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Page 1: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Circle Theoram

Page 2: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

diameter

Circumference

radius

chord

Major Segment

Minor Segment

Minor Arc

Major Arc

Minor Sector

Major Sector

Parts of the Circle

Tangent

Tangent

TangentParts

Page 3: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

o

Arc AB subtends angle x at the centre.

AB

xo

Arc AB subtends angle y at the circumference.

yo

Chord AB also subtends angle x at the centre.Chord AB also subtends angle y at the circumference.

o

A

B

xo

yo

o

yo

xo

A

B

Introductory Terminology

Term’gy

Page 4: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Theorem 1

Measure the angles at the centre and circumference and make a conjecture.

xo

yo

xoyo

xo

yo

xo

yo

xo

yo

xo

yo

xo

yo

xo

yo

o o o o

o o o o

Th1

Page 5: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

The angle subtended at the centre of a circle (by an arc or chord) is twice the angle subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord. (angle at centre)

2xo

2xo 2xo 2xo

2xo 2xo 2xo 2xo

Theorem 1

Measure the angles at the centre and circumference and make a conjecture.

xo

xo

xoxo

xo xo xo xo

o oo o

o o o o

Angle x is subtended in the minor segment.

Watch for this one later.

Page 6: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

o

AB

84o

xo

Example Questions

1

Find the unknown angles giving reasons for your answers.

o

AB

yo

2

35o

42o (Angle at the centre).

70o(Angle at the centre)

angle x = angle y =

Page 7: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

(180 – 2 x 42) = 96o (Isos triangle/angle sum triangle). 48o (Angle at the centre)

angle x = angle y =

o

AB

42o

xo

Example Questions

3

Find the unknown angles giving reasons for your answers.

o

A

B

po

4

62o

yo

qo

124o (Angle at the centre)

(180 – 124)/2 = 280 (Isos triangle/angle sum triangle).

angle p = angle q =

Page 8: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

o Diameter

90o angle in a semi-circle90o angle in a semi-circle20o angle sum triangle

90o angle in a semi-circle

o

a

b

c

70o

d

30o

e

Find the unknown angles below stating a reason.

angle a = angle b = angle c = angle d = angle e =

60o angle sum triangle

The angle in a semi-circle is a right angle.

Theorem 2

This is just a special case of Theorem 1 and is referred to as a theorem for convenience.

Th2

Page 9: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.Theorem 3

xo xo

xo

xo

xo

yo

yo

Th3

Page 10: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

38o xo

yo

30o

xo

yo

40o

Angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.

Theorem 3

Find the unknown angles in each case

Angle x = angle y = 38o Angle x = 30o

Angle y = 40o

Page 11: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90o. (Tan/rad)

Theorem 4

o

Th4

Page 12: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

The angle between a tangent and a radius is 90o. (Tan/rad)

Theorem 4

o

Page 13: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

180 – (90 + 36) = 54o Tan/rad and angle sum of triangle.

90o angle in a semi-circle60o angle sum triangle

angle x = angle y = angle z =

T

o

36oxo

yo

zo

30o

A

B

If OT is a radius and AB is a tangent, find the unknown angles, giving reasons for your answers.

Page 14: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

The Alternate Segment Theorem.Theorem 5

The angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by that chord in the alternate segment.

xo

xo

yo

yo

45o (Alt Seg)

60o (Alt Seg)

75o angle sum triangle

45o

xo

yo

60o

zo

Find the missing angles below giving reasons in each case.

angle x = angle y = angle z =

Th5

Page 15: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem.Theorem 6

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (They sum to 180o)

w

y

x

z

Angles y + w = 180o

Angles x + z = 180o

r

p

s

q

Angles p + r = 180o

Angles q + s = 180o

Th6

Page 16: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

180 – 85 = 95o (cyclic quad) 180 – 110 = 70o (cyclic quad)

Cyclic Quadrilateral Theorem.Theorem 6

The opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary. (They sum to 180o)

85o

110o

x y

70o

135op

r

q

Find the missing angles below

given reasons in each case.

angle x = angle y =

angle p = angle q = angle r =

180 – 135 = 45o (straight line) 180 – 70 = 110o (cyclic quad) 180 – 45 = 135o (cyclic quad)

Page 17: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Two Tangent Theorem.Theorem 7

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.

