentioned aspects is proposed in the

CDP. However basic services have given priority. Need to prepare comprehensive plan proposal.


Table below provides a comparison of how the service level has changed since the preparation of 1st

generation CDP (2006-07) and revision of CDP (2013-14). It provides an overview of service level

across various indicators.

Table 8-4: Post – 1st

generation CDP Scenario

Indicator Status at the time of preparation of 1

st generation CDP (2006-07)


Number of bus depots One bus stand 1

Per capita road length Not available 16.99 sqmt

Proportion of surfaced roads 85 percent 90 percent

O&M cost per km of road Not available Rs.5,595


Study conducted - Low Carbon Comprehensive Mobility Plan for Udaipur14

Udaipur was selected as a case study for preparing Low Carbon Comprehensive Mobility Plan by

UNEP. Study area is about 347.91 sqkm and having a population of 637,717 (2011 census).

A comparison based on today‟s situation reflects that city has improved in transportation system

during last few years however decongestion still needs to be implemented. A low carbon

comprehensive mobility plan for Udaipur is being prepared. It will be mobility plan that provides

roadmap for infrastructure development options and investment requirement to provide a desirable

level of mobility and accessibility while minimizing carbon emissions. Vision and Objectives of the plan

include;

Low carbon comprehensive mobility plan for Udaipur

Vision

The Mobility vision for Udaipur city is to “Provide safe, efficient and environmentally sustainable

means of transportation system for improved mobility and accessibility of people and goods across

gender and heterogeneous socio-economic groups”.

Objectives

To provide long term strategy, which ensures desirable mobility, safety and accessibility to people

across gender and socio-economic groups while reducing carbon emission? Sustainable mobility can

only be ensured if the solutions are environmentally, socially and economically sustainable.

Table 8-5: Udaipur Current situation

Indicators/ Values Base Year

14

http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf%27s/udaipur_lct_mobility.pdf




Mobility and Accessibility

Modal share in percent 25

Modal share of walk 3

Modal share of cycle 48

Modal share of two wheeler 18

Modal share of IPT 3

Modal share of Car 3

Modal share of public transport 3

Trip length (km)

Walk 1.18

Cycle 2.37

Two wheeler 5.54

IPT 4.52

Car 7.06

PT -

Accessibility

% of households within 10 minutes of walking to access PT (IPT for base year)

69

LOS of PT facilities as per MoUD SLB handbook 4

Land use Mix intensity

Increase in the percent of infra – zonal trips as compared to Base year (Base year value is 19 percent)

-

Safety to use NMT (user per)

Walk 7.50

Cycle 7

Total motorized vehicle km (thousand km) 880489

LOS of NMT facilities as per MoUD SLB handbook 4

Source: http://www.unep.org/Transport/lowcarbon/Pdf%27s/udaipur_lct_mobility.pdf

Recommendations and Suggestions given under Low Carbon Mobility Plan

Urban Mobility Plan

a) Integrated Land use Transport Plan:

Proposed scheme for Udaipur are:

Increase in area under commercial (retail), education and recreational such as parks by 40

percent.

Increase in residential density along public transport corridor by 3 times of existing gross

density.

Provision of NMT friendly neighbourhood (development of pedestrian crossing facilities).

b) Road Network Improvement Plan: The low carbon mobility plan has suggested of road network

for overall enhancement of connectivity. Following aspects are covered:




Completion of bypass roads (in accordance with Udaipur Master Plan)

Widening of roads (in accordance with Udaipur Master Plan)

Development of Road Hierarchy system

c) Public Transport Improvement Plan: Restructuring of IPT particularly 8 seater tempo through

route rationalization and adoption of strategies for sustainable City Bus Service, Introduction of

Public transport along 8 routes with coverage of 178 km and headway of 5 min along trunk routes

and headway of 15 min along feeder routes, improvement and development of adequate

infrastructure for promotion of public transport and multi-modal integration and implementation of

ITS for improving reliability of public transport.

d) Non-Motorised Transport Improvement Plan: Provision of infrastructural facilities for NMT users to

provide safe NMT movement, to increase the public transport modal share and to increase share

of NMT trips in total. Various measures has been suggested such as development of differently

abled friendly footpaths, development of pedestrian crossing signals at 19 important intersections,

improvement of old footpaths, development of cycle tracks, introduction of bike sharing scheme

and provision of road markings, signage, and street lighting facilities among others..



9. Housing and Urban Poverty

9.1 Overall Housing Scenario in the City

The city is characterized by low, medium and high density housing in the core city and low rise,

moderate dense housing in peripheral areas. City has witnessed boost in development of multi rise

residential and commercial structures during last few years.

9.1.1 Present availability of Housing Stock

City level housing stock data for 2011 is still awaited, hence not presented here. However 2001

census data is available as shown in table below.

Table 9-1: Details of housing stock in Udaipur city - 2001

Description 2001 census

Census houses 102292

Vacant houses 9371

Occupied houses 92921

Source: Census of India 2001

District Housing Stock details

In urban areas of the district, total 1.21 lakh census houses are noted. Of total houses, 77 percent

houses are in good condition, followed by dilapidated housing stock.

9.1.2 Quality of Housing Stock

The quality of housing stock for residential and residential cum other use category has been analysed

for 2011 for district urban. As per census 2011, district has 96% census houses under residence while

rest 4 is under residence cum other use.

9.1.3 Housing requirement as per the future Projected Population

As per Master Plan, 2031, 54% of the area has been earmarked for residential use. This indicates

that additional 25558 acre of area would require for the residential and mixed uses.

In order to estimate the housing stock requirement for the next three decades, we have adopted the

following assumptions. The assumptions are as follows:

Population projections as finalized in demography section

Household size is considered as 5 over the next three decades

Based on the above assumptions, city will have 1.76 lakhs houses by the end of 2041. It indicates

that city would require additional 0.74 lakhs houses by the end of 2041. Following table provide the

assumptions and housing requirement in the city for next three decades.



Table 9-2: Projected housing stock in the city

Year 2001 2011 2021 2031 2041

Population / Projected (in lakhs) 3.89 4.51 5.94 7.25 8.81

Household size 5 5 5 5 5

Total houses (in lakhs) 0.78 0.90 1.19 1.45 1.76


9.1.4 Housing in Inner city, Unplanned areas, Urban Villages and

Unauthorized Colonies

The city developed towards east, south east and north east.

Housing in the old Udaipur area is predominantly vernacular

in nature with low rise and inters connected structures. It

has a typical architecture and a Rajasthani style. These

houses are converted into hotels and guesthouses for

tourism purpose.

In new city area, houses are mainly low rise and having a

bungalow typology (individual houses). The fringe areas and

newly merged areas are classified as urban villages.

Medium to High-rise residential projects are coming up in

these areas.

The unauthorised areas have dilapidated housing with semi-permanent and temporary structures.

The notified slums could be categorised as unauthorised colonies. The roof material of the houses is

tiled or thatched.

9.1.5 Overview of growing Housing sector in the town

As per discussions with various officials, majority of the new housing layouts coming up along

chittorgadh road, ahmedabad road, gogunda road, nathdwara road, goverdhan sagar lake, area.

Economic development and other factors required for housing development has led to the

development of housing projects in these areas.

As per Master Plan 2031, for any new residential development density is fixed in order to promote the

controlled development.

Lowest Density: 25 – 40 persons per acre

Low Density: 40 – 80 persons per acre

Medium Density: 80 – 120 persons per acre

High Density: More than 120 persons per acre

9.2 Urban Poverty and Slums

Increasing urbanization, industrialization has created negative consequences resulting into slums

characterized by housing shortage, and critical inadequacies in public utilities, overcrowding and

unhygienic conditions. In urban area, types of slums organized by urban local bodies namely,

Notified, Recognized and Identified. All notified areas in a city notified as „slum‟ under „slum act‟ may



be considered as „Notified slums‟. The slum areas recognised by urban local bodies but not notified

by the state government as above are “Non-notified slum areas”.

9.2.1 Number of Slums

There are total 39 slum pockets in the city inhabiting 9529 households and 47636 people, accounting

around 11% of total population. Total BPL population is 14% of total slum population15

.

Table 9-3: Ward wise slum population

Sr. No. Name of Slum Population Sr. No. Name of Slum Population

1 Aabri mata 2913 21 Mali colony 20

2 Ambat mata harijan basti

818 22 Manoharpura 1196

3 Amba vagat 1546 23 Math madari 1419

4 Ambedkar nagar 430 24 Neemach mata ka khera 3030

5 Bagri basti 1100 25 Nimachkheda 385

6 Banjara basti 1024 26 Oad basti 578

7 Bhilu rana 2481 27 Paneriyo ki madri 658

8 Bhopa magri 1825 28 Ramsingh ji badi 633

9 Comi ekta 641 29 Ratakhet 734

10 Gandhinagar harijan basti

1299 30 Roop nagar 1394

11 Gordhan vilash nahi basti

64 31 Raigar colony 30

12 Hanuman colony 1138 32 Sahid Bhagat singh 2761

13 Indera nagar bheeda

1038 33 Sajjan nagar 1996

14 Indira colony 952 34 Shanti nagar 1063

15 Khempura kacchi basti

306 35 Sukhadia nagar 571

16 Kalbeliya colony 394 36 Vijay pathik nagar 3113

17 Krishna pura 261 37 Thakar bapa colony 47

18 Kishanpole dakshin 2913 38 Tekri kachi basti 145

19 Lohiya colony 1355 39 Kishanpole uttar 1570

20 Machala magra 3795 Total 47636

15

As per survey conducted in 2009.



Of all the slums, larger concentration of Population can be found in Machala Magra, Neemach Mata

Ka Khera, and Vijay Pathik nagar. All slums are recognized as notified slums however land ownership

remains with the local body.

9.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Slums (ward-wise distribution)

Following table shows the spatial distribution of slums in the city. Most of the slum pockets are located

along lakes, water bodies, in old city areas. Slum survey work is going to make due to which slum

location map is not prepared, as per information provided by concerned official, UIT.

Table 9-4: Ward wise distribution of slums

Sr. No.

Name of Slum Ward no. Sr. No. Name of Slum Ward no.

1 Aabri mata 1 21 Mali colony 26

2 Ambat mata harijan basti

7 22 Manoharpura 1

3 Amba vagat 5 23 Math madari 31

4 Ambedkar nagar 27 24 Neemach mata ka khera 1

5 Bagri basti 41 25 Nimachkheda 14

6 Banjara basti 9 26 Oad basti 6,7

7 Bhilu rana 4,7 27 Paneriyo ki madri 8,9

8 Bhopa magri 26,29 28 Ramsingh ji badi 18

9 Comi ekta 6,7 29 Ratakhet 4,8

10 Gandhinagar harijan basti

6,7 30 Roop nagar 15,16

11 Gordhan vilash nahi basti

16 31 Raigar colony 50

12 Hanuman colony 55 32 Sahid Bhagat singh 54

13 Indera nagar bheeda 19,41 33 Sajjan nagar 7

14 Indira colony 19,41 34 Shanti nagar 8,23

15 Khempura kacchi basti 33 35 Sukhadia nagar 30

16 Kalbeliya colony 8 36 Vijay pathik nagar 8,10

17 Krishna pura 53 37 Thakar bapa colony 50

18 Kishanpole dakshin 14,16 38 Tekri kachi basti 26

19 Lohiya colony 7 39 Kishanpole uttar 14,16

20 Machala magra 16

Big slums are located in 54, 1, 8, 10, 4 and 7 number wards. Some of the slums are divided among

two wards.

9.2.3 Average Slum Size

Since the slum survey is going on, hence some of the details are not available such as slum area in

ward area. Average household size in slums is about 5 persons per family.



9.2.4 Available Infrastructure for Slum Communities

The provisioning of housing and infrastructure services for urban poor in Udaipur is done by UIT as

well as UMC. As per survey carried out in slums, status of urban services in slums is as under:

Table 9-5: Basic services to Urban Poor

Source: Report – Rapid Baseline Assessment – Udaipur City, City level interim report, October 2013

Above mentioned survey was done in 1998, and latest information for the same is still awaited. Only

55% households have access to drinking water and toilet facilities.

Approximately 5000 households have individual taps and access to piped water supply. Other

sources of water include public tap, tube well/bore well and hand pumps. Duration of supply is mostly

less than 1 hour daily or at times no supply is there.

There is an absence of underground sewerage network in slum areas. Septic tank/flush latrine

prevails in these areas. Around 1702 households still practice open defecation. Solid waste gets

collected either daily or once in 2 days by municipal contractor.

Approach road to slum is motorable pucca road and street light is available on these roads.

9.2.5 Land tenure-ship of Slums

Land in slums is owned by the Urban Local Body. Under RAY programme, in situ slum development

is under progress.

9.2.6 Housing Stock (slums)

There are total 9498 dwelling units in these slums; of this 62% are pucca in nature. Of total dwelling

units, 6811 have electricity. 21% dwelling units have patta, 42% slum dwellers have possession

certificate/occupancy right.

9.2.7 Government Initiatives in Slum Improvement

There are two central government projects under implementation in the city. Integrated Housing and

Slum Development Programme (IHSDP) and Rajiv Awas Yojana (RAY). Two detailed surveys have

Sr. No. Services No. of HHs covered % of HHs covered

1 Water supply Individual taps 5029 52.78

Public taps 90 0.94

Tube well 490 5.14

2 Drainage and Sewerage

Not connected to sewer

9529 100

3 Sanitation Public septic tank 50 0.52

Service seat public 14 0.15

Own septic tank/flush 5293 55.55

Shared 29 0.30

Open defecation 1702 17.86



been conducted till now, first in 1998 and second in 2009. Due to skill gap as well as lack of staff in

UMC for project implementation, these schemes are being handed over to UIT. Among these

schemes, RAY is still not initiated due to technical and human resources problems. Presently, project

report on slum free city plan is under preparation stage which is supposed to be finished by June/July.

The aim of the RAY scheme for Udaipur is to upgrade the existing slums to an acceptable level and to

make the town slum free in the future. Objective of the scheme is existing situation analysis of nearby

areas and slums, selection and planning to construct 763 in situ houses in three slums of Udaipur (i.e.

Roop nagar, Shanti nagar and Vijay pathik nagar) and infrastructure planning. It covers total 5894

population having 1118 households; of total population 3991 beneficiaries will get benefit of the

scheme. As per latest information provided by RAY official in situ development of these three slums

have been completed. Identification of one slum for in situ development is under progress.

IHSDP project in Udaipur was initiated in the year of 2007. The project components include relocation

of total 1,242 housing units and in-situ development of 495 housing units in 17 slum pockets. UMC

was initially nominated as the implementing agency for the project. Later, UIT was entrusted to

undertake the project due to skill gap as well as lack of staff in UMC for project implementation.

Subsequently, the relocation component is managed by UIT and in-situ development is managed by

UMC.

The project involves participation of slum inhabitants at two levels: bearing financial cost and in situ

construction work. Twelve percent share of total unit cost (relocation / in-situ up gradation) is borne by

the beneficiary. For the in-situ up-gradation, UMC sanctions fund to the applicant in four installments

and each consecutive installment is released on the inspections of successful completion of work. For

relocation of slums and construction of housing units, UIT has hired external consultants.

