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Page 1: Citrus Rootstocks

Of CITRUS ROOTSTOCKS

Description Identification Multiplication

Page 2: Citrus Rootstocks

WAQAS AHMEDM. Sc (Hons.) Agriculture

(Horticulture)

Page 3: Citrus Rootstocks

Origin and History

Page 4: Citrus Rootstocks

Origin and History

Citrus is considered to be native of Southeast Asia, especially

eastern India.

Phylogenic relationships extends through East Indies,

Australia, central China, Japan and even Africa.

Many present day citrus cultivars have been cultivated

since ancient times and their wild progenitors are not definitely

known.

Page 5: Citrus Rootstocks

Origin and History

Citrus is grown in tropical and subtropical southeast regions of the

world, in a belt of approximately;

35° N and S of the equator.

Page 6: Citrus Rootstocks

Origin and History

There is a great diversity in citrus;

size

shape

fruit colour

juice contents

The most well known examples are the orange, the lemon, the

grapefruit, the lime and tangerines.

Page 7: Citrus Rootstocks

History of improvement

Page 8: Citrus Rootstocks

History of improvement

First organized programme was started by USDA in Florida in 1893

by W.T. Swingle and H.J. Webber.

Disease management

(This programme was destroyed due to severe freeze in winter in

1894-95)

Page 9: Citrus Rootstocks

History of improvement

In 1908, USDA group produced large number of hybrids from

many combinations of cultivars and species.

‘Troyer’, among these, is an important rootstock

In University of California citrus breeding started in 1914, by H. B.

Frost.

University of Florida started two citrus breeding programmes in

1924 and 1956.

Page 10: Citrus Rootstocks

Classification of Citrus

Page 11: Citrus Rootstocks

Classification of Citrus

Plantae Kingdom

Magnoliophyta Division

Magnoliopsida Class

Rosidae Sub-class

Sapindales Order

Rutaceae Family

Aurantioideae Sub-family

Citreae Tribe

Page 12: Citrus Rootstocks

Classification of Citrus

W. T. Swingle classified sub family Aurantioideae into a very

comprehensive treatment.

Citrus (16 species)

Fortunella (4 specie)

Poncirus (1 specie)

Eremocitrus

Microcitrus

Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus can be crossed with one another,

and various proven hybrids exist.

Page 13: Citrus Rootstocks

Classification of Citrus

Citrus aurantifolia Key Lime

Citrus maxima Pomelo

Citrus medica Citron

Citrus reticulata Mandrin

Microcitrus

Page 14: Citrus Rootstocks

Classification of Citrus

Some hybrids are;

Grapefruit X Tangerine Tangelo

Orange X Tangerine Tangor

Grapefruit X Orange Orangelo

Sweet orange

X Poncirus Citrange

Sour orange

X Poncirus Citradia

Kumquat X Citrange Citrangequat

Page 15: Citrus Rootstocks

Botany

Page 16: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus Tree

Shrub or small tree

Type

5-15 m Height

Ever green Growth habit

On twigs attachment

Spines

Alternate Leaves arrangement

Shiny, leathery, dotted with oil glands

Leaf characters Citrus tree facts and info.

www.citrustreesnola.com

Page 17: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus Flower

Solitary Type

2-4 cm Diameter

6-14 carpel Ovary

4 X of petals Stamens

4-8 (Thick, Linear) Petalscitrus sinensis. www theflowerexpert.com

Flowers are very strongly scented. The vegetative apical

meristem transforms into a terminal flower bud. Axillary flower

bud develops later than the terminal bud.

Page 18: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus Fruit

Citrus. www.botany.com

A leathery rind surrounding segments or "liths" filled with pulp

vesicles.

Hesperidium berry

Type

Globose to elongated

Shape

Length= 4-30 cmDiameter= 4-20 cm

Size

Technical terms

Usual terms

Juice Sac

Mesocarp

Segment

Zest

Pulp

Rind

Exocarp

Page 19: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus Rootstocks

Page 20: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus rootstocks

The plant or plant part (One of the components of budding or

grating) which provides root system after successful union of bud

or graft with it.

Citrus plants grown in the "normal" way from seedlings have

several problems. Due to the complicated and in part fascinating

reproductive life of citrus plants;

A tree grown from a zygotic seed seldom grows true to

type.

Seedlings grown tree take up to 7-12 years before they

grow a trunk and a

root system strong enough to bear fruit.

Page 21: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus rootstocks

For getting superior true to type plants and reducing the bearing

period, asexual means of reproduction are implemented.

Page 22: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus rootstocks

Different qualities can determine the choice of rootstock;

Tree vigor

Rooting depth

Time to reach fruit maturity

Tolerance to cold and water logging

Resistance to nematodes, foot rot (phytophthora), citrus

blight

Susceptibility to citrus tristezza, exocortis and xyloporosis

viruses

Page 23: Citrus Rootstocks

Commercially used Citrus rootstocks in Pakistan

Page 24: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrus rootstocks used in Pakistan

However, there are a range of different

rootstocks growing at research stations and

germplasm units but they have not been

commercialized.