P

T

UQ

R

PT = PQ

P

T

U

Q

R

PT = PQ

Th7

Page 18: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

90o (tan/rad)

Two Tangent Theorem.Theorem 7

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.

P T

QOxo

wo

98o

yo

zo

PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O. Find the unknown angles giving reasons.

angle w = angle x = angle y = angle z =

90o (tan/rad)

49o (angle at centre)

360o – 278 = 82o

(quadrilateral)

Page 19: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

90o (tan/rad)

Two Tangent Theorem.Theorem 7

From any point outside a circle only two tangents can be drawn and they are equal in length.

P T

QO

yo

50o

xo

80o

PQ and PT are tangents to a circle with centre O. Find the unknown angles giving reasons.

angle w = angle x = angle y = angle z =

180 – 140 = 40o (angles sum tri)50o (isos triangle)

50o (alt seg)

wo

zo

Page 20: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

O

S T

3 cm

8 cm

Find length OS

OS = 5 cm (pythag triple: 3,4,5)

Chord Bisector Theorem.Theorem 8

A line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord..

O

Th8

Page 21: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Angle SOT = 22o (symmetry/congruenncy)

Find angle x

O

S T

22o

xo

U

Angle x = 180 – 112 = 68o (angle sum triangle)

Chord Bisector Theorem.Theorem 8

A line drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord..

O

Page 22: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

OS

T65o

P

R

U

Mixed Questions

PTR is a tangent line to the circle at T. Find angles SUT, SOT, OTS and OST.

Angle SUT =Angle SOT =Angle OTS =Angle OST =

65o (Alt seg)

130o (angle at centre)

25o (tan rad)

25o (isos triangle)Mixed Q 1

Page 23: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

22o (cyclic quad)

68o (tan rad)

44o (isos triangle)

68o (alt seg)

Angle w =

Angle x =

Angle y =

Angle z =

O

w

y

48o

110o

U

Mixed Questions

PR and PQ are tangents to the circle. Find the missing angles giving reasons.

xz

P

Q

R

Mixed Q 2

Page 24: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

•Extend AO to D•AO = BO = CO (radii of same circle) •Triangle AOB is isosceles(base angles equal)

D

•Triangle AOC is isosceles(base angles equal)

•Angle AOB = 180 - 2 (angle sum triangle) •Angle AOC = 180 - 2 (angle sum triangle) •Angle COB = 360 – (AOB + AOC)(<‘s at point) •Angle COB = 360 – (180 - 2 + 180 - 2) •Angle COB = 2 + 2 = 2(+ ) = 2 x < CAB

To prove that angle COB = 2 x angle CAB

QED

To Prove that the angle subtended by an arc or chord at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord.

O

C

B

A

Theorem 1 and 2

Proof 1/2

Page 25: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

O

To Prove that angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.

C

B

A

Theorem 3

D

To prove that angle CAB = angle BDC

•With centre of circle O draw lines OB and OC.

•Angle COB = 2 x angle CAB (Theorem 1).•Angle COB = 2 x angle BDC (Theorem 1).•2 x angle CAB = 2 x angle BDC

•Angle CAB = angle BDC

QED

Proof 3

Page 26: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that the angle between a tangent and a radius drawn to the point of contact is a right angle.

Note that this proof is given primarily for your interest and completeness. Demonstration of the proof is beyond the GCSE course but is well worth looking at. The proofs up to now have been deductive proofs. That is they start with a premise, (a statement to be proven) followed by a chain of deductive reasoning that leads to the desired conclusion.

The type of proof that follows is a little different and is known as “Reductio ad absurdum” It was first exploited with great success by ancient Greek mathematicians. The idea is to assume that the premise is not true and then apply a deductive argument that leads to an absurd or contradictory statement. The contradictory nature of the statement means that the “not true” premise is false and so the premise is proven true.

To p rov e “A”

A is p rov en

As s ume “not A”

“not A” fa ls e Co ntra d ic to ry s ta tement

Cha in o f deduc tiv e reas on ing

1 23

45

Proof 4

Page 27: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that OT is perpendicular to AB

•Assume that OT is not perpendicular to AB•Then there must be a point, D say, on AB such that OD is perpendicular to AB.

DC

•Since ODT is a right angle then angle OTD is acute (angle sum of a triangle).

•But the greater angle is opposite the greater side therefore OT is greater than OD.•But OT = OC (radii of the same circle) therefore OC is also greater than OD, the part greater than the whole which is impossible.