Of total sanctioned project cost of Rs. 24.6 crore by GoI, cost sharing by beneficiaries is 4.85%, and

by ULB is 3.46%. Total amount is released to UIT and not UMC because UMC is handling relocation

component of the project. UIT shares a dedicated amount with UMC. A total of Rs.9 crore has been

released to UIT and Rs.1 crore to UMC.

However, during the course of project implementation, it was realized that sanctioned cost is not

meeting the project requirements. The beneficiaries were not willing to take part in the project cost

sharing, which resulted in delayed implementation. Hence, in February 2013, a temporary loan of

Rs.2.4 crore was released by UMC and Rs.1.9 crore by UIT, which amounts total 17% of project cost.

Even though UMC has sanctioned loan schemes to the beneficiaries, there is very little participation

by slum dwellers. Out of the total 2,192 registered plots in slums only 336 applications are received

for development of house. The construction for relocation units is still in progress. Total 29 units have

been up graded and 222 units are in progress.

Table 9-6 IHSDP project details

Particular Cost Sharing

(Rs. lakhs)

Percent Share (%)

Amount received/ released by UIT and UMC (Rs. lakhs)

Government of India 1,606.71 65.44 803.36

Government of Rajasthan

527.45 21.48 100.42

UMC ( ULB share) 84.85 3.46 243.00

UIT (ULB share) 193.25

Beneficiaries 119.16 4.85 42.45



Particular Cost Sharing

(Rs. lakhs)

Percent Share (%)

Amount received/ released by UIT and UMC (Rs. lakhs)

A & OE Administrative and Other Expenses

116.91 4.76 0.00

Total 2,455.08 1,382.48

9.2.8 Critical Analysis of Housing and Urban Poverty Sector under 1st


9.2.9 Policy, Regulation and Institutional Framework

State Government took various important initiatives for the housing sector such as Affordable Housing

Policy – 2009, which has focused on EWS/LIG housing to create affordable and rental housing in

urban areas. The policy has the following objectives16

:

Rental housing is one of the objectives

To reduce the housing shortage in the State, especially in EWS/LIG categories.

To take up large scale construction of Affordable housing (with focus on EWS and LIG

housing)

To bring down the cost of EWS and LIG categories of houses to affordable limits

To promote investments in housing in urban sector on PPP model

16

http://www.naredco.in/pdfs/g-s-sandhu.pdf

Key Features First Generation CDP: Housing and Urban Poverty

Salient Features

As per 2001 census, approximately 11 percent stock is vacant.

Large number of units is being put in to commercial use.

Housing shortage, Udaipur faces the problem of overcrowding.

Nearly 28 percent population lives in one room houses, while 29 percent households live in two

room houses.

Most of the buildings in inner city area have 3 to 4 storey structures, without proper access and

ventilation. These houses have poor basic amenities.

Almost 25 percent of houses within inner city area are more than 100 years old, which require

urgent renewal.

Key Issues

Illegal constructions and encroachments

Relatively low vibrancy in housing economy

Inner city congestions

Group housing allowing less number of people entering in the housing market.

In the 1st

generation CDP, total Rs.15.93 crore investments envisaged, covering various

components; slum housing and infrastructure improvement, provision of low cost housing,

construction of 22 public toilets having 147 seats.



To involve private developers in the construction of EWS/LIG categories of houses by offering

various attractive incentives

To create rental housing as transit accommodation for migrants to urban areas and,

To check creation of slums

State Government started another initiative such as Sahbhagita Awas Yojana – To promote EWS/LIG

housing through Public Private Partnership. Target of the scheme to provide 1,25,000 houses for

EWS/LIG and MIG category to be constructed in next three years. Target revised upwards to 5.0 lacs

houses looking to overwhelming response from private developers.

9.2.10 Key Issues

The process of implementation of project for in situ up gradation of housing for urban poor is

very slow and one of the reasons behind is the lack of administration and monitoring staff.

Delayed technical handholding to beneficiaries from UMC, absence of complaints registration

system, and ineffective project costing, have resulted in unwillingness amongst beneficiaries

which is affecting the proper implementation of the project.

IHSDP‟s basic component which is to include beneficiaries in project implementation is not

being achieved. The financial capability of the urban slum dwellers is a major constraint. The

loans given by UMC and UIT for this reason have no possibilities for being repaid.

The condition of basic services in slums is considerably alarming. Approximately 18% of the

households in slums are still practicing open defecation. More than 45% households in slums

are not connected with proper sanitation facilities.

Approximately 45% households have no water supply source.

UMC has one Kachi basti Department which has 5 staff members, out of which 3 are

appointed as consultants under central and state government schemes. UMC does not have

adequate staff strength for taking up large infrastructure projects.

Lack of technical, administrative staff in UMC the central government schemes have been

taken up by UIT.



10. Baseline Environment: Urban Environment and

Disaster Management

10.1 Pollution Level in the Town

Udaipur is the most urbanised city in the district and witnesses a huge volume of traffic. Traffic is one

of the major contributors of pollution in the city. Further, city lacks a safe disposal facility for sewage

and municipal solid waste. This is affecting ground and surface water quality in the city.

10.1.1 Ambient Air Quality

Ambient air quality of Udaipur is being monitored regularly by the Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

(RPCB) under the National Ambient Air Quality Monitoring Programme, at three locations: two

residential areas and one industrial area. Particulate matter at MIA area is higher, even crossing 500

µg/m3. Though the particulate matter concentration at Ambamata and Town Hall is lower than that at

MIA area, it sometimes it crosses 400 µg/m3. The Respirable suspended particulate matter (RSPM)

values are also higher than 100 µg/m3.

The overall air quality of the city shows a continuous increase in the pollution levels. Dust and

vehicular movements are two major reasons for the declined air quality. Increased traffic, large-scale

cutting of trees, deforestation along hill slopes, and burning of wood and charcoal in low income areas

in the urban fringes of the city are the main reasons of air quality deterioration. Travel needs of the

city are catered by various modes of transport like shared auto-taxi (tempo), mini buses, RSRTC

buses, auto rickshaws, and private vehicles like two-wheelers and cars. Improved socio-economic

conditions coupled with easy availability of vehicles have led to the growth of vehicles. Large-scale

and uncontrolled mining of marble and other minerals has also led to heavy deforestation on hill

slopes, contributing to air pollution. Though air quality is comparatively well, systematic efforts are

required to sustain the same.

10.1.2 Noise Pollution

Due to various activities such as religious functions, festivals, and related celebrations, noise levels

have been a matter of concern. To regulate and control noise pollution, the government has issued

various notifications under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Under the same, to control

community noise, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, came into existence. The

rules make it mandatory for the local authorities to control noise in their respective areas and

empower the designated authorities to take legal action against the violators. Under the rules, the

District Magistrate and police officers are responsible for the implementation of noise pollution rules

and regulations.

The recorded noise pollution (avg) for the last three years is given below.

Table 10-1: Trend in noise levels

Details 2008 Leq dB(A) 2009 2010

Avg. before and after

On Diwali day


On Diwali day


On Diwali day



Diwali Diwali Diwali

Udaipur 63.3 74.9 64.1 70.6 73.0 82.9

Source: Annual Report, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board, 2010-2011

Noise pollution has increased over the years in the city. Following factors are considered responsible

for the increasing noise pollution in the area:

Rapid expansion of urban and industrial areas

Increasing number of vehicles

Uneven land topography of the city and its environs

Traffic flow problems due to narrow roads

Commercial-cum-residential settlements

Increasing tourism activities

Depleting vegetation and tree cover

Cottage industries and small-scale industries in residential and mixed areas

National Highway No. 8 and its bye-passes through the city

Social and religious activities

During Diwali (2010), noise pollution level was measured during the day and night at an interval of 30

min across residential, commercial, and silent places.

Table 10-2: Noise pollution levels in Udaipur

Details Average level of Noise Pollution Leq dB(A) Noise Pollution Standards Leq dB(A)

Before and after Diwali On Diwali day

Residential

area

Commercial/Ind

ustrial area

Silent area

Residenti

al area

Commercial/Indu

strial area

Silent area

Residential area

Commercial/Industrial area

Silent area

Day

Udaipur 72.3 80.7 66.6 83.2 83.6 74.6 55 65 55

Night

69.6 78.7 70.2 88.2 86.5 81.2 45 55 40

Source: Annual Report, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board, 2010-2011

As seen from the table above, noise pollution is high in all areas before and on Diwali both during day

and night.

10.1.3 Water Pollution

Surface Water Quality

Due to absence of an underground sewerage network and treatment facilities, sewage is discharged

into lakes, leading to an increase in bacterial and organic load in lake water. 73 Ghats situated on the

banks of lakes are traditionally used for bathing and washing purpose. This releases large amount of

detergents in to the lakes, which increases phosphate content. Similarly, increased commercial

activity, especially hotels in the vicinity of lakes, is also contributing considerably to water pollution. In

the catchment area of Fateh Sagar Lake, chemical effluents from synthetic fibre mill are discharged.



Boating activity spreads an oil layer in waters near Navghat, Piplighat of Pichhola and boat booth of

Fateh Sagar. In summers, vehicles are washed between filter house and hotel site of Fateh Sagar.

In addition to the above, about 400-500 ton of solid waste is dumped on the banks of lakes. 100 MT

solid waste is deposited at 8 different locations (i.e., around Navghat, Lalghat, Gangaur Ghat, Ghat of

Gadi Devra, Satapole, Chandpole Bridge, Samla area, Hanuman Ghat, Amet ki Haveli, and Naga

Nagri of Pichola). Some other spots, worth mentioning, are near the public park at Yadav Colony and

near new bridge. Kalalia tanks have 5 waste dumping points of 50 ton and Lake Swaroop sagar has

11 spots. Lake Fateh Sagar is being polluted at 7 spots with about 90 ton of waste.

Lake water quality is monitored by RPCB under the NWMP programme. pH of Fateh Sagar Lake is

always more than 8.5, which makes it unfit for drinking and aquatic life. pH of other lakes is in the

range of 6.5–8.5, which is within the IS standard limits. Dissolved oxygen in the water of Udai Sagar

Lake is lower than 4 mg/L, which makes it unfit for drinking and aquatic life. Dissolved oxygen in

Fateh Sagar and Pichhola lake water is around 6 mg/L, which may be used for drinking purpose after

disinfection. BOD in Udai Sagar Lake is always more than 4 mg/L, indicating continuous pollution.

The threshold limit for BOD for drinking purpose is 2 mg/L. Comparatively Pichhola lake water is

better than others with respect to BOD concentration.

Fateh Sagar Lake has sometimes BOD concentrations more than 2 mg/L, which can be harmful for

drinking. In fresh water, nitrate concentration seldom exceeds 0.1 mg/L. Higher concentrations

indicate effect of human activities. Concentrations greater than 5 mg/L indicate significant level of

pollution. Nitrates in all three water bodies is always below 1 mg/L. Total count of coliforms in

unpolluted water generally varies between 10-100 MPN/100 mL. Values higher than 100 MPN/100

ML indicate contamination due to pollution. Udai Sagar Lake water is more polluted than other lakes.

Total coliform counts in Udai Sagar Lake water sometimes touch 350 MPN/100 mL.

Table 10-3: Water quality of major lakes in Udaipur – 2013

Parameters Fateh Sagar Lake Pichola Lake Udai Sagar Lake

pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L) 6 Less than 4

BOD More than 2 2 More than 4

Nitrates Below 1 Below 1 Below 1

Total coliforms (MPN/100 mL) 350

Source: Brief note on Environmental status – Udaipur, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

Ground Water Quality

Ground water contamination is essentially due to the presence of septic tanks in the city, leakages

and overflowing of existing sewer lines, and mixing of water and sewage due to faulty lines. The

Rajasthan Pollution Control Board is monitoring ground water at five locations under NWMP; results

are shown below.

Table 10-4: Ground water quality at different locations in Udaipur

Station Details

Year pH Temp

°C

DO

mg/L

BOD

mg/L

Nitrate N

mg/L

Cond

µS/cm

FC

MPN/

100 mL

TC

MPN/

100 mL



Near UIT Bridge, Udaipur

2006 7.4 27.5 6.2 0.8 0.8 1270 3.5 15.5

2007 7.8 27.5 2.5 0.6 0.9 1250 4.0 14.0

2008 7.9 26.5 3.7 1.5 0.7 1270 4.0 17.0

2009 7.2 29.0 3.5 0.8 0.7 1320 4.0 9.0

Near Fateh Sagar Lake and Panchavati Nallah

2006 7.3 25.0 --- 1.0 1.0 2000 7.0 20.0

2007 7.7 27.0 4.2 0.9 0.9 1550 5.0 9.0

2008 7.8 27.5 2.8 0.8 5.4 1515 3.0 5.5

2009 7.1 28.0 2.0 0.4 1.0 1900 3.0 7.0

Sardarpura Village, Udaipur

2006 7.3 26.5 --- 0.5 0.6 2250 3.5 9.0

2007 7.9 26.5 4.1 0.8 0.5 1490 3.5 7.0

2008 8.0 26.5 2.1 0.9 2.7 1445 3.0 5.5

2009 7.3 29 3 0.3 0.5 1200 3.0 4.0

Near Railway Station, Rana Pratap Nagar

2006 7.2 27.0 --- 1.0 0.3 3200 3.5 5.5

2007 7.7 27.5 4.0 0.5 0.4 2050 3.0 5.5

2008 7.7 27.5 2.7 0.3 5.2 2395 3.0 4.0

2009 7.2 29.0 3.1 0.5 2.3 2600 3.0 4.0

Subhash Nagar, Udaipur

2006 7.2 26.5 --- 0.6 0.3 2700 5.0 9.0

2007 7.3 26.5 4.2 0.5 0.4 2750 4.0 17.0

2008 7.5 26.5 2.4 2.6 3.1 2500 4.0 10.5

2009 7.5 28 3.6 0.2 0.4 1680 4.0 7.0

Source: Brief note on Environmental status – Udaipur, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board

In the process of decomposition, raw sewage undergoes a chemical process, and the end product is

nitrate nitrogen. When nitrate nitrogen is produced, it is considered as evidence of pollution either

from septic tank , cesspools or other sewage sources. Where a groundwater is known to contain little

or no nitrate nitrogen naturally, appearance of any significant increase is a probable indication of

pollution.

Faecal coliform bacteria are commonly found in the intestines of animals and humans. The presence

of faecal coliforms in water is a strong indication of sewage or animal waste contamination. The faecal

coliform count in ground water of Udaipur was 3-7 MPN/100 ML, indicating contamination by sewage.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) level was found to be between 2.0–6.2 mg/L. As per the IS standards, the

tolerance limit for drinking water source is 6 mg/L. Lower DO levels indicate that the water is not fit for

drinking.

10.2 Water Bodies

Lakes are the major water body in the city. Udaipur is dependent on its lake system, which is directly

or indirectly the life source of the city in terms of surface water resources, tourism, and ecosystem at

large. As per the existing land use, 2394 acre is under water bodies, which accounts for 8.9% of the

total area.

http://freedrinkingwater.com/glossary.htm#septic



10.2.1 List of Water Bodies

Water supply of Udaipur depends on surface and underground water sources such as lakes, step

wells, tube wells, and wells. Udaipur has numerous lakes

in its vicinity: Pichhola, Fateh Sagar, Bari, and Jaisamand

lakes. These lakes along with step wells and tube wells

have been Udaipur„s major sources of drinking water.

