chp 13 language

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“I know that you believe that you understand what you think I said, but I’m not sure you realize that what you heard is not what I meant.” - Richard Nixon Chapter 13 Chapter 13 Effective Effective Language Language

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Page 1: Chp 13 language

“I know that you believe that you understand what you think I said, but I’m not sure you

realize that what you heard is not what I meant.”

- Richard Nixon

Chapter 13Chapter 13Effective LanguageEffective Language

Page 2: Chp 13 language

What does this mean?What does this mean?

I was on my way to the doctor with rear end problems when my universal joint gave way, causing me to have an accident.

Page 3: Chp 13 language

Think of another analogy.Think of another analogy.

Being an effective communicator is like walking a tightrope. To be successful, you must work very hard at being exact and precise.

Page 4: Chp 13 language

What are advantages of the written word?What are advantages of the written word?

You have time to consider what it means

Punctuation clarifies But 90% of

communication is not written

Page 5: Chp 13 language

The average person has a vocabulary of approximately how many words?

Page 6: Chp 13 language

Average VocabularyAverage Vocabulary

10,000 words If you want to be effective, choose the

right ones. Be accurate!

Page 7: Chp 13 language

Concrete vs. Abstract wordsConcrete vs. Abstract words

Abstract– Feelings– Qualities– Concepts

Examples– Freedom– Responsibility

Page 8: Chp 13 language

Concrete vs. Abstract wordsConcrete vs. Abstract words

Concrete–See–Hear–Touch–Smell

Page 9: Chp 13 language

Denotation and ConnotationDenotation and Connotation

Denotation– Meaning of the

word in dictionary

Connotation– Meaning associated

with the word MEANING

DEFINITION

Page 10: Chp 13 language

What are associations with …What are associations with …

Mother

Success

Page 11: Chp 13 language

Choose the Right WordChoose the Right Word

Have “economy of language” What does that mean to you?

WORDS

Page 12: Chp 13 language

Rewrite these statementsRewrite these statements

At the beginning of the day, before I have my breakfast, I always work to keep my blood circulating and my body fit.

Page 13: Chp 13 language

Rewrite these statementsRewrite these statements

Because of the way you look and because we have had so much fun together, you and I might not find it a bad thing to talk and do stuff together.

Page 14: Chp 13 language

ImageryImagery

Language that creates pictures

Page 15: Chp 13 language

MetaphorMetaphor Figure of speech Compares two usually unrelated

things– The Constitution is the bond

which ties our country together.

Constitution

Page 16: Chp 13 language

SimileSimile

Uses the words “like” or “as”–Every day, our government spends

money like McDonalds sells hamburgers.

Billions of Burgers

and Dollars

Page 17: Chp 13 language

AllusionAllusion

Reference to a well-known person, place or thing–He is a Picasso.–He’s no Michael Jordan.–She’s his Juliet.

Page 18: Chp 13 language

Contrast ImageryContrast Imagery

Antithesis– Contrast of one term to another

• Young or old, hot or cold, knowledgeable or ignorant

Oxymoron– Places opposition directly

side-by-side• She is momentarily the love of my life.

Page 19: Chp 13 language

Contrast ImageryContrast Imagery

Irony– Things that imply the opposite of

what they seem to say on the surface• Reporting on a lawsuit against the Motley

Crue by someone who attended a 1992 concert, for damage to his hearing, the reporter said, ‘Yes, you certainly wouldn’t go to a rock concert expecting to hear loud music, now would you?”

Page 20: Chp 13 language

Exaggeration ImageryExaggeration Imagery Hyperbole

– Exaggeration of the truth– “I am so hungry I could eat a horse.”

Understatement– Opposite of hyperbole– “Michael Jordan is a fairly decent

basketball player.”

Page 21: Chp 13 language

Exaggeration ImageryExaggeration Imagery

Personification–Giving human characteristics to non-

human things• The eyes of profit are deceiving.• Don’t allow dishonesty to sneak up on you.

Page 22: Chp 13 language

Music with Words–Music with Words–Sound DevicesSound Devices

Repeating individual sounds– Alliteration: repeat initial sounds

• A corporation must care about the consumer.– Assonance: repeat vowel sounds

• We believe that peace means a chance for all the oppressed people of the world. (long e sound)

Page 23: Chp 13 language

Music with Words –Music with Words –Sound DevicesSound Devices

Repeating individual sounds–Consonance: repeat consonants

Repeating Words or Groups of Words– Do not ask what our country can do for

you; ask what you can do for your country.– Treat your car with care and your car will

take care of you.

“CCCCCCCCC”

Page 24: Chp 13 language

Repeating Word GroupsRepeating Word Groups

Parallelism– Using the same grammatical

form to express ideas that should be treated equally

Gettysburg Address– “We cannot dedicate–we

cannot consecrate–we cannot hallow this ground.”

– This is a driving cadence

Page 25: Chp 13 language

Language to AvoidLanguage to Avoid

Jargon– Used in a line of work

Slang– Associated with groups

Euphemism– Words we substitute for harsh or

distasteful words Sexist, shocking or obscene language

Page 26: Chp 13 language

Recalling the FactsRecalling the Facts What is like walking a tightrope? What are the advantages of the written word? Along with accuracy of language what helps create

a positive speaking impression? What is the difference between concrete and

abstract words? What is the difference between the connotation and

the denotation of a word? What are the three types of imagery? What, in addition to imagery, is important for

effective speaking? Name the types of repetition in language. What types of language should be avoided?

Look Back on Page 366 of textbook

Page 27: Chp 13 language

VocabularyVocabularyconcrete wordabstract worddenotationconnotationmetaphorimagerysimileallusionantithesisoxymoronirony

understatementhyperboleeuphemismalliterationassonanceconsonanceparallelismjargonslang

List on Page 339 of textbook