Punjab Kinnow mandarins

Rough Lemon

NWFP Orange Sour Orange

Page 25: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough Lemon

Page 26: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough lemon

Citrus jambhiri

Origin:

Rough lemon originated in the Himalayan

foothills in India.

Page 27: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough lemon

Very vigorous Vigor

Spreading Growth habit

Dense Density of branches

Rough lemon. Sweating Canning Growing. 2009

www. chilechews.blogspot.com

Page 28: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough lemon

Simple Leaf division

Light Green Leaf colour intensity

Not winged Petiole

Rough lemon.

www.bugsforbugs.com.au

Page 29: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough lemon

Advantages:

Tolerant to tristeza

Drought tolerant

Moderate tolerance to salinity

Disadvantage:

Less cold hardy

Intolerant to blight

Susceptible to phytophthora foot rot and burrowing

nematodes

Page 30: Citrus Rootstocks

Rough lemon

Uses:

Fully compatible with compatibility with oranges, grapefruit,

tangelos

and most mandarin varieties.

Page 31: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Page 32: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Citrus aurantium

Origin:

The sour orange is native to southeastern

Asia. Arabs are thought to have carried it

to Arabia in the 9th Century.

Page 33: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Vigorous Vigor

Spreading Growth habit

Dense Density of branches

Alexandris, G. Sour orange tree.

www.fotolia.com

Versatile sour orange. www.fincalasbrisas.org

Page 34: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Simple Leaf division

Dark Leaf colour intensity

Winged Petiole

Sour orange tree.

www.bayflora.com

Page 35: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Advantages:

Tolerant to cold

Drought tolerant

Resistance against gummosis

Tolerate salinity and alkalinity

Disadvantage:

Intolerant to tristeza

Susceptible to nematodes

Page 36: Citrus Rootstocks

Sour orange

Uses:

Grapefruit and orange yields on sour orange are moderate,

with average fruit size and good quality.

Page 37: Citrus Rootstocks

Other rootstocks

Page 38: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Page 39: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Citrus sinensis

Origin:

Sweet orange are native to southeastern

Asia, northeastern India or, more likely,

southern China and Indo-China.

Page 40: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Medium Vigor

Spheroid Tree shape

Spreading Growth habit

Citrus sinensis. Plante E Animali Italiani.

www.digilander.libero.it

Page 41: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Simple Leaf division

Elliptical Leaf shape

Narrowly winged Petiole

Citrus sinensis-Sweet orange.

www.plantoftheweek.org

Page 42: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Advantages:

Quite hardy

Resistance against cold

Tolerant to quick decline

Disadvantage:

Sensitive to soil salinity

Susceptible to gummosis

Page 43: Citrus Rootstocks

Sweet orange

Uses:

Sweet orange is a good rootstock for all the citrus cultivars,

producing large, vigorous trees. Yields and fruit quality

produced on sweet orange stock are good and unions are

compatible.

Page 44: Citrus Rootstocks

Kharna Khatta

Page 45: Citrus Rootstocks

Kharna khatta

Citrus aurantium var. khatta

Origin:

Karna is an old Indian fruit of unknown

origin, most probably native to Tropical

Asia, Indo-China.

Almost certainly a natural hybrid. While the

tree and fruit are distinctive, they exhibit

characters of both rough lemon and sour

or bitter orange.

Page 46: Citrus Rootstocks

Kharna khatta

Medium Vigor

Spreading Growth habit

Upright Tree habit

Spheroid Tree shape

Kharna sour orange hybrid.

www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu

Page 47: Citrus Rootstocks

Kherna khatta

Simple Leaf division

Dark Leaf colour intensity

Winged Petiole

Jaskani, M. J. et al. 2006. Pak. J. Bot.,

38(2): 311-317

Page 48: Citrus Rootstocks

Kherna khatta

Advantages:

Tolerant to cold

Drought tolerant

Tolerate salinity and alkalinity

Disadvantage:

Susceptible to tristeza

Susceptible to gummosis

Page 49: Citrus Rootstocks

Kherna khatta

Uses:

Grapefruit and mandarins can be grown successfully on Kharna

khatta.

Page 50: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

Page 51: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

Citrus limonia

Origin:

Rangpur lime has Indian origin. It is hybrid

involving either the rough lemon or sour

orange in the parentage.

Page 52: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

High Vigor

Spheroid Tree shape

Spreading Growth habit

Baishaishu Rangpur lime.

www.citrusvariety.ucr.edu

Page 53: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

Simple Leaf division

Elliptic Leaf shape

Obovate Petiole

Rangpur. Citrus limonia

www.steffenreichel.homepage.t-online.de

Page 54: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

Advantages:

Drought tolerant

Tolerate salinity

Highly resistant to tristeza

Disadvantage:

Sensitive to cold

Susceptible to phytophthora

Susceptible to burrowing nematodes

Page 55: Citrus Rootstocks

Rangpur lime

Uses:

It makes a good union with number of citrus spp. Like sweet

orange, mandarins and pummelo.