These sources receive water during the rainy season.

However, lack of rain during the last few years has

prevented the natural overflow, and with a lot of filth being

thrown in, there have been serious effects on lake

ecosystem. Pichola is the largest lake followed by Fateh

Sagar Lake.

Table 10-5 Water bodies, Udaipur

Lake name Catchment Area (Ha)

Pichola Lake 12,700

Fateh Sagar Lake 2,315

Bada Madar Lake 7,290

Chotta Madar Lake 2,534

Badi Lake 1,820

Chikalwas Lake 6,450

Total 33,190

10.2.2 Existing Condition of Water Bodies

Physical setting of the city enhances the flow of pollutants into lakes. The city has hills on all sides,

rising from 20 m to 150 m. Thus, natural drainage leads towards the lakes from all the sides. Most of

the hotels (more than 50) along with 6,000 residential houses accommodating 33,000 population, are

located on the lake slopes, releasing all sorts of dirt and drain water into the lakes. Even garbage

collected from the roads, dirt thrown from the houses, debris of dilapidated houses, and small-sized

dead animals are thrown on lake banks.

10.3 Gardens, Open Spaces, and Urban Forests

Under existing land use, other open areas account for 28.1% of the total area.

Due to availability of lake water, parks are being developed

in different areas of the city. Gulab Park and Saheliyo ki

Baadi are very beautiful parks and increase the beauty of

the city. After independence various parks are being

developed which includes Nehru ark in fatehsagar lake,

Moti Magri Park, Town Hall Garden, Sukhadiya Circle

Garden, Manikyalal Verma Garden, Dindayal Upadhyay

Garden, Sanjay Park, Aravalli Vatika, and Bhamashah

Garden are the major ones. Surrounding lakes various



gardens and parks are being developed. The city has 199 small, medium, and big parks, as per

information provided by UMC.

Gulab Bagh is the largest garden in Rajasthan, spread over an area of 100 acres of land. Maharaja

Sajjan Singh took the initiative to build this beautiful garden. It has abundance of roses due to which it

is known as Gulab Bagh. It is situated right beneath the banks of Pichola Lake on the Lake Palace

Road. Tourists from all over come to visit this garden.

UMC has started an initiative in which people or community or a society can adopt a park within their

area or society. Municipality provides funds every month for maintenance and management of the

adopted parks to the community, based on park size. Necessary infrastructure in the park/garden is

being provided by UMC only. Total 33 parks/gardens have been adopted, and Rs. 780000 has been

spent on the maintenance and management of these parks during 2013-14.

In the financial year of 2014-15, 36 parks/gardens are proposed to be given on adoption. Estimated

amount to be spent on the same would be Rs. 11,04,000.

10.4 Identification of Environmentally Sensitive Areas

Certain areas require a degree of protection as changes in natural processes associated with them or

native communities residing in them could bring about a change in the system at large. These are

laws at various levels of government which ascertain that industrial zoning /citing cannot be done in

some specific zones such as reserved forests, protected forests, sanctuaries, mangrove and coral

areas, breeding grounds, monuments of national/state and local significances, flood prone areas and

seismic zones. These sites called „Sensitive Zones‟ which could be broadly refers to the

„Environmentally Sensitive Areas‟. Some changes in these areas likely to produce a more

recognizable response. The purpose of the ecologically sensitive zone is enhancement and protection

of the native community and natural process over and above any other uses that might be

contemplated. This zone restricts public use and development.

The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) introduced an environmental planning programme known

as the „Zoning Atlas for Siting of Industries‟ in 1995 for identifying environmentally sensitive zones and

helping in achieving developmental objectives, especially those of industries, in an environmentally

manner. Under this programme, zoning atlas for Udaipur district was prepared in 199817

. The Spatial

Environmental Planning Programme was conceptualized for ensuring environment protection and its

resources through planned and sustainable development. The programme commenced in 1995 in 14

volunteer states, which was initially catered to siting of industries, but was expanded subsequently to

cater siting of industrial estates, compilation of environmental information and environmental

improvement of urban areas/mining areas/tourism areas.

The Aravalli Range, stretching from Palanpur in Gujarat to Delhi, divides Rajasthan into three distinct

climatic regions. In this range, Udaipur zone is estimated to be around 300 million years old. The

range is a unique amphitheatre of biological diversity. The important hills within the Udaipur area are

Nimach Mata hill, Bhuwana hill, Balicha hill, Odi hill, Eklingpura hill, Chorbavari hill, Thoria hill,

Macchala Magra, and Sajjangarh hill.

Kumbhalgarh sanctuary in the most rugged of the Aravalli hills in Pali, Rajasmand and Udaipur district

of Rajasthan is one of the environmentally sensitive areas.

17

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Jaisamand – located at about 50 km from Udaipur on the banks of Jaisamand lake, the sanctuary

extends over an area of 52 sq.km. of thick forests. Flora includes rich dhok and salar forests. The

fauna consists of chital, chinkara, sambhar, langur, leopard, hyena, fox, jungle cat, and wolf.

Jaisamand Lake is an abode of crocodiles, turtles, and variety of fish.

Phulvari ki Nal, located at about 82 km from Udaipur, covers 511 sq km. Among the carnivores,

leopard is the chief species. Other common predators are hyena, wolf, and jungle cat. The main

herbivores include chital, wild boar, four-horned antelope, and chinkara. Pangolin, palm civet, and

ratel may also be spotted here.

Udaipur Zoo is listed as one of the environmentally sensitive zones. Located in Sajjan Niwas Garden,

the zoo is spread over an area of 5 Ha. It was started in 1878, and has about 500 animals18

.

The city has a number of parks and gardens, which house considerable floral diversity such as

Saheliyo ki Bari, Gulab Bagh, Nehru Park, and Sajjan Niwas Garden.

Figure 10-1: Biodiversity map – Rajasthan

10.5 Disaster Proneness Assessment of the City

As per the National Disaster Act, 2005, disaster is a catastrophe, mishap, calamity, or grave

occurrence in any area. It results in substantial loss of life or human suffering or damage to and

destruction of property or damage to or degradation of the environment, which is beyond the coping

capacity of the community of the affected area. Major categories of disasters include:

Natural Disasters: Drought, Flood, and Earthquake

Anthropogenic Disasters: Accidents, Fire

Rajasthan is the driest state in India. Due to low rainfall and geographical characteristics of the state,

it faces drought problem repeatedly which creates a difficult situation. Common disasters in the state

18

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http://210.212.96.134/searajasthan/reports/SEA%20-%20Rajasthan%20Report.pdf



include drought, earthquake, flood (during the last few years), dust storm, and manmade related

disasters. State has its own Disaster Management Policy in 2004, and the state disaster management

plan is being prepared with the vision of a holistic, pro-active, multi-disaster, multi-sector, multi-

stakeholder, technology-driven, participatory, dynamic process to build Rajasthan a safe and disaster

resilient state. Under supervision of the Chief Secretary prepared by each Nodal Department, the plan

includes aspects of mitigation, preparedness, and response. Annual updation of the plan is

institutionalized at the state level by all departments.

Low rainfall coupled with erratic monsoon in the state makes Rajasthan most vulnerable to drought.

Udaipur is prone to floods due to river basins. Based on historical data, the frequency of occurrence

of droughts in Udaipur is once in 6 years. District Disaster Management Plan for 33 districts is

prepared by the Disaster Management and Relief Department, Udaipur district is one of them.

Disasters are classified into five categories covering total 31 disasters:

Water and air related: Flood, drought, storm, cloud burst

Earth related: Earthquake, land slide, Fire in mining

Chemical, industrial, and nuclear: Chemical, industrial, and nuclear disasters

Accidental: Fire, road and rail accidents, bomb blast

Biological: Epidemic, epidemic related to animals

Of these, 5 disasters are classified as main disasters in Udaipur. A detailed disaster management

plan has been prepared for each these disasters:

Drought

Flood

Accident

Fire

Earthquake

District-wise Hazard Profiling*

District name Hazards

Wind Flood Drought Earthquake Industrial accident

Udaipur Low Moderate Moderate Low Low

*This inference has evolved from analysis of various disaster hazard maps in BMTPC and secondary information

10.6 Disaster Management Mitigation Measures

Disaster mitigation at city level is a holistic management of disasters (both manmade and natural). It

involves management of events to minimize the damage during a disaster and development of

preparedness to cope with disasters to reduce the risk and losses.

As per the general disaster management structure in India, the district collector is responsible for

disaster management within the district. The district would play the key role in disaster management

and relief activities. In Rajasthan state, following institutional structure helps in disaster related

matters:

e) Institutional Co-ordination and Communication with Stakeholders

The Relief Department came into existence in 1951 on establish the office of the Relief

Commissioner. As per the directions from the state government, the name of the department was

changed to Disaster Management and Relief Department in the year 2003.



The Relief Department is a permanent department of the state administration, which is functioning

under the Commissioner and Secretary, Relief Department. Relief work and activities are carried out

by different departments and organizations. District collectors and district-level officers of other

organizations act as administrative, technical, controlling, and coordinating officers in their respective

districts. Financial take care is being carried out the State Department which executing the process.

The existing Town and Country Planning Act, Industrial Master Plan and land use zoning norms

evaluated to make amendments. To ensure safe planning enforcement, Department of Disaster is a

member of all the regulatory bodies in the State.

State Disaster Management Authority (SDMA): The state has an SDMA, which is headed by the

Chief Minister, while executive committee is headed by the Chief Secretary. It is responsible for laying

down policies and preparing plans for disaster management in the state. It would approve the state

plan in accordance with the guidelines laid down by NDMA, coordinate the implementation of the

state plan, recommend provision of funds for mitigation and preparedness measures, and review the

departmental plans of the different departments of the state, to ensure the integration of prevention,

preparedness, and mitigation measures.

State Executive Committee (SEC): SEC, headed by the Chief Secretary of the state government,

assists SDMA in performing its functions. It coordinates and monitors the implementation of the

National Policy, National Plan and the State Plan.

State Disaster Response Force (SDRF): SDRF has been constituted in the state, with the

assistance of the Rajasthan Armed Constabulary. Initially, it is comprised 150 trained and

experienced personnel of RAC. The force has been provided with expertise training and equipment to

serve as state‟s response team during disasters.

Center for Disaster Management: The Center for Disaster Management, located in the State

Administrative Training Institute, has been given the responsibility of capacity building in the state. It

organizes trainings for trainers and other stakeholders and also serves as a centre of knowledge and

documentation for disaster management in the state.

District Disaster Management Authority (DDMA): DDMA is headed by the collector and acts as the

planning, coordinating, and implementing body for disaster management at the district level. It is

responsible for preparing the disaster management plan for the district.

Local Authorities: In Urban areas, disaster is managed by Municipal Commissioner and Chief

Executive Officer under the overall supervision of District Collector. It will be responsible for putting in

place techno-legal regime and its compliance, awareness raising19

.

19

http://www.sihfwrajasthan.com/ppts/full/Disaster%20management.pdf



Figure 10-2: State- and district-level disaster management institutional framework

The Collector is responsible at the district level for providing relief and taking decisions related to that.

He/she also directs other departments to provide relief during the time of disaster.

One of the important stakeholders in disaster management is communities. Communities are always

the first responders to disasters. Therefore, it is imperative to generate necessary awareness and

knowledge about hazards/disasters and its effects. The print and electronic media would play an

important role in information dissemination. At the community level, different information, education,

and communication (IEC) methods and tools shall be used. Methods and tools for IEC20

are as

follows:

Development of jingles in local dialects

Development of video spots

Panel discussions on DRR in local

television and radio stations

Hoardings at strategic locations

Displaying of boards, banners, and /or

wall paintings in panchayat

bhawans/AWCs

Observation of DRR day

Development of posters, leaflets,

pamphlets, notices

Folk media, street plays, kalajathas on

DRR

Organizing various competitions on DRR

among students

20

http://www.rajrelief.nic.in/sdmp/draft-sdmp.pdf

State Disaster Management Authority

State Executive Committee

Relief Secretary (Relief Commissioner)

DDMA / Collector

DLO's / ULB's /

PRI's / NGO's

Center for Disaster Management

Line Departments / Nodal Department

http://www.rajrelief.nic.in/sdmp/draft-sdmp.pdf



Other approaches include:

Community-based disaster management programmes

Access to disaster related tools and equipment

Documentation of best practices

Mitigation measures can be classified into short- and long-term measures. It can be divided into two

categories:

Structural measures: on site works, construction and engineering works

Non-structural measures: Studies, research, regulations, policy changes, and capacity building

activities that support the structural measures

10.7 Key Issues and Concerns

Polluted water bodies: lakes and river

Ground water pollution due to septic tanks, leakage, and overflow of sewerage pipelines

Increasing air pollution majorly due to increased vehicular movements and traffic, cutting of

trees, deforestation along hill slopes, burning of wood and charcoal in low-income areas

The city faces high risk of fire accidents in the core city area due to congestion and narrow

roads, restricting the movement of fire fighting services.

The city is prone to natural disasters like drought.



11. Climate Change and Sustainable Development

Climate change and its effect on the environment, ecology, natural resources, and livelihoods of

people are emerging as complex challenges for the coming years. Rajasthan is characterized by high

climate sensitivity due to impacts on sectors like agriculture, water resources, forests, biodiversity,

and human health. These sectors already face challenges due to pressures from growing population,

rapid economic growth, and degradation of the environment and natural resources. Observation

records for over 100 years indicate that the probability of occurrence of severe and very severe

droughts is high over the western Rajasthan region.

11.1 Climate Change and the City

As per the International Panel for Climate Change (IPCC) 5th assessment report, cities across the

world, due to their rapid population growth and large-scale developmental and economic investments,

are at a high risk to the impacts of climate change. Most of the rapid growth will take place in the

urban areas of Asia and Africa. In view of this, the cities should focus on developing adaptation

capacity towards the climate variability.

Indian cities are characterized by high density of population and housing stock and poor

infrastructure, which make them all the more vulnerable to climate change. Given that the most valued

infrastructure is usually located in cities, the economic and social costs of climate change will be much

higher in cities.

For example, cities house valuable communication infrastructure as they do physical infrastructure

such as buildings, roads, bridges, and flyovers. Hence, any climate change impacts in the form of

damage will be quite expensive. Climate change impacts the physical assets used within cities for

economic production, the costs of raw materials and inputs to economic production, the subsequent

costs to businesses, and thus output and competitiveness.

f) Learnings from the Past

Climate change risks are expected to increase the frequency and intensity of current hazards,

increase the probability of extreme events, and spur the emergence of new hazards and

vulnerabilities with different spatial and socio-economic impacts. During the last decade, the issue of

climate change has been deliberated into Indian public policy agenda.