•Therefore OD is not perpendicular to AB.

•By a similar argument neither is any other straight line except OT.•Therefore OT is perpendicular to AB.

QED

To prove that the angle between a tangent and a radius drawn to the point of contact is a right angle.

To p rov e “A”

A is p rov en

As s ume “not A”

“not A” fa ls e Co ntra d ic to ry s ta tement

Cha in o f deduc tiv e reas on ing

1 23

45

O

A

BT

Theorem 4

Page 28: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that the angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.

Theorem 5

A

T

B

C

D

OTo prove that angle BTD = angle TCD

•With centre of circle O, draw straight lines OD and OT.

•Let angle DTB be denoted by .

•Then angle DTO = 90 - (Theorem 4 tan/rad)

90 -

•Also angle TDO = 90 - (Isos triangle)

90 -

•Therefore angle TOD = 180 –(90 - + 90 - ) = 2 (angle sum triangle)

2

•Angle TCD = (Theorem 1 angle at the centre)

•Angle BTD = angle TCD QED

Proof 5

Page 29: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that angles A + C and B + D = 1800

•Draw straight lines AC and BD

•Chord DC subtends equal angles (same segment)

•Chord AD subtends equal angles (same segment)

•Chord AB subtends equal angles (same segment)

•Chord BC subtends equal angles (same segment)

•2( + + + ) = 360o (Angle sum quadrilateral) + + + = 180o

Angles A + C and B + D = 1800QED

A

B

D

C

To prove that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (Sum to 180o).

Theorem 6

alpha beta gamma delta

Proof 6

Page 30: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that AP = BP.

•With centre of circle at O, draw straight lines OA and OB.

To prove that the two tangents drawn from a point outside a circle are of equal length.

Theorem 7

O

A

B

P

•OA = OB (radii of the same circle)

•Angle PAO = PBO = 90o (tangent radius).•Draw straight line OP.

•In triangles OBP and OAP, OA = OB and OP is common to both.

•Triangles OBP and OAP are congruent (RHS)•Therefore AP = BP. QED

Proof 7

Page 31: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that a line, drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord.

Theorem 8

O

A B C

To prove that AB = BC.

•From centre O draw straight lines OA and OC.•In triangles OAB and OCB, OC = OA (radii of same circle) and OB is common to both.•Angle OBA = angle OBC (angles on straight line)

•Triangles OAB and OCB are congruent (RHS)

•Therefore AB = BC QED

Proof 8

Page 32: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Worksheet 1

Parts of the Circle

Page 33: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Worksheet 2

xo

yo

o

xo

yo

o

xoyo

o

xo

yo

o

xo

yo

o

xo

yo

o

Th1Measure the angle subtended at the centre (y) and the angle subtended at the circumference (x) in each case and make a conjecture about their relationship.

Page 34: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To Prove that the angle subtended by an arc or chord at the centre of a circle is twice the angle subtended at the circumference by the same arc or chord.

O

C

B

A

Theorem 1 and 2

Worksheet 3

Page 35: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To Prove that angles subtended by an arc or chord in the same segment are equal.

A

Theorem 3

O

C

B

D

Worksheet 4

Page 36: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that the angle between a tangent and a radius drawn to the point of contact is a right angle.

To p rov e “A”

A is p rov en

As s ume “not A”

“not A” fa ls e Co ntra d ic to ry s ta tement

Cha in o f deduc tiv e reas on ing

1 23

45

O

A

BT

Theorem 4 Worksheet 5

Page 37: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that the angle between a tangent and a chord through the point of contact is equal to the angle subtended by the chord in the alternate segment.

Theorem 5

A

T

B

C

D

O

Worksheet 6

Page 38: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

A

B

D

C

To prove that the opposite angles of a cyclic quadrilateral are supplementary (Sum to 180o).

Theorem 6

Alpha Beta Chi delta

Worksheet 7

Page 39: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

Worksheet 8

To prove that the two tangents drawn from a point outside a circle are of equal length.

Theorem 7

O

A

B

P

Page 40: Circle Theoram diameter Circumference radius chord Major Segment Minor Segment Minor Arc Major Arc Minor Sector Major Sector Parts of the Circle Tangent

To prove that a line, drawn perpendicular to a chord and passing through the centre of a circle, bisects the chord.

Theorem 8

O

A B C

Worksheet 9