Page 56: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Page 57: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Poncirus trifoliata or Citrus trifoliata

Origin:

Trifoliate oranges are native to central or

northern China. It is widely cultivated in

temperate regions.

Page 58: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Medium Vigor

Ellipsoid Tree shape

Spreading Growth habit

Trifoliate orange. www. users.kymp.net

Page 59: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Trifoliate Leaf division

Ovate Leaf shape

Obovate Petiole

Poncirus trifoliata.

www.plantsystematics.org

Page 60: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Advantages:

Resistant to tristeza

Tolerant to cold and water logging

Resistant to phytophthora and nematodes

Disadvantage:

Sensitive to drought

Intolerant to salinity

Slow growing rootstock

Page 61: Citrus Rootstocks

Trifoliate orange

Uses:

It is used in high density planting as it is a dwarf rootstock. It is

a good rootstock for sweet oranges, tangerines and grape fruit.

Page 62: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Page 63: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Citrus reshni

Origin:

Cleopatra mandarin are native to tropical

Asia, Indian subcontinent.

Page 64: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Medium Vigor

Spheroid Tree shape

Spreading Growth habit

Cleopatra mandarin. www.users.kymp.net

Page 65: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Simple Leaf division

Elliptic Leaf shape

Obovate Petiole

Citrus reshni. www.flora-toskana.de

Page 66: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Advantages:

Cold hardy

Tolerate salinity and alkalinity

Resistant to tristeza, gummosis and quick decline.

Disadvantage:

Sensitive to nematodes

Sensitive to water logging

Susceptible to phytophthora

Page 67: Citrus Rootstocks

Cleopatra mandarin

Uses:

Blood red and Valencia oranges perform well when budded on

Cleopatra mandarin.

Page 68: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Page 69: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Hybrid of;

Washington navel orange X Poncirus

trifoliata

Purpose was to combine cold hardiness of

trifoliate orange with good traits of sweet

orange.

Origin:

The original crosses were made in the early

1900s by the United States Department

of Agriculture with the intention of

producing cold tolerant scion cultivars.

Page 70: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Moderate Vigor

Ellipsoid Tree shape

Spreading Growth habit

Dense Density of branches

Oklahoma Cold Hardy Citrus Hybrid Project.

www.okcitrus.com

Page 71: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Simple Leaf division

Dark Leaf colour intensity

Winged Petiole

About1418 citrus.

www.citrus.forumup.org

Page 72: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Advantages:

Cold tolerant

Tolerant to tristeza

Tolerant to Phytophthora and nematode

Disadvantage:

Adversely affected by high pH

Sensitive to soil salinity and water logging

Page 73: Citrus Rootstocks

Carrizo citrange

Uses:

Fully compatible with navel and Valencia orange varieties.

Page 74: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Page 75: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Hybrid of;

Washington navel orange X Poncirus

trifoliata

Origin:

It was originated as a hybrid of the

Washington navel orange crossed with

trifoliate orange pollen that was made at

Riverside, California in 1909.  In 1934,

Swingle named it for A. M. Troyer, on

whose place at Fairhope, Alabama, it first

fruited.

Page 76: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Moderate Vigor

Spreading Growth habit

Moderate Density of branches

Citrange, 'Troyer‘. www.woodlanders.net

Page 77: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Medium Leaf size

Trifoliate Leaf division

Dark Leaf colour intensity

Citranges.

www.homecitrusgrowers.co.u

k

Page 78: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Advantages:

Cold tolerant

Tolerant to tristeza

Tolerant to Phytophthora and nematode

Disadvantage:

Adversely affected by high pH

Sensitive to soil salinity and water logging

Page 79: Citrus Rootstocks

Troyer citrange

Uses:

Troyer citrange is the major rootstock used for mandarins.

Page 80: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Page 81: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Hybrid of;

Poncirus trifoliata X Citrus sinensis

Origin:

The cross was made by J.W. Cameron & R.C.

Baines in the Citrus Research Center,

Riverside, CA, in 1951.

Page 82: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Medium Vigor

Spreading Growth habit

Spheroid Tree shape

Citranges‘. www.woodlanders.net

Page 83: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Elliptic Leaf shape

Trifoliate Leaf division

Obovate Petiole shape

Citranges‘. www.woodlanders.net

Page 84: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Advantages:

Cold tolerant

Drought tolerant

Tolerant to tristeza

Tolerant to Phytophthora and nematode

Disadvantage:

Sensitive to soil salinity

Adversely affected by high pH

Page 85: Citrus Rootstocks

Citrange-35

Uses:

Citrange 35 is used as rootstock for navel oranges, grapefruit

and valencia oranges.

Page 86: Citrus Rootstocks

Breeding in Citrus

Page 87: Citrus Rootstocks

Breeding in Citrus

W. T. Swingle classified sub family Aurantioideae into a very

comprehensive treatment.

Citrus (16 species)

Fortunella (4 specie)

Poncirus (1 specie)

Eremocitrus

Microcitrus

Citrus, Fortunella and Poncirus can be crossed with one another,

and various proven hybrids exist.