With the formulation of the National Action Plan on Climate Change in 2008, the issue of climate

change mitigation and adaptation has come to the forefront in the public policy agenda. Still the focus

is largely on the mitigation of climate change rather than increasing the adaptive capacity of the

people and places to deal with the impacts of climate change. So far, climate change concerns are

not recognised as an important part in Indian cities and its planning process. India has certain

institutional provisions such as disaster management authorities and state- and city-level integrated

coastal zone management programmes, the JNNURM to deal with different aspects of climate risk

related issues. However, there are very less components under these programmes that address

climate change risk reduction and adaptation in the urban areas.

A recent report using data collected over 193 years shows that since the 1960s, there has been a dip

in India‟s annual rainfall; for instance, in the plains of Kerala, the peak rainfall declined from at least

3,700 mm received in the 1920s and 1930s to around 2,800 mm in the 1960s, a fall of 24%. In the



plains of Punjab, there is a similar fall, from 1100 mm in the early years of the 10th century to around

687 mm, registering a decrease of 37.5%21

. Evidence indicates that parts of South Asia have become

drier since the 1970s with an increase in the number of droughts. Droughts have major

consequences. In 1987 and 2002-2003, droughts affected more than the half of India‟s crop area and

led to a huge fall in crop production. Glaciers in the northwestern Himalayas and in the Karakoram

Range – where westerly winter winds are the major source of moisture – have remained stable or

even advanced. On the other hand, most Himalayan glaciers – where a substantial part of the

moisture is supplied by the summer monsoon – have been retreating over the past century. Many

parts of India are already experiencing water stress. A study conducted by the Central Research

Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Hyderabad, has revealed that about 27% of country‟s geographical

area has been directly impacted by climate change.

g) Current Practices

The adverse effects of climate change are being felt on more than a fourth of India‟s landmass over

the last four decades. This has resulted into various mitigative and adoptive measures in order to

tackle with climate change risks. Some of the measures include:

Improving energy efficiency

Diversifying energy resources

Modifying industrial processes

11.2 Carbon Footprint Mapping – Application of Estimation

Models

GHG emissions are the by-product of emissions from our vehicles, heating our homes, using

electricity and from other activities in our daily lives. Carbon footprint is the amount of carbon dioxide

equivalent of GHG emissions that is emitted by our direct or indirect actions into the atmosphere. The

level of greenhouse gases emissions in carbon dioxide equivalents is the practice followed to review

the level of GHG emissions.

The reason for is that warming potential of the other gases is more powerful than carbon dioxide, but

carbon dioxide emissions dwarf those of the other gases due to its large volume of emissions.

Aggregate greenhouse gas emissions from the anthropogenic activities in Rajasthan in 1990

amounted to 18.6 MT of CO2, 827.9 thousand tons of CH4, and 6.6 thousand tons of N2O. In terms of

CO2 equivalent, emissions amount to 38.0 million ton (Garg and Shukla 2002). According to similar

estimates, the aggregate emissions from the anthropogenic activities in Rajasthan in 1995 amounted

to 27.0 million tons of CO2, 1044 thousand tons of CH4, and 10.5 thousand tons of N2O. In terms of

CO2 equivalent, emissions in 1995 amounted to 52.2 million ton. Rajasthan ranked 10th with 3.7% of

India‟s emissions in 1990 and ranked 9th with 4.2% of India‟s emissions in 1995.

On the sectoral basis, emissions were estimated from the energy sector, agriculture sector, industrial

processes, waste disposal and from land-use, land-use change and forestry sector. Key districts with

high emissions in 1990 include Ganganagar, Jaipur, Ajmer, Jodhpur, Nagaur, Udaipur, Chittorgarh,

and Kota (total emissions in the districts were greater than 1.5 million ton CO2 equivalent). In 1995,

Alwar, Sawai Madhopur, and Bhilwara were also added to this category. These estimates were made

in the context of the first national communication to UNFCCC. The only other estimates or updated

21

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http://www.idfc.com/pdf/report/Chapter-21.pdf



information on the GHG emissions is for the year 2007 as part of the Indian Network for Climate

Change Assessment (INCCA) greenhouse gas emissions 2007 (GoI 2010a). These estimates

suggest that there has been about 3% increase (combined annual growth rate) in 2007 as compared

to 1994.

11.3 Impact and Imperatives

Major sectors such as water resources, agriculture and animal husbandry, forestry and bio-diversity,

health, energy efficiency and sustainable habitats are identified in the State. Following table shows

the likely sector-wise impact of climate change.

Table 11-1: Sectoral impacts and imperatives in Rajasthan

Sectors Likely impacts of climate change

Water Resources

Adverse effects on hydrological cycle

In Rajasthan, the overall rainfall is projected to decrease, and

evapotranspiration, to increase. The normal average annual

evapotranspiration of Rajasthan is estimated as 1701 mm (CAZRI22

,

2009). Goyal et al. (2004b) highlighted that the sensitivity of

evapotranspiration to global warming for arid regions of Rajasthan is

projected to increase by 14.8% with the increase in temperature. A small

increase of 1% in temperature (0.42°C based on normal maximum

temperature of Rajasthan) from the baseline could result in an increase in

evapotranspiration by 15 mm, resulting in additional water requirements of

34.275 million cubic metre (mcm) for Jodhpur district alone and 313.12

mcm for the entire arid zone of Rajasthan (Goyal et al., 2004).

Total available utilizable groundwater for Rajasthan is 11159 mcm, and the

increase of 1% in temperature will put additional stress of 6.43% to 20.16%

on the existing groundwater resources.

Increased drought occurrence in the state which would impact not only

water resources but also have a cascading effect on dependent sectors.

Climate change will lead to acute water stress condition for the river Luni.

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Changes in precipitation patterns increase the likelihood of short-run crop

failures and production declines.

Heat stress has an impact on the productive and reproductive performance

of dairy animals.

Loss in milk production.

The GHG emissions from the agriculture sector are emitted mainly in the

form of CH4. These are due to enteric fermentation and from rice paddy

cultivation.

22

CAZRI - Central Arid Zone Research Institute



N2O is also emitted from this sector and is mainly from the agricultural

fields due to application of fertilizers. Livestock is a major anthropogenic

source of methane emission from agriculture.

Forestry and Biodiversity

Increase in the aridity of the existing dry lands and sub-humid lands.

Water dependent and the higher and extreme temperature sensitive

species diversity and habitats would face the danger of reduction in size or

population or even face extinction.

Risks to structure and functions of the forest ecosystems that are already

exposed to multiple stresses.

Health Increasing the risk of exposure to vector, water, and food borne diseases,

aggravating malnutrition and increasing injuries and deaths from extreme

rainfall events and thermal stresses.

Sustainable habitats

Rise in overall temperatures

Reduction in mean annual rainfall

Increase in frequency and intensity of extreme events, including droughts

and floods

11.4 Climate Resilience and Carbon Reduction Strategy

The Rajasthan State Government established a „Climate Change and Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) cell‟ in the Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board to act as a nodal agency for

coordinating issues related to climate change in the state. The cell was constituted in April 2010 and

was involved in the drafting of the Climate Change Agenda for Rajasthan (CCAR).

The vision of Rajasthan Climate Change Action Plan (RCCAP) is „to achieve sustainable development

by reducing vulnerability to climate change impacts and enhancing resilience of ecological, economic,

and social systems in Rajasthan‟.

The draft RCCAP, 2011, envisages adverse impact of climate change in four broad sectors: (1) water

resources, (2) agriculture and animal husbandry, (3) forests and biodiversity, and (4) health. The plan

presents broad strategies and enlists short- and long-term measures for mitigation of climate change

impacts on all the four sectors and also outlines other measures to counter climate change, such as

enhanced energy efficiency, building sustainable habitats, and increasing strategic knowledge of

climate change.

Table 11-2: Sectoral climate resilience and carbon reduction strategy – sector wise

Sectors Strategies

Water Resources

Development of a comprehensive database for the assessment of impacts

of climate change on water resources

Ground water management with focus on overexploited areas

Development of drought monitoring and early warning systems

Water conservation and demand management in urban and rural systems



Improving water use efficiency

Agriculture and Animal Husbandry

Development of climate hardy cultivators and livestock

Development of pasturelands and wastelands and restoration of grazing

lands

Creation of a database for climate risk management

Enhancement of productivity of dry lands

Management of multifunctional agroforestry systems

Forestry and Biodiversity

Afforestation/restoration for maximizing the mitigation potential forests

Monitoring of likely shifts in forest types, species, especially in desert

ecosystems and sand dunes

Integration of traditional knowledge in adaptation techniques

Health Enhancement of disease monitoring and surveillance systems

Health impact assessments for vulnerable populations

Greater inter-sectoral convergence to enhance primary, secondary, and

tertiary health care

Energy Efficiency

Inventorisation and management of greenhouse gases

Harnessing of the full renewable energy potential in the state

Focusing on energy efficiency

Sustainable Habitats

Integration of land use and transportation planning

Green building legislation

Reduction of GHG from the transport sector

Urban waste management



12. Cultural Resources, Heritage, and Tourism

Cultural resources mean historic and cultural significance of the city. Cultural resources include

tangible heritage in terms of built environment including monuments, public buildings, historic areas,

and open spaces of social, ecological, and historical importance. Integrated tourism and culture

development would benefit the local economy as well.

A detailed assessment has been carried out on the heritage value, heritage management plan, and

the projects being implemented. Key findings of the analysis indicate the status of heritage value and

the need of the hour to conserver heritage monuments and heritage management plans. The chapter

presents an overview of built heritage, fair and festivals, and tourism scenario in the city.

12.1 Historical Importance of the Town

Maharana Udai Singh, driven from the citadel of Chittor by the

pursuing armies of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, decided to abandon

the struggle and fled to the hills and ravines of the Aravalis. He

founded Udaipur in 1567, one of the most romantic cities in India.

Udaipur or the city of lakes nestles in a scenic valley, ringed by the

green Aravali hills. It is built around three lakes – Pichola, Fateh

Sagar, and Udai Sagar a little further out.

Udaipur was the last of the capitals of Mewar. The former capitals

were Ahar, Nagda, and Chittaur, and the Sisodia Rajputs of the

ruling house are the acknowledged head of the 36 royal clans.

Claiming to be descents from the divine Lord Rama, King of

Ayodhya and hero of the earliest Indian epic Ramayana (1500 BC),

the Sisodia Rajputs have been ruling Mewar from 144 AD. But their

dynasty was firmly established in the 8th century when Bappa

Rawal, around whom several legends are woven, defeated the

Mori prince of Chittorgarh and founded a kingdom (728 AD.) that

was to blaze a trail of courage and chivalry and to make the name

of Chittor synonymous with valour.

It was at Udaipur that Maharana Uday Singh, son of the famous

Maharana Pratap, was born and brought up. But the past glories of

the Sisodia house so possessed the mind of this hero that he

abandoned the opiate beauties of Udaipur to haunt the ravines and forests of the surrounding Aravalis

in his relentless and continuous efforts to win back Chittor from the Moghuls.

12.2 Existing Situation for Heritage

The city was formerly surrounded by a circular defence wall from all four sides and western side is

bounded by lakes. Eleven gates guard the walled city and most of them are in a bad condition and not

maintained properly. As the city grows, one of the major concerns is conserving lakes, and history and

the rich heritage. Important heritage sectors in the city include:

Royal palace complex



Fort/city wall/pols (gates)

Fort city wall pols (gate)

Temples

Memorials

Lakes and Islands

Embankments

Sites of natural beauty

Heritage streets

Heritage havelis and buildings

Parks and gardens

Udaipur Municipal Corporation has carried out heritage listing for the city. These buildings are

maintained by UMC.

Table 12-1: List of Heritage Structures - UMC

Sr. No. Name of Structure Listing number Typology Ward No.

Gardens/Bagh

1 Sahalio ki Badi UDZ/2013/HL-01 Garden 3

2 Moti Magri UDZ/2013/HL-02 Garden 4

3 Jag Mandir UDZ/2013/HL-03 Garden 9

4 Samor Bagh UDZ/2013/HL-04 Garden 10

5 Meera Park UDZ/2013/HL-05 Garden 11

6 Hemraj Vyayamshala UDZ/2013/HL-06 Park 11

7 Sajjanniwas Bagh UDZ/2013/HL007 Garden 14

8 Champa Bagh UDZ/2013/HL-08 Garden 39

Sanctuary

1 Sajjangadh Wildlife

Sanctuary

UDZ/2013/HL-09 Sanctuary Sajjangadh

hills

Archaeological sites

1 Dhul kot UDZ/2013/AS-01 Archaeological Site 34

Cultural Places

1 Shilpgram UDZ/2013/CP- 01 Craft village 2

2 Lok Kala Mandal UDZ/2013/CP-02 Cultural centre 52

Fort/ Palace

1 Shamshergarh UDZ/2013/RES-01 Fort 4

2 Jag Nivas (Lake Palace) UDZ/2013/ RES -02 Palace 9

3 City Palace Complex UDZ/2013/ RES -03 Palace 10

4 Eklingadh UDZ/2013/ RES -04 Fort 16



5 Hejan Baika Mahal

(Goverdhan Vilas)

UDZ/2013/ RES -05 Palace 17

6 Indragadh UDZ/2013/ RES -06 Fort 40

7 Ranika Mahal UDZ/2013/ RES -07 Palace 41

8 Sajjangadh Fort UDZ/2013/ RES -08 Fort

9 Bedla Mahal UDZ/2013/ RES -09 Palace

Source: http://www.udaipurmc.org/

Following are also included in the list:

1. Public Buildings and Structures: 12 nos.

2. Hospitals: 4 nos.

3. Institutional: 5 nos.

4. Sarais or Guesthouses: 10 nos.

5. Recreational and others: 4 nos.

6. City gates: 12 nos.

7. City walls: 5 nos.

8. Bridges: 4 nos.

9. Lakes: 8 nos.

10. Rivers: 1 no.

11. Step wells/Kunds: 33 nos.

12. Open spaces

13. Lake embankments

14. City squares

15. Open fields

16. Religious buildings

17. Havelis

18. Residence/Traditional houses

Heritage sites in the city

City Palace:

It was founded by Udai Singh and subsequently

strengthened and augmented by rulers of the region.

The palace complex comprises many structures built

by various rulers over the years. They include Bari

pole, Dhuni Mata temple, Moti Mahal, Krishna Vilas,

Bhim Vilas, and Amar Vilas.

It has striking architectural features with richly

decorated motifs, cornices, and columns, typical to

the Mewad region.

Another typical feature of the palace is the glass

floorings, and tinted glass designs in the Moti Mahal.

The palace is famous for paintings by artists from the

http://www.udaipurmc.org/



17th and 18

th century.

Durbar Hall:

It was built under the British rule by Lord Minto, the

viceroy of India in 1909

Striking features of the hall are the paintings of

various Maharanas (royal portrait gallery and

chandeliers of the British era).

Lake Palace:

It was built by Maharana Jagat Sinh II in 1746

Located in the middle of Lake Pichola, it was a

summer residence for previous rules

Built of granite and marble

Remarkable architectural features are the intricately

hand worked glass inlaid designs. The arched doors

and balconies worked in marble.

The palace has been converted into a star hotel and

extensions have been added to the old building.

However, the old architectural character of the

building has been maintained in the newly extended

part also.

Bagore ki Haveli:

The haveli/mansion was built in 1751. In 1875, a

triple arched gate was built that leads to the Gangaur

ghat.

The haveli consists of fine workmanship in glass inlay works,

mirrors and frescos. Other interesting architectural features

are the jharokas, balconies, cupolas, and archways, which

are very typical to the architectural style in this region.

Ahar Museum:

Remains of 4000 ancient human civilization (2000 B.C. – 1400 B.C.)

Ahar village was the ancient capital of the Sisodia dynasty.

The striking architectural features in this site are the ancient cenotaphs and kunds typical to the

Hindu architecture.

Also found at this site are coins, pots, statues, bronze objects, and other historic artefacts of the

Indo Aryan civilization.

Jag Mandir:



This island palace was built by Maharana Jai Singh-I who made several additions to it.

It is constructed amidst Pichola Lake.

Built in 1651, it is a yellow sand stone palace, lined by white marble from inside.

Three storied complex capped by domes. Flooring of white and black marble.

Sahelio ki Bari:

Sahelio ki Bari, or the garden of the Maids of Honor,

is situated below the embankment of Fateh Sagar

Lake.

Originally built by Maharana Sangram Singh II in the

18th century, it was later reconstructed to its original

form by Maharana Fateh Singh. The gardens contain

ornamental lotus pools and finely sculptured chatries

of soft black stone surrounded on all sides by

fountains.

One of the main attractions in the garden is the four

huge elephants, each one sculptured out of a single

piece of stone, which spout out water from their trunk

Sajjangarh Fort:

Sajjangarh – the „monsoon palace‟ of the Maharanas

– is located within a wildlife sanctuary on one of the

highest peaks in Udaipur.

The palace was built by Maharana Sajjan Singh

between 1874-84 and is one of the best places to

view the sunset.

The palace provides a spectacular view of the city.

Within the palace is a picture gallery exhibiting

different wildlife species in the sanctuary.

Nagda Temple:

The ruined temples of Nagda are the remains of the

old city found by Nagaditya, the fourth ruler of the

Mewad dynasty, in the 7th century.

The city, which was a flourishing merchant town, bore

the onslaught of many Muslim invasions until it was

finally devastated in the 13th century, leaving behind

the ancient temples of Sas-Bahu dating back to the

11th century.

The interesting architectural features of this Indo-

Aryan temple are the carved figures on its podium

and mandapa



Jagdish Mandir:

Jagdish Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, was built

by Maharana Jagat Singh in 1651.

The temple is built on a rectangular podium that is 25

ft high.

It is built in the Indo-Aryan style, which has a pillared

porch (mandapa), an intermediate anthrala, and the

inner garbhagriha, covered by a shikhara.

Raised platform of the temple is decorated by

sculptured bands between the plasters.

Four small temples surround the main temple, viz.,

Lord Ganesha, Surya, Mataji, and Lord Shiva.

Eklingji Temple:

This is the first temple of the Mewar dynasty.

Built in 734 AD, the complex of 108 temples is enclosed by a high wall.

The temple of Eklingji, enshrining the chief deity „Lord Shiva‟, is situated at Kailashpuri.

The present structure however dates back to the days of Maharana Raimal.

Inside this shrine is the four-faced image of Lord Shiva in black marble.

Outside the porch, opposite the western face of the image are the statues of Nandi and Bappa

Rawal – the founder of the temple.

Other shrines within the enclosure are that of Shyam, Ganpati, Amba, and Kali.

12.3 Heritage Conservation Initiatives

Various studies have been conducted on the heritage of Udaipur; one of the important studies is the

„Field Workshop on Strategy for Heritage based Sustainable Urban and Territorial Development of

Udaipur‟ supported by the Urban Development Department, Government of Rajasthan, French

Ministry of External Affairs, France-UNESCO programme for heritage, and UNESCO, New Delhi. It

focused on building a platform for sustainable policy for preservation and heritage management in the

city that represents and reflects elements of its cultural, social, economic, architectural, and living

heritage. Various recommendations, strategies, and objectives to improve condition of heritage

structures in Udaipur include:

Setting up a heritage cell in the municipal corporation

Organising heritage walks on various themes: religious, historic, core, and living heritage

Marking heritage spots and heritage zones

Listing and mapping tourist spots

Restricting and controlling building activities in the walled city area and heritage monument

premises

Providing financial as well as technical assistance to the owners of heritage buildings for

maintenance/repair and conservation of heritage buildings

A MoU has been signed between the Udaipur Municipal Corporation and the Government of France

for heritage conservation in the city. In 2011, for a 2 year corporation project based on experience



gained from exchanges between two cities since 2008. Objective of the corporation project is to

develop a heritage-based urban development plan for Udaipur and to establish Udaipur Heritage

House, providing technical advisory services and study tour opportunities.

12.4 Tourism Scenario

Udaipur city is a well-known tourist destination globally, which is famous for its lakes and is known as

the „city of lakes‟. It receives fourth largest number of tourists in Rajasthan following Mount Abu,

Jaipur, and Pushkar. Tourist growth in Udaipur has been higher than that of state average. Tourism,

one of the key catalysts for Udaipur‟s economic growth, is heavily dependent on city‟s heritage

resources. Tourism is dependent on lakes and hills, architectural heritage, and cultural and regional

linkages.

Tourist season in Udaipur starts by August and lasts until March. The period between October and

February is the peak season for tourist activities. Most of the fairs and festivals are also during this

season, which attracts a large number of religious tourists.

12.4.1 Major Tourist Spots

Various tourists places in the city include City Palace, Lake Palace, Jag Mandir, Monsoon Palace,

Jadgdish Temple, Sagasji Mandir, Fateh Sagar Lake, Pichola Lake, Saheliyo ki Bari, Gulab Bagh and

Zoo, Doodh Talai, Nehru Garden, Ahar Museum, and Shilpgram.

12.4.2 Tourist Arrival

As per statistics, the number of tourist arrivals in 2012 was 7.77 lakhs annually, of which the share of

foreign and domestic tourists was 76% and 24%, respectively.

Table 12-2: Tourist Arrivals in Udaipur


(No.) (% of total)



2000 735333 (90.50) 77174 (9.50) 812507

2001 662826 (92.11) 56760 (7.889) 719586

2002 471576 (82.32) 101303 (17.68) 572879

2003 440702 (73.74) 156928 (26.26) 597630

2004 460774 (69.89) 198556 (30.11) 659330

2005 566076 (76.51) 173804 (23.49) 739880

2006 582504 (75.60) 188026 (24.40) 770530

2007 578643 (78.27) 160627 (21.73) 739270

2008 572415 (75.55) 185261 (24.45) 757676

2009 547102 (76.81) 165210 (23.19) 712312

2010 582297 (77.09) 173016 (22.91) 755313

2011 575444 (76.41) 177699 (23.59) 753143

2012 588239 (75.65) 189373 (24.35) 777612



Source: Rajasthan tourism website

Figure 12-1: Tourist arrivals in Udaipur

The number of foreign tourists has increased during the last four years, and number of total tourists

has also increased.

Figure 12-2: Important tourist spots in the city

12.4.3 Existing Tourist Supported Infrastructure

Udaipur has a number of hotels across different categories (heritage, luxury, deluxe, and budget) and

price ranges. There are around 244 hotels and 941 restaurants in the city. Major heritage hotels

include Fateh Prakash Palace, Shiv Niwas Palace, and Hotel Shikarbadi. Luxury hotels such as Lake

Palace, Udaivilas etc., Deluxe Hotels such as Paras Mahal, India International, Lake Pichola Hotel

etc. and Budget hotels such as Ashish Palace, Caravan Serai, Oriental Palace Resorts, Hotel Udai



Kothi, and lots more have presence in the city. These hotels serve for social, tourism and business

purposes with international level tourist infrastructure and facilities.

In addition, there are around 75 paying guest accommodation facilities available, which offer

reasonable accommodation below Rs. 1000 per night23

. Other basic infrastructure such as water

supply, sanitation, and transport facilities is also available to tourists.

12.4.4 Existing Tourism Development Initiatives

Presently there are no major tourism initiatives taken up in the city. Under the National Lake

Conservation Programme, various works related to lake conservation and protection are underway.

The project is being implemented by UIT.

Heritage walk is designed to bring diverse culture, traditions, craftsmanship, and motivation for

conservation, preservation of old buildings along with UMC. It is carried out during morning and

evening hours. Fund for heritage walk is given by the Tourism department.

There is a proposal to transfer Jagat Mandir to the Archaeological Survey of India, considering its

importance and heritage value.

12.4.5 Role of Agencies Involved in Tourism Development24

The Tourism Department, Government of Rajasthan, and Rajasthan Tourism Development

Corporation Ltd are the major responsible agencies for tourism related development initiatives. The

Department of Tourism is mainly responsible for; framing policy measures for establishing tourism as

an industry in the state. The state Tourism Policy was framed in 2001.

The mission statement of the Tourism Policy is to evolve a pragmatic policy designed to ensure

optimum utilization of rich tourism resources of the state, to generate employment, especially in rural

areas, to develop a ready market for the rich and varied handicrafts, to preserve varied bio-diversity,

natural historical, cultural and cultural heritage of the state using scientific methods, and to accelerate

the contribution of tourism industry in the socio-economic development of the state by making tourism

a truly people's industry in Rajasthan.

The state government is making numerous efforts to get maximum benefit from the tourism sector.

The Department of Tourism is working as a separate entity for the execution of national and state-

level policies and programmes and also as a coordinating agency for the Central – State Government

Department/offices and private sector activities for the promotion of tourism in the state. Following

efforts are being made at the department level:

Printing of tourism publicity literature

Advertising

International conferences

Films, photos, CDs

Exhibitions

Seminars and conferences

Hospitality

Library

23

http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur/Paying-Guest-Accommodation.aspx 24

http://www.north-india-tour-packages.com/tourism-department/department-of-tourism-rajsthan.html http://rtdc.in/artdc.htm

http://www.rajasthantourism.gov.in/Destinations/Udaipur/Paying-Guest-Accommodation.aspx

http://www.north-india-tour-packages.com/tourism-department/department-of-tourism-rajsthan.html

http://rtdc.in/artdc.htm



Souvenirs

Under the control of Tourism Department, two public sector entities i.e. Rajasthan Tourism

Development Corporation Ltd. and Rajasthan State Hotel Corporation Ltd. and one society i.e.

Rajasthan Institute of Tourism and Travel Management are also operating and work for tourism

development in region.

Rajasthan Tourism Development Corporation Ltd. (RTDC)

RTDC is a registered company under the Companies Act, 1956, which is fully owned by the

Government of Rajasthan. RTDC acts as a catalyst to establish, develop, and execute projects and

schemes that accelerate tourism in the state. Functions of RTDC include managing numerous

restaurants, cafeterias, motels, and bars. To enhance the experience of tourists, the corporation also

organizes package tours, fairs, festivals, and entertainment, shopping, and transport services.

Tourism related infrastructure is being developed by RTDC. It acquires land from the state

government to undertake hotel development and other tourism related projects.

12.5 Fairs and Festivals

Colourful fairs and festivals depict the cultural prosperity of Udaipur.

Shilpgram crafts fair, Shilpgram mela is held annually in the west of Udaipur city, during the months of

November/December (for 10 days). It is organized to promote art and craft of Rajasthan. Since, the

state has always been famous for its handicrafts and art work, this fair is a perfect destination to try

out the hand-woven clothes, embroideries, mirror works, and handicrafts. The mela aids in

encouraging the urban potters, visual artists, and designers too. Through this fair, local artists get a

stage to show their creations not just in front of domestic but international tourists as well.

Mewar festival is one of the major festivals celebrated in Udaipur with enthusiasm. It is celebrated to

welcome the arrival of spring season with all zest and dedication. During festival days, the city of

Udaipur gets drenched in colours of festivity. The festival is especially meant for women and offers the

best time when they dress in their finest clothes and join the celebrations of the fest.

To conduct the ceremony, women assemble to dress the images of Isar (Lord Shiva) and Gangaur

(Goddess Parvati). After dressing the idols, they carry them in a traditional procession passing

through different parts of the city. The procession finally moves towards the Gangaur Ghat at Pichola

Lake. At this point, the idols are transported in special boats and immersed in the deep waters of the

lake. When this religious part gets over, people engage into various dances, songs, and other cultural

events revealing the culture of Rajasthan. Mewar festival concludes with a glittering show of fireworks.

Mewar festival spreads a feel of gusto and fervour all over Rajasthan and people enjoy this festival to

its full. This bright and colourful festival attracts tourists from all over to join its charming ceremony of

tradition.

12.6 Traditional – Handicrafts, Silk, and Cuisine

Udaipur handicrafts are mainly categorized into paintings, marble articles, silver art, and terracotta

articles. The paintings at Udaipur were created on cloth as well as on the wall of palaces. Miniature

paintings and pichwais are in great demand in domestic as well as international market.

Marble is found in large quantities at Udaipur and has always been a popular medium for creative

artisans. Small statues made of marble, fountains, stair cases, decorative wall panelling, and marble

furniture are very popular. Thin tiles of marble are used to paint attractive pictures using different



types of colours, and these tiles are used as decorative wall hangings and tabletop decorative

articles.

Another art of Udaipur, which is known the world over, is sliver art. It is used to create a large number

of articles. Traditionally, silver ornaments and sculptures were handcrafted and delicately carved.

Silver utensils are another product that are popular, although among the more affluent class. Then

there are small decorative items made of silver such as flower vases, picture frames, pen, ink pots,

and a lot more. An entirely different art using silver as a wrap is also very popular. Wooden articles

such as chairs, sofas, tables, cupboards, and even doors are prepared. A sheet of silver is wrapped

around the articles.

A variety of products is made using terracotta and is baked in hand made furnaces. These articles are

delicately crafted and are an excellent piece of decoration. Big and small flower vases, lamp stands,

attractive statues, and wall panelling are commonly available.

Udaipur cuisine comprises vegetarian dishes as the place is highly dominated by Jainism and

Vaishnavism. Food is usually prepared from lots of vegetables and lentils. It is seasoned with a variety

of spices that are unique to the land of Rajasthan. Dried mango by the name of 'ocra' and beans of

'sangri' is accompanied by many meals. Deep-fried breads and extensive use of chilli make the

cuisine of Udaipur, a delicious one25

.

12.7 Key Concern Areas for Tourism Development

Limited air and rail connectivity of Udaipur to other Indian states restricting the development

of tourism sector in the city.

Lack of proper and adequate parking facilities for tourist vehicles, leading to congestion and

other problems (especially in old city area)

Lack of reasonable and efficient public transportation facilities within the city

Absence of footpaths for easy walk of tourists

Conservation and protection of heritage structures and lakes; lake water quality monitoring

and strict implementation of monitoring measures

Absence of proper basic infrastructure facilities (water, sanitation, and waste management)

25

http://www.udaipur.org.uk/culture.html



13. Assessment of Institutions, Systems and

Capacities

13.1 Urban Governance System

Udaipur Nagarpalika Mandal was first established in

December 1922 by the Mewar dynasty. In July 1948,

political members were selected and nagar nigam was

established. After Independence, in order to bring

harmony at the nagar palika level, on 13th October 1959,

a nagar parishad was constituted.

The Municipal Council Udaipur (Nagar Parishad) was

converted to Udaipur Municipal Corporation (UMC) in

April 2013. It is governed by the Rajasthan Municipalities

Act 2009. There are 55 wards under the jurisdiction of UMC.

Executive Wing

UMC consists of an elected body and an executive body. The elected body is headed by the mayor

and includes corporators (parshad) representing 55 wards.

The elections are conducted at a regular interval of five years. The elections are conducted as per the

provisions of the Rajasthan Municipal Act 2009. The Act also provides for reservations for candidates

from scheduled castes (SC), scheduled tribes (ST) and women under Chapter II section (1). The next

municipal elections are due in 2014. UMC has 14 divisional (ward) committees, out of which seven

are mandatory under Section 55 of the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009. These committees include

elected members from wards, officials of respective departments from the corporation, and the

nominated members. The major committees are the finance committee, health and sanitation

committee, slum improvement committee, development committee, etc. The committees have been

assigned responsibility for a department. The finance and executive committees are the financial

decision-making bodies.

Administrative Wing

The Municipal Commissioner is the executive authority of the municipal corporation. The Municipal

Commissioner is one of the authorities charged with carrying out the provision of Municipalities Act

2009. Presently, UMC has two commissioners, one for administrative/execution works and another for

technical works. For administrative convenience, the corporation is organized into various functional

departments such as Engineering, Public Health, Fire, Revenue, Law, Town planning and Accounting.

The other functional areas are Public Relations and HRD.



Figure 13-1: Existing organizational structure of UMC

Source: CRIS

Engineering Department

The Superintending Engineer (SE) is the technical head of the engineering wing. He is responsible

for technical features and designs, and monitoring and inspection of works under his control. The

executive engineer is the technical head of the division and in overall charge of the execution of

engineering works pertaining to the subject/ jurisdiction allocated. The executive engineer is

supported by an assistant and junior engineers.

Fire Department

The Fire Department is directly under the commissioner which is headed by the fire officer and

supported by assistant fire officer. The department looks after fire-related emergencies in the city.

Public Health

The Public Health Department is headed by a health officer (HO). The HO is assisted by the chief

sanitary inspectors of the respective zones. SWM has been taken care of by this department. The

department is also involved in spraying medicines, managing health and environment aspects in

Udaipur.

Revenue Department

The Revenue Department is another key department of UMC. It is responsible for collecting taxes

such as the development tax, advertisement tax, and entertainment tax; issuing notices for recovery



of tax; and monitoring revenue collections of UMC. The department is headed by a revenue officer

who is assisted by revenue inspectors and assistant revenue inspectors.

Town Planning Department

The deputy town planner heads the Town Planning Department (TPD) in UMC. He/she is responsible

for the integrated and planned development of the city. The town planner has to ensure proper

implementation of building rules, zoning regulations, layout rules, and other rules of town planning.

The TPD has to initiate action against all unauthorized constructions and land use changes, illegal

layouts and sub-division of plots.

Law Department

This department is headed by the law officer and legal advisor. It mostly looks after the legal matters

of UMC.

13.2 Urban Reforms/Transfer of Function (CDP Post 1st

Generation Scenario)

13.2.1 Status of JNNURM Implementation

The Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) is a key initiative of the

Government of India to support urban development in the country. It is a seven-year-long reform-

linked grant programme that was initiated in 2005-06. JnNURM was extended till March 2014 for a

period of two years for completion of projects and reforms. Sixty-five Mission cities were selected to

be covered under the programme and are being provided financial assistance to take up projects in

the identified sectors. Assistance for investment in urban infrastructure is contingent upon the

achievement of various mandatory and optional reforms by urban local bodies (ULB) and the

respective state governments. The thrust of the JnNURM is to ensure improvement in urban

governance and service delivery so that the ULBs become financially sound and can undertake new

programmes in a sustained manner. Udaipur being the state capital is one of the Mission cities.

Various sectoral projects are proposed under the 1st generation CDP; of these, only two projects are

sanctioned for implementation. The water supply project was proposed and sanctioned under

UIDSSMT; this project has been completed now. One more water project is underway which is funded

by the water resources department of Rajasthan. A slum improvement project has been taken up

under IHSDP. Sewerage projects were taken up, but could not be implemented due to a legal stay

order and lack of capacity in UMC to undertake the work. Two sewerage projects have been initiated

in the city in 2012-13 with funding assistance from the National Lake Conservation Programme

(NLCP).

Table 13-1: Status of projects implemented under JNNURM

Sr. No.

Project Approved Cost

Expenditure (till Dec 12)

Physical Progress Amount Released

As on March 2013

(Rs in crores) (Rs in crores)

1 Water Supply

379.19 317.11 Work is at finishing stage with 85% of the work completed



2 Sewerage 41.50 0 Sewerage project under NLCP. Construction work in progress

5 IHSDP 24.60 --- Project has got delayed. 29 Dwelling Units have been upgraded and 222 are in progress.

Issues – overlapping of functions of parastatals in project development, low participation from beneficiaries, lack of staff in UMC

10.00

Total 445.29 317.11 10.00

13.2.2 Progress in Implementation of Reforms – State-Level Reforms

Implementation of the 74th Constitutional Amendment Act: As per the Act, all 18 functions have

been transferred to the ULB. However, actually a few functions like Urban Planning, Regulation of

land use and construction of buildings, Water Supply, Roads and Bridges, Urban forestry, Urban

Poverty Alleviation.(Please use lower caps for these as these are common nouns.) are still with the

parastatals. Efforts have been made for integration of these functions; the detailed steps under taken

are mentioned below.

Urban planning including town planning: Preparation of Master plan rests with the Town Planning

Department. Implementation of the plan will be carried out by UMC and UIT.

Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings: This function is being performed by the

Urban Improvement Trust. It has resulted in identification of zones as per land use, conservation of

the heritage character of zones, and planned implementation of the newly emerged areas.

Planning for economic and social development: This function is being jointly performed by MC

Udaipur and UIT.

Roads and bridges: Presently, some of the major roads in MC Udaipur are being maintained by

UMC. In the UIT- developed area, UIT is responsible for the maintenance of roads.

Water supply: Only distribution of water supply has been entrusted to the Public Health and

Engineering Department. All schemes regarding lifting of water supply to Udaipur City have been

executed and maintained by the PHED department.

Public health, sanitation and SWM: This function except the function of hospitals and dispensaries

lies with MC Udaipur. The hospitals and dispensaries within the MC area are being maintained by the

State Health Department. Solid waste management and sanitation-related work is also being carried

out by UMC.

Fire services: This function rests with UMC.

Urban forestry: Urban forestry function lies with the State Forest Department.

Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections: This function lies with UIT and UMC.

Slum improvement/up-gradation: This function rests with MC Udaipur and UIT.



Promotion of urban amenities and facilities – parks and gardens, cultural, educational and

aesthetic aspects, burial grounds, public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus stops

and public convenience, and regulation of slaughter house is the responsibility of UMC.

13.2.3 ULB-Level Reforms – Mandatory and Optional

Table 13-2: City-level status of mandatory reforms under JNNURM

Reforms Commitment Year/ Status

Status Update

L1 e-Governance setup

Completed E-governance running in the department, 16 modules have been developed and implemented.

It is very important to note that the UMC officers are dependent on E-governance module developer and its support staff for day-to-day use of modules. Some of the modules are not being used too.

L2 Shift to accrual-based double-entry accounting

Completed Completed

Asset register is updated on time-to-time basis.

L3 Property tax (85% coverage)

Not Initiated Not implemented as yet

No political will to implement the property tax system. Arrears of Rs.32 crores in UD tax pending

GIS mapping for properties have not been done. A property tax survey was last conducted in 2008.

Property Tax (90% collection efficiency)

L4 100% cost recovery (Water supply)

Under progress

29.71 % of cost recovery in 2012-13

100% cost recovery (Solid waste management)

Not Initiated No user charges are levied for Solid Waste Management in the city.

Rs.2 crores has been allocated for SWM in the budget of 2012-13. However, O&M expenses are higher than the budget provisioning.

L5 Internal earmarking of funds for services to urban poor

Under progress

No separate budget for urban poor is prepared. However, under each subsection, relevant budget allocation for the urban poor has been made in Budget 2012-13.

These heads are as follows:

Capital grant under Backward Regional Grant (BRG) Fund;

Maintenance of Roads/Gutters In Kachhi Basti;

Water Pipeline In Kachhi Basti;

Misc Construction Works In Kachi Basti;

Expenses against RAY and IHSDP

L6 Basic services to urban poor

Under progress

RAY survey for the city has been completed in 2009 and detailed information regarding the physical infrastructure is available. No GIS mapping has been done as yet.

An external consultant has been hired for drawing up a Slum-Free city plan and work is in progress,

Under IHSDP, a sum of Rs.24.55 crores has been sanctioned for up-gradation /relocation of households.

Source: UMC



Table 13-3: Optional Reforms at ULB level

Optional Reforms Commitment Year/

Status

Remarks

01 Introduction of Property Title Certification System

2009-10 No initiative

02 Revision of building byelaws – Streamlining the approval process

2007-08 In progress

03 Revision of building byelaws - Mandatory rainwater harvesting in all buildings

Completed

Rain Water Harvesting system has been included as mandatory for sanctioning of building plan.

04 Earmarking 25% developed land in all housing projects for EWS/LIG

Completed

For new colonies proposed and housing board‟s new proposals, EWS housing is mandatory as per affordable housing policy in Rajasthan.

05 Simplification of legal and procedural framework for conversion of agricultural land for non-agricultural purpose

Under Progress

Process implemented by UIT. For the land falling within municipal boundaries, the conversion authority is UIT. However, under the building bylaws, the process has been simplified and it takes approximately one month for issuance of approval.

06 Introduction of computerized process of registration of land and property

Under Progress

07 Byelaws on reuse of recycled water

Completed A 20 MLD waste water recycling plant is developed on PPP basis

08 Administrative reforms Not Initiated No HR policy etc. The establishment section is facing a serious staffing issue.

No track records of training/ workshop etc. are kept by a single department in UMC.

09 Structural reforms Not initiated There has been no such implementation as yet.

10 Encouraging public-private partnership

Completed Provision has been included in the Rajasthan Municipalities Act. Many projects are being undertaken through PPP like street lights, water supply (PHED); Sewerage (DBOT basis to Hindustan Zinc Ltd.) and Solid waste collection. Officials are well aware of PPP. Workshops have also been conducted for PPP in urban services.

13.3 Roles and Responsibilities of various Institutions

The urban institutional setup in Udaipur comprises several agencies that are responsible for

provision, operations and maintenance of the urban services in the city. UMC is the main civic body

for the city municipal area. The other major departments involved in urban service provisioning and

management are UIT, PHED, PWD, and the Rajasthan Housing Board (RHB).

UIT is responsible for the preparation and implementation of development plans and infrastructure

projects in UIT-notified rural as well as urban areas. It is one of the important institutions working in

Udaipur. The functions of water supply and sewerage are undertaken by PHED. The Rajasthan



Housing Board (RHB) is an autonomous parastatal body for providing urban housing in the Rajasthan

state.

Table 13-4: Roles and Responsibilities of Various Institutions

Urban Infrastructure Service

Planning and Design

Construction/

Implementation

O&M Policy making

Regulation

Water and Sanitation

PHED PHED PHED PHED PHED

Sewerage UIT PHED, UIT

(The first phase of sewerage project in the city was undertaken by PHED and the second phase has been undertaken by UIT)

UIT

UMC

PHED PHED

Drainage

Solid Waste Management

UMC UMC UMC UMC UMC

Urban Transport

Urban poor settlements

UMC, UIT UMC, UIT UMC, UIT

UMC, UIT

UMC, UIT

Environment Protection

RPCB26

, FD

27

RPCB, FD RPCB, FD

RPCB, FD

RPCB, FD

Street Lighting

UMC, UIT PWD

UMC ,UIT PWD UMC, UIT PWD

UMC, UIT PWD

UMC, UIT PWD


13.4 Key Issues

UMC‟s technical and accounts departments are facing staff crunch. The state has recently

revised the municipal cadre defined in 1968. It has issued orders for recruitment of officers as

per the revised cadre in two phases.

Varying and short tenure periods of technical officers indicate lack of institutional memory at

the corporation level.

The function of maintenance of sewerage services has been transferred to UMC. There is a

serious technical/ skilled staff deficit in the Sewerage Department that is hampering its

performance of its assigned functions.

Implementation of e-governance modules has improved database management and the

speed of working in UMC. However, departments have become dependent on outsourced

agencies for day-to-day working. This has delayed the initiation of other e-governance

26

RPCB: Rajasthan Pollution Control Board 27

FD: Forest Department



reforms. Proper handholding support to the officers in operating e-governance modules and

rationalized work management is required for efficient functioning.

The need for hand-holding for the newly framed property taxation rules is felt in Urban

Development and the Tax Department.

There is lack of coordination, communication and management among the municipal

corporation and other parastatal organizations.



14. Financial Assessment

Financial management and accounts are the principal functions of the Accounts Department, headed

by the Chief Accounts Officer. The Accounts Section also monitors grants, state government transfers

and devolution, and manages debt servicing, provident fund accounts, pensions, salaries, and

advances.

Budgeting is an annual process at UMC. The process of budget preparation is initiated in the month of

November every financial year. Heads of all sections/departments primarily submit receipts and

expenditures along with a tentative budget for each of the sections to the department.

14.1 First-Generation CDP: Key Features of Municipal Finance

Key Features of Municipal Finance as per 1st

Generation CDP

Salient features The financial status has been reviewed from 2001-02 to 2004-05.

Revenue income increased at a CAGR of 13.21 percent while revenue expenditure shows a CAGR of 5.10 percent. This indicates the Municipal Corporation has not been able to manage its revenue account well over the years.

Around 14 percent of the revenue income comes from charges/penalties. The rest comes from work credits.

Administrative charges, salaries and other work deductions account for a significant part of revenue expenditure. Salary constitutes a large percentage of revenue expenditure while only two percent is accounted for by office expenditure.

Capital income mainly comes from sale of land, plots and houses. This is followed by income from grants/loans and other heads.

A large percentage of capital expenditure is on non-scheme areas followed by scheme wise development works.

There is a large dependency on non-revenue based income.

Key Issues:

UMC had an overall fiscal deficit during the assessment period. The operating ratio was 0.69.

During the assessment period, the income from tax was 68 percent of the total income. The growth rate for tax-based income was showing a declining trend and registered an average 10 percent.

Tax revenue share at an average was 68% of the total income, and non-tax was 32%. However, the growth rate of tax revenues in the last five years was negative as compared to 10% average growth rate in non-tax revenues.

The share of income from the urban development tax was low at an average of 0.52% of the total revenue income.

The average per capita income was Rs. 1,180 and per capita expenditure was Rs. 1,010 over the assessment period of five years.

The first-generation CDP does not provide a detailed analysis of the financial status of UMC.



14.2 Key Financial Indicators

The table below provides the key financial indicators of UMC.

Table 14-1: Changes in Municipal Finance

Indicator Present status (2013-2014)

Own revenues as a proportion of total revenue receipts 23%

Per capita own revenues Rs.344

Non-tax revenues as a proportion of own revenues 64%

Per capita property tax demand Rs.44

Operating ratio (revenue expenditure/revenue receipts) 0.64

Per capita O&M expenditure Rs.320

Salaries – percentage of revenue income 40%

Salaries – percentage of revenue expenditure 61%

Deb servicing coverage ratio -

14.3 Assessment of Municipal Finance

This section provides an understanding of the finances of UMC. The financial statements have been

analyzed for a period of five years, from FY 2008-09 to FY 2012-13. The analysis has been done

separately for the revenue account and capital account.

UMC administers and maintains its finances and accounts as per the Rajasthan Municipalities Act,

2009 (Chapter VI to VIII, sections 90 to 151). Daily accounting matters are handled by the Accounts

Department of UMC in coordination with other departments. The bills and invoices generated are sent

to the e-governance department for double-entry book-keeping.

The municipal budget is prepared in accordance with the Rajasthan Municipalities Act, 2009 (Chapter

V, section 87). The budget estimate is prepared with the approval of the commissioner by the 15th

or

maximum by 31st January of every year or as per the date decided by the executive committee. The

final budget estimates are passed by the corporation not later than 15th February of each year. The

accounts of the Udaipur Municipal Corporation are being maintained under the Double-Entry

Accounting System since 2005-06.

14.3.1 Status of Municipal Finance

An analysis of the revenues and expenditures of UMC during the assessment period FY 2008-09 to

2012-13 suggests that UMC has a revenue-surplus account. Revenue income has increased at a

CAGR of 12.56%. Income has grown from Rs. 50.42 crores in 2008-2009 to Rs.91.09 crores in 2012-

2013. Expenditure has also increased from Rs.41.71 crores in 2008-2009 to Rs.49.89 crores in 2012-

2013. The capital account was in deficit in these years. Owing to a surplus on revenue account, the

overall account of UMC has been in surplus during the assessment period.

Table 14-2: Income and Expenditure of UMC

Particular ( Rs in crores) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 CAGR%



Particular ( Rs in crores) 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 CAGR%

REVENUE ACCOUNT

Revenue income 50.42 56.74 62.01 78.75 91.10 12.56

Revenue expenditure 41.72 45.93 41.40 27.83 49.90 3.65

Surplus/ deficit - revenue account 8.70 10.81 20.61 50.92 41.20

Operating ratio 0.83 0.81 0.67 0.35 0.55

CAPITAL ACCOUNT

Capital income 24.52 12.74 10.28 15.36 19.83 -4.16

Capital expediture 43.18 21.08 22.41 17.22 38.01 -2.52

Surplus/ deficit - capital account (18.66) (8.34) (12.13) (1.86) (18.18)

Capital utilisation ratio 1.76 1.65 2.18 1.12 1.92

Source: UMC and CRIS analysis

Deviation from budget and actual (Rs. Crores)

INCOME

Total budget estimate 118.36 118.08 129.28 89.39 99.95

Actual income 76.84 70.02 73.84 94.80 111.83

EXPENDITURE

Total budget estimate 140.52 105.02 130.33 95.85 135.75

Actual expenditure 89.06 69.64 65.43 45.18 90.38

Source: UMC budget 2008-09 to 2013-14

Figure 14-1: Overview of Financial Position of UMC


14.4 Revenue Account

The trends in revenue income and revenue expenditure have been analyzed.



14.4.1 Revenue Income

The major sources of revenue income for UMC are

own sources of revenue – tax and non-tax income,

assigned revenues, and grants from the Central and

state governments. The breakup of the aggregate of

revenue receipts from FY 2008-09 to FY 2012-13

shows that assigned revenue and compensation

forms 68.61 percent of total income; 23.47 percent

is accounted for by fees and licenses and only 5.50

percent by tax revenue sources.

Table 14-3: Revenue Income Constitutes

Revenue Item (Rs. Lakh) 2008-09* 2009-10 2010-2011 2011-12 2012-13

Taxes 112 424 320 440 501

Non-tax income 607 571 707 1505 2138

Assigned revenue, grants and contribution

4323 4680 5174 6471 5577

Total 5042 5674 6201 7875 9110

*amount in Rs. Lakh

Source: CRIS analysis and UMC

Tax Revenue: Urban development (UD) tax is the major tax revenue source for UMC. The

UD tax is levied on land and buildings within the municipal area. It was introduced in 2007

with an amendment to the municipal act, while abolishing the earlier imposed house tax. The

collection of UD tax increased from Rs. 1.12 crore in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 5.013 crore in FY

2012-13, contributing 5.50 percent of own revenue sources. The last survey of properties was

done in 2007.

Apart from the UD tax, UMC imposes four other taxes: taxes on boats, toy trains,

advertisements and cattle ponds.

Figure 14-2: Tax and Non-tax sources of Revenue Income




Non-tax income: Non-tax income is generated from sources such as building permission

fees, building regularization fees, licenses (food licenses, garden licenses), fees from

birth and death registration and marriage registration, parking fees, septic tank cleaning

fees, fair fees, rent from municipal properties, and interests on investments.

Land-related income is a major source of revenue in Udaipur. Land prices in Udaipur

are high due to its tourism potential. The breakup of the total tax and non-tax revenue

sources in UMC shows that building regularization fees form the major own source of

revenue income. It increased from Rs.4 crores in FY 2011-12 to Rs. 9.44 crores in FY

2012-13, and contributes 35 percent of the total own sources of revenue collected by

UMC. Building permission fees contribute nine percent of own revenue sources.

Grants: The octroi compensation grant and 12th

/13th Finance Commission grants are the

key assigned revenues of UMC. They constitute 91% of the total grants and also share

66% of the total revenue income of UMC. Other grants contribute less than 9 percent of

the revenue income.

14.4.1.1 Levy of tax on land and buildings

The urban development tax is levied as per the Rajasthan Land Tax Rules 2006, based on the

District-Level Committee (DLC) rate, taking into account the total area of land and the built-up area.

Self-assessment of properties for property tax has been implemented in UMC.

For collection of land tax, UMC has a separate department called the Urban Development Tax

Department. The staff of the department constitutes of one revenue officer and three UDCs. Out of

the three UDCs, two are retired officers and recruited on contract basis, and one is due for retirement

next year. The assessment of properties is done by the UDT Department and generation of demand

and billing is done by the e-governance department. Bills are distributed through courier service.

Billing is done quarterly – bills are generated by April and reach the tax payers by mid-August every

year.

The UD tax for properties with area more than 2,700 sq. ft. (domestic) and 900 sq. ft. (industrial) is

levied as per the prevalent District Land price Committee (DLC) rates of each area. The UD tax is

collected as per the following formula: (Area of plot X DLC Rate) / 1000.

The last survey of properties in Udaipur was done in 2007. A random survey of the properties is in

progress. There are 97,530 assessed properties in Udaipur.

Table 14-4: Number of properties in Udaipur

Type Number of Properties

Residential 77,370

Commercial 12,232

Industrial 22

Institutional 278

Mixed Use 7,628

Total 97,530

Source: UMC

The total UD tax demand generated in 2012-13 for UD tax was Rs. 36.11 crore, out of which more

than 80% was accounted for by arrears demand. Only 10 percent of the total demand was collected



amounting to Rs. 3.75 crores. One of the reasons for the low collection ratios is that UMC does not

follow up with defaulters for tax recovery.

Table 14-5: DCB Statement of Urban Development Tax (in crores)

Particular 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13

Demand

Arrears 5.61 12.29 22.61 24.91 28.98

Current 6.87 13.55 4.69 7.15 7.14

Total Demand 12.47 25.83 27.31 32.06 36.11

Collection

Collection 0.18 3.23 2.39 3.08 3.75

Collection Efficiency % 1.47 12.49 8.76 9.62 10.39


The urban development tax department has only four personnel for assessment, distribution of bills,

collection and imposition of notices. The last survey of properties was conducted in 2007 and there is

a potential to bring more properties under the tax net.

14.4.2 Revenue Expenditure

Revenue expenditure in UMC in FY 2008-09 was Rs. 41.72 crores which increased to Rs. 49.89

crores in 2012-13. The two major components of revenue expenditure are establishment and O& M

expenses.

Figure 14-3: Revenue expenditure


Table 14-6: Overview of expenditure constitutes

Revenue Item 2008-09* 2009-10 2010-2011 2011-12 2012-13

Establishment expenses 2386 2925 2904 1255 3465

O&M expenses 1785 1669 1236 1528 1524

Total 4172 4593 4140 2783 4990




* Amount in lakhs

Establishment: Establishment expenditure is the largest component of revenue expenditure in

UMC. In FY 2012-13, salaries and allowances paid to employees accounted for around 69

percent of the total revenue expenditure. This has grown from Rs. 23.86 crores in 2008-09 to Rs.

34.65 crores in 2012-13. On an average, for the last three financial years (2010-11 to 2012-13),

expenditure on salaries has been 62 of the total revenue receipts of UMC.

Operation and Maintenance: O&M expenditure is the second-largest component of revenue

expenditure. It decreased from Rs. 17.85 crores in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 15.24 crores in FY 2012-13,

thus showing a CAGR of (-2.60%). The major components of O&M expenditure related to public

health (26%), lighting (23%), and public repairs (16%) in FY 2012-13.

14.5 Capital Account

The Capital Account comprises Capital Income (CI) and Capital Expenditure (CE). An analysis of

each of the above elements is presented as under.

14.5.1 Capital Income

Income from land and capital grants is the main component of capital income of UMC. UMC receives

capital grants from Central Government schemes such as Finance Commission grants, RAY, and

IHSDP, and from state government schemes such as SJSVY, and special purpose grants. Backward

Region Grant Funds (BRGF) and sales from land were the major sources of capital income.

Capital income of the corporation decreased from Rs. 24.52 crores in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 19.83 crores

in 2012-13, at a CAGR of (-3.48 percent). Central govt. grants including JNnURM and other grants

have decreased over the years while state govt. grants and MLA/MPs have increased from FY 2008-

09 to FY 2012-13.

The share of JnNURM grants is lower as UMC is not implementing projects approved under JnNURM.

UMC is implementing in-situ slum development projects approved under the IHSDP scheme. A larger

component of the IHSDP project for developing new buildings is being implemented by UIT.

Figure 14-4: Capital income

The income from sale from land contributed 20% of the total capital income in 2012-13. UMC also

receives 18% of its total revenue collected by UIT from the sale of land, every year. All land under

municipal jurisdiction has been transferred to UIT by the state government.



14.5.2 Capital Expenditure

Capital expenditure of the corporation increased from Rs. 43.18 crore in FY 2008-09 to Rs. 38.01

crore in FY 2012-13. On an average, in the last three years, the largest capital expenditure has been

on capital works (60 percent), capital / developmental works like beautification of parks and public

places, projects under the National Lake Conservation programme, and capital works of drainage,

roads, sewerage projects, construction of public health, sports development, construction of

dispensaries, and other buildings.

Loans and liability – UMC has no outstanding loans and liabilities, as per the current financial year

2012-13.

Figure 14-5: Capital expenditure

14.6 Key Issues

Potential in taxation not realized: The UD tax levied on properties allows for higher exemption as

compared to property tax. The state government has developed rules for levying property tax. The

UMC should impose property tax for leveraging the real tax potential. Apart from UD tax, the other tax

levied contributes only 6 to 7% of UMC‟s total revenue. These are from taxes on boats, toy trains,

cattle pounds, and advertisements. Entertainment tax which was levied earlier has been repealed, for

which UMC receives compensation from the state government. UMC may also impose a sanitation

tax.

No revenue generation through user charges: UMC does not collect user charges for providing

solid waste management services. There is no separate provision for sewerage and SWM services

and both are covered under sanitation. Insufficient financial allocations in budget for sanitation lead to

inadequate service delivery. Water supply is provided by PHED and user charges for water are

collected by PHED.

Budget preparation: The budget documents are not published. A separate budget for urban poor is

not being prepared.

Implementation of accounting system: The department has adapted to DEAS. The clerical staff

involved in day-to-day record-keeping and budget preparation does not have skills for managing

DEAS.



15. SWOT Analysis

The competitive position of the city in terms of efficiency in governance, completive economic growth,

sustainable development, infrastructure efficiency, and skilled labour has been analysed to

understand the strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats of the city.

SWOT analysis gives a cursory snapshot of the existing potentials that favour growth in the city.

Further, issues curbing the city‟s development are discussed. The ranking of importance in a scale of

high to medium has been developed through interactions with stakeholders and officials. In the case

of opportunities and threats, the possibility of occurrence has also been identified.

Udaipur being the most urbanized city in the district, a tourist centre, and commercial capital of the

state offers huge potential for employment opportunities. The agrarian surroundings in the hinterland

act as a natural capital for the city. However, in spite of the conducive environment for trade and

commerce, the city is yet to grow as a million-plus population city. The table below presents the

strengths and weakness of the city.

The city is considered to be the potential capital for the surrounding region. This would have a positive

impact on the city‟s investment environment and employment opportunities. The presence of good

educational and health institutions will be taken as an important parameter for supporting city‟s

growth.



On the other hand, the city suffers from lack of proper disposal facilities for generated sewerage and

solid waste. In its absence, water pollution and related problems arise in the city which is a major

concern.



16. Stakeholder Consultation

The Government of India has envisaged the revised CDP preparation process through consultative

and participatory approach; it requires the involvement of various stakeholders at the ULB, regional,

and state levels.

16.1 Consultative Meetings

In this phase, the CRIS team conducted consultative meetings with various stakeholders to discuss

the status and performance of the service delivery mechanism and aspirations of citizens on city

development, and to ensure a participatory and inclusive development process.

The CRIS team carried our discussions with various stakeholders of the city about service

improvement in the priority sectors. The table below gives the priority sectors to be of the

stakeholders.

Table 16-1: Key requirements in the city

Sector Requirement Priority

Underground sewerage Complete sewerage network and STP 1

Storm water drainage An integrated storm water drainage system 2

Solid waste management

Solid waste management and treatment facility 3

Traffic management Road widening, footpaths, parking lot, integration of transport nodes

4

Urban poverty Slum housing and provision of infrastructure 5

Heritage and Tourism Conservation of historical monuments, providing tourist infrastructure and improving facilities near existing religious places

6

Governance Capacity-building of UMC staff, e – governance 7

Drinking water 24 hour water supply, cost recovery 8

16.2 Workshop Process

In order to ensure a participatory and inclusive development process, the CRIS team in association

with UMC, organized a consultative workshop in UMC‟s Conference Hall on 9th June 2014 at 4.30 pm.

The objectives of the workshop were to discuss the status and performance of the service delivery

mechanism in Udaipur, conduct a city SWOT analysis, and understand citizen aspirations on city

development and framing of the vision for Udaipur.

The workshop was chaired by the Mayor, Commissioner of UMC. Around 50 participants took part in

the consultative process. There were representatives from parastatal agencies like UIT, traffic police,

hotel associations, advocates and parshad from different wards. The Mayor and Ms. Mehali Patel

from CRIS welcomed the stakeholders and briefed them about the revised city development plan for

Udaipur.



The CRIS team made a presentation on city-level assessment and SWOT analysis. Subsequent to

the presentation, a brief question and answer session was conducted to address the concerns of the

stakeholders

Figure 16-1 Pictures of stakeholders’ meeting

UMC had ensured sufficient outreach for the stakeholder workshop through print and electronic

media.

Source: Rajasthan Patrika - Udaipur, 10th

June 2014



The proceeding of workshop has been uploaded on the website of UMC. Screenshot for the same is

provided below for reference.

During consultations carried out prior to the workshop, relevant stakeholders were appraised on the

need for revision of the city development plan for Udaipur. The participants have shown proactiveness

in sharing their visions for the city. The following are the key issues and suggestions given by the

stakeholders who attended the workshop.

16.3 Issues Identified

The following table provides the key issues identified in each sector during the city-level workshop.

Figure 16-2 Key issues identified by stakeholders

Sector Issues

Water Supply Water supply problem still persists in some areas of the city

Inadequate water supply and leakage problem

Duration of water supply

Sewerage and Sanitation Low coverage and no proper disposal system

Absence of toilets in slum areas of the city

Sewage from the city goes into Ayad river which meets the

Udaipur Sagar lake



Storm water drainage Absence of storm water drainage system in the city

Lack of proper cleaning of drains

Mixing of storm water with sewage

Solid waste management Absence of proper solid waste management system in the city

Door-to-door collection

Traffic and Transportation Traffic and transportation problem in the city

Lack of public transportation and traffic management system

Parking and congestion problem

Urban poverty and slums Absence of basic infrastructure facilities in slum areas of the

city

Urban environment and spatial planning

High level of pollution at present

Urban governance Urban governance is not capable to do work

Local economy development The connectivity of the city with other parts of India need to be

strengthened with more number of trains, flights and road

16.4 Sector analysis and Strategies formulation

During the preparation of the City Development Plan various sectorial issues and strategies as shared

by the stakeholders for preparation of revised CDP of Udaipur during the workshop is as follows.

Table 16-2: Sectoral suggestions by stakeholders

Sector Issues

Water Supply Need for overhead water tanks in new colonies and laying of

pipes for water supply in new areas

Proper distribution of water in low-lying areas

Augmentation of water resources

Water connection to each person in the city

Daily water supply and metering for all connections

Removal of fluoride

Water recharging structures

Sewerage and Sanitation Need for sewerage and sanitation system in new developing

areas

Disposal of sewage in natural water sources

Household-level sewerage network connections

Need for entire city to be covered by the sewerage network



Potable water should not be used in WCs

Storm water drainage Need for separate storm water drain lines

Drainage plan required for the city

Need to connect small nallas with big nallas for water provision

Solid waste management Need for proposals for solid waste in outer areas

Proper plan for solid waste management required

Creating awareness among people for waste management

IEC activities to segregate waste at household level

Establishment of recycling plant

Traffic and Transportation Provision of over bridge and under bridge

Provision for public transport

Awareness of traffic management and rules and regulations for

traffic management

Penalty for violating rules and regulations

Flyovers required

Stray animals should be stopped

Road widening needed

Providing pocket parking facilities (area-wise)

Redesigning of junctions needed

New CTS system can be implemented only by providing

alternate employment to existing taxi drivers

Disposal of cars/vehicles older than three years

Urban poverty and slums EWS housing scheme is needed for urban poor

Proper area and basic infrastructure facilities to be given to

slum-dwellers

Land is given to them

Denotification of slums required

In-situ development for slums

Urban environment and spatial planning

Urban forestry scheme is required in urban areas

Greening of junctions

Provision of good parks

Proper master for green area is prepared

Road side plantation



Pedestrian and cyclist track

Strict implementation of anti-encroachment rules to avoid

congestion on public streets

Emphasis on solar energy

Social infrastructure Convention hall needed in the city

Urban forestry scheme is required in urban areas

Greening of junctions

Construction of a community center

Amusement park

Newly constructed buildings in the city should be given heritage

look

Urban governance Different agencies are required for different projects‟

implementation

Computerization of all government departments is a must

Coordination between governments is required

Local economy development Tax structure should be proposed

House and building tax

City entrance charges

More budget is required for development

Increase in tourism-related activities needed

Tourism sector and medical tourism should be promoted

Air connectivity to major Indian cities needed

Business should be developed to improve employment

scenario like household businesses, cottage industries, and

agriculture-related businesses

Explore quality product marketing strategies for local industries

related to handicrafts

Establishment of at least two hotel and catering management

/training institutes



17. Annexure

17.1 Attendance Sheet of Workshop



17.2 Workshop – Issues and Strategies provided by stakeholders



17.3 Water user charges

A WATER CHARGES

S.No. Category of consumer Gross rate per 1000 Litres (Rs.)

Net rate per 1000 litres allowing 20% rebate if payment is made with in prescribed due date (Rs.)

1. DOMESTIC RATES

(a) for consumption up to first 15,000 litres 1.56 1.25

(b) for consumption exceeding 15,000 litres and up to 40,000 litres

3.00 2.40

( c) for next consumption above 40,000 litres 4.00 3.20

2. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR DOMESTIC CATEGORY

(a) for 15 mm service line 20.00 16.00

(b) for 20 mm service line 120.00 96.00

(c) for 25 mm service line 370.00 296.00

(d) for 40 mm service line 870.00 696.00

(e) for 50 mm service line 1120.00 896.00

(f) for 80 mm service line 2245.00 1796.00

(g) for 100 mm service line 4495.00 3596.00

(h) for 150 mm service line 11245.00 8996.00

3. FLAT RATE CHARGES FOR 15 MM DOMESTIC CONNECTION (UNMETERED)

(a) for each connection per family upto two tape 20.00 16.00

(b) for each additional tap Deleted Deleted

Note : (i) No additional amount will be charged for Flush Laterines, Overhead Tanks, Only Flat Rate tariff will be charged in Rural & Katchi Basties of Urban towns. (ii) No additional charges for additional family members. One family will be treated as one consumer irrespective of family members. Domestic category shall include the consumers who use water for their bonafide domestic purpose. This category is applicable to residential quarters/houses where water is used for bonafide domestic purpose. This Category will also be applicable to :- (I) Government educational institutions. (II) Places of worship such as Temple/Mosque/Church etc. (III) Orphanage/Leper homes/Yatim Khana, registred and recognised by the Social Welfare Department or any other Government Agency. (IV) Circuit House/Dak Bungalow/Rest House/Jail/Children Rehabilitation Home/Mahila Ashram etc.

4. NON DOMESTIC RATE

(a) for consumption upto first 15,000 litres 4.68 3.75

(b) for consumption exceeding 15,000 litres and up to 40,000 litres

8.25 6.60

(c) for next consumption above 40,000 litres 11.00 8.80

5. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR NON DOMESTIC CATEGORY











Note: (i) The consumers which due to having shops in their residential premises categorised under non domestic category as per notification of 12-11-97 shall take the separate connection up to 31-3-99. Till that date billing will be as per domestic tariff rates. From1-4-99, Non domestic rate shall be charged from such consumers. (ii) Shops having existing Flat Rate Connection will be charged as per item 3 as above. The Non Domestic category will include all consumers/establishments not covered by the domestic category and industrial category such as given below: All type of shops, Offices and Godown, Hospital, Dispensaries, Dharamshalas, Private Educational Institutions, Petrol Pumps without service station, Cottage Industries, Restaurant, Dhabas, Cinemas, Dairy, Motor Garage without service station, Building Construction, Marriage Halls, Nurseries, Railway/Bus Stand, Laundries etc.

6. INDUSTRIAL RATES

(a) For Consumption upto first 15,000 litres 11.00 8.80

(b) For Consumption exceeding 15,000 litres and upto 40,000 litres

13.75 11.00

(c) For Next consumption above 40,000 litres 16.50 13.20

7. MINIMUM CHARGES PER MONTH FOR INDUSTRIAL CATEGORY









The Industrial Category shall include large, medium and small industrial units as defined by Vikas Ayukt (Laghu Udhog) of Government of India and GOR. This category shall also be applicable to all kinds of hotels (large, medium and small Motor Garage with service facility, Petrol Pump with service facility, Poultry Farms, Stone cutting/Grinding and Polishing industries etc.

8. FIXED CHARGES

Fixed charges for capital renovation of system. These charges shall be applicable to all category of consumers. No rebate will be allowed on this item.

Rs. 10.00 per month

B GENERAL CHARGES

9. METER SERVICE CHARGE PER MONTH

(a) for 15 mm size 5.00

(b) for 20 mm size 15.00

(c) for 25mm size 20.00

(d) for 40mm size 30.00

(e) for 50mm size 40.00

(f) for 80mm size 75.00

(g) for 100mm size 125.00

(h) for 150mm size 200.00



10. CONNECTION CHARGES

(a) New water connection charges shall be equivalent to one month‟s net minimum charges for service connection of relevant size subject to minimum of Rs. 100/-

(b) Disconnection charges will be 50% of new connection charges of respective connection charge.

(c) Reconnection charges will be 50% of new connection charges of respective connection charge.

(d) One time charge for a new connection in house having more than ground and first floor.

Rs. 15.00 per sq.mtr. of the total plot area.

(e) One time charge for a new connection in a group housing scheme if a new connection is required by

a flat owner.

Rs. 15.00 per sq.mtr. of the total plot area

(f) One time charge for a new connection in a group housing scheme if a common connection is required by the residents of group housing scheme

Rs. 15.00 per sq.mtr. of the total plot area

(g) New connection charge for sewer connections

Rs. 200.00

17.4 Maps of Udaipur City

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Savina

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Sector 5

Sector 4

Sector 3

Railway Colony

Sajjan Nagar

Shavri Colony

Eklavya Colony

Ambamata

Brahma Puri

Shakthi Nagar

Ashok Nagar

Panchwati

Hawala Kalan

Parda

Shilpgram

Dewali

Ganeshpura

Pratap Nagar

Dangiyon Ki Pachauli

Pichola

Fateh Sagar Lake

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CONSULTANT:

CRISIL Risk & Infrastructure Solution LimitedA subsidiary of CRISIL Limited, a Standard & Poor's company

3rd Floor, Uma Chambers, Plot No. 9 & 10, Nagarjuna Hills,

Hyderabad- 500 082, India |(B) +91 40 23358103 | www.crisil.com

NAME OF THE CLIENT:

Capacity Building for Urban DevelopmentMinistry of Urban Development

Government of India

NAME OF THE PROJECT:

Revised City Development Plan forUdaipur City

UDAIPUR

KEY MAP:

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ORIENTATION:

RAJASTHAN

SCALE:1 : 1000

City Base Map

LEGEND:

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CM

MTS

Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Railway Lines

Local Roads

Water body / Pond / Lakes

Main Road

Contours

Ward Boundary

Lake Pichola

Fateh Sagar Lake

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Nela Pond

Swaroop Sagar

Tiger Hills

CONSULTANT:




NAME OF THE CLIENT:


Government of India



UDAIPUR

KEY MAP:

N

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ORIENTATION:

RAJASTHAN

SCALE:1 : 1000

Environment - Water Bodies Map

LEGEND:

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MTS

Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Railway Lines

Local Roads


Main Road

Contours

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TECHNOY MOTORS

PATEL CIRCLE

NAGAR NIGAM

H

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TAJ LAKE PALACE

THE OBERAI

UDAIVILAS

UDAIPUR RAILWAY STATION

RANA PRATHAP

NAGAR RAILWAY

STATION

COLLECTORATE

ANTI CORRUPTION

GOVERNMENT OFFICE

TOWN HALL

CENTRAL JAIL

UDAIPUR BUS DEPOT

BHAGATH SING BUS

STAND

RURR BUS STAND

BSNL HEAD OFFICE

SUB - CITY CENTER

CONSULTANT:




NAME OF THE CLIENT:


Government of India



UDAIPUR

KEY MAP:

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ORIENTATION:

RAJASTHAN

SCALE:1 : 1000

Social Infrastructure Map

LEGEND:

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MTS

Educational Institutions

Hotels / Restaurents

Temples

Parks / Playgrounds

H

Hospitals

Important Landmark

Bus Stop / Railway Station

Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Railway Lines

Local Roads


Main Road

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Airport Rd

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Airport Rd

CONSULTANT:




NAME OF THE CLIENT:


Government of India



UDAIPUR

KEY MAP:

N

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ORIENTATION:

RAJASTHAN

SCALE:1 : 1000

Roads Map

LEGEND:

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MTS

Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Railway Lines

Local Roads


Main RoadState Highway

To N

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City Palace

Taj Lake Palace

Jag Mandir

Monsoon Palace

Jagadish Temple

Fateh Sagar Lake

The Leela Palace

Bharatita Lok Kala Mandal

Shilpgram

Ahar Museum

CONSULTANT:




NAME OF THE CLIENT:


Government of India



UDAIPUR

KEY MAP:

N

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ORIENTATION:

RAJASTHAN

SCALE:1 : 1000

Heritage Map

LEGEND:

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MTS

Heritage Spots

Muncipal Boundary

National Highway

Railway Lines

Local Roads


Main Road

Our Offices / Contact us:

Registered Office – Mumbai

CRISIL House, Central Avenue, Hiranandani Business Park, Powai, Mumbai- 400 076 Phone : 91-22-3342 3000 Fax : 91-22-3342 3810

New Delhi

Plot No. 46 (Opposite Provident Fund Office), Sector 44, Gurgaon 122 003, Haryana, India Phone : 91-124-672 2000 Fax : 91-124-672 2495

Hyderabad

3rd Floor, Uma Chambers Plot No. 9&10, Nagarjuna Hills, Near Punjagutta Cross Road Hyderabad - 500 082 Phone : 91-40-40328200 Fax : 91-40-2335 7507

Bengaluru

W-101, Sunrise Chambers, 22, Ulsoor Road, Bengaluru - 560 042 Phone : 91-80-2558 0899 Fax : 91-80-2559 4801

Ahmedabad

706, Venus Atlantis, Near Reliance Petrol Pump Prahladnagar, Ahmedabad - 380 015 Phone : 91-79-4024 4500 Fax : 91-79-4024 4520

Visit us at: www.crisil.com

About CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory

CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is a division of CRISIL Risk and Infrastructure Solutions Limited, a 100% subsidiary of CRISIL Limited –

India‟s leading Ratings, Research, Risk and Policy Advisory Company.

CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory is India‟s premier advisor focusing on policy issues, as well as commercial and contractual issues in the areas of transport, energy and urban infrastructure. We also provide support to international firms planning investments in India. Over a period of time, CRISIL Infrastructure Advisory has built a unique position for itself in these domains and is considered the preferred consultant by governments, multilateral agencies and private-sector clients. We have extended our operations beyond India and are present in other emerging markets in Africa, Middle East and South Asia.

CRISIL Ltd is a Standard & Poor's company

CRISIL Limited CRISIL House, Central Avenue, Hiranandani Business Park, Powai, Mumbai – 400076. India Phone: + 91 22 3342 3000 Fax: + 91 22 3342 3001 Email: [email protected] (optional) www.crisil.com

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