chinese food unit 3unit 9 chinese food unit 9 unit4

Chinese FoodUnit 3Unit 9Chinese Food

Unit 9

Tofu is another popular product often used as a meat or cheese substitute. It is a soy-based product which is highly nutritious, inexpensive and versatile. It has a high protein/fat ratio.

1. A variety of foods most commonly eaten in China

Cultural Information

In general, rice is the major food source for people from rice farming areas in southern China. In wheat farming areas in Northern China, people largely rely on flour based foods.

Noodles are symbolic of long life and good health according to Chinese tradition. They come dry or fresh in a variety of sizes, shapes and textures and are often served in soups or fried as toppings.

2. Different regional styles of Chinese cuisine


A number of different styles contribute to Chinese cuisine, but perhaps the best known and most influential are Sichuan cuisine, Shandong cuisine, Jiangsu cuisine and Guangdong (Cantonese) cuisine. These styles are distinctive from one another due to factors such as available resources, climate, geography, history, cooking techniques and lifestyles.

3. Cooking techniques of Chinese cuisine


Braising and stewing, baking, scalding, and wrapping, etc.Basic methods of preservation such as drying, salting, pickling and fermentation.

Text Analysis Structural Analysis

This article, which is written by a foreigner, provides us with a foreign perspective to examine our culture, though on a seemingly trivial aspect — our food. But all elements of a culture are actually of equal significance, so any of them can serve as a stand we set our first step on. If you haven’t started your journey to discover your own culture, then let yourself be pushed by this article and take it as your first step. At the end of this journey, you may either love your culture more, or less, but one thing is sure, that your feeling toward your culture will be more real and will be based upon a much broadened view.

Rhetorical Features

Text Analysis Structural Analysis

This text can be divided into three parts:

The first part discusses the difference in Chinese and Western attitudes towards food.

Paragraphs 1-4:

Rhetorical Features

The second part explains how Chinese food has become an international food.

Paragraphs 5-6:

The third elaborates on the nature of Chinese food.

Paragraphs 7-9:

Text Analysis Structural Analysis Rhetorical Features

The topic sentences of Paragraphs 7-9:

The traditional high-quality Chinese meal is a serious matter, fastidiously prepared and fastidiously enjoyed.

Paragraph 7:

The enjoyment must match the preparation.

Paragraph 8:

The smooth harmonies and piquant contrasts in Chinese food are an expression of basic assumptions about life itself.

Paragraph 9:


In this essay, alliteration is utilized here and there. Here are some examples: “Many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, …”; “… to making you a saint or a sinner?”; “… everywhere from Hong Kong to Honolulu to Hoboken to Hudderfield.” The underlined parts show repetition of the first sound or letter of a succession of words, which helps to convey a sort of melodious quality, thus making those words sound more pleasing and impressive.


Other examples of alliteration in the essay:

1. “… all these have become much more a part and parcel of the average person’s life …” (Paragraph 6)2. “Meat and fish, solids and soups, sweet and sour sauces, …” (Paragraph 8)

“Few things in life are as positive as food, or are taken as intimately and completely by the individual. One can listen to music, but the sound may enter in one ear and go out through the other; one may listen to a lecture or conversation, and day-dream about many other things; one may attend to matters of business, and one’s heart or interest may be altogether elsewhere…

T. McArthur

Chinese Food

Detailed Reading

1

Detailed Reading

In the matter of food and eating, however, one can hardly remain completely indifferent to what one is doing for long. How can one remain entirely indifferent to something which is going to enter one’s body and become part of oneself? How can one remain indifferent to something which will determine one’s physical strength and ultimately one’s spiritual and moral fibre and well-being?”

— Kenneth Lo

Detailed Reading

This is an easy question for a Chinese to ask, but a Western might find it difficult to answer. Many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, but scattered among them also is a large number of people who are apparently pretty indifferent to what goes into their stomachs, and so do not regard food as having any ultimate moral effect on them. How, they might ask, could eating a hamburger or drinking Coca Cola contribute anything to making you a saint or a sinner? For them, food is quite simply a fuel.

2

Kenneth Lo, however, expresses a point of view that is profoundly different and typically Chinese, deriving from thousands of years of tradition. The London restaurateur Fu Tong, for example, quotes no less an authority than Confucius (the ancient sage known in Chinese as K’ung-Fu-Tzu) with regard to the primal importance of food. Food, said the sage, is the first happiness. Fu Tong adds: “ Food to my countrymen is one of the ecstasies of life, to be thought about in advance; to be smothered with loving care throughout its preparation; and to have time lavished on it in the final pleasure of eating.”

Detailed Reading

3

Detailed Reading

Lo observes that when Westerners go to a restaurant they ask for a good table, which means a good position from which to see and be seen. They are usually there to be entertained socially — and also, incidentally, to eat. When the Chinese go to a restaurant, however, they ask for a small room with plain walls where they cannot be seen except by the members of their own party, where jackets can come off and they can proceed with the serious business which brought them there. The Chinese intentions are both honourable and whole-hearted: to eat with a capital E.

4

Detailed Reading

Despite such a marked difference in attitudes towards

what one consumes, there is no doubt that people in the W

est have come to regard the cuisine of China as something

special. In fact, one can assert with some justice that Chine

se food is, nowadays, the only truly international food. It is

ubiquitous. Restaurants bedecked with dragons and delicat

e landscape — serving such exotica as Dim Sin Gai (sweet

and sour chicken), Shao Shing soup, Chiao-Tzu and kuo-Ti

oh (northern style), and Ging Ai Kwar (steamed aubergine

s) — have sprung up everywhere from Hong Kong to Honol

ulu to Hoboken to Huddersfield.

5

Detailed Reading

How did this come about? Certainly, a kind of Chinese food was exported to North America when many thousands of Chinese went there in the 19th century to work on such things as the U.S. railways. They settled on or near the west coast, where the famous — or infamous — “chop suey joints” grew up, with their rather inferior brand of Chinese cooking. The standard of the restaurants improved steadily in the United States, but Lo considers that the crucial factor in spreading this kind of food throughout the Western world was population

6

Detailed Reading

pressure in the [then] British colony of Hong Kong, especially after 1950, which sent families out all over the world to seek their fortunes in the opening of restaurants. He adds, however, that this could not have happened if the world had not been interested in what the Hong Kong Chinese had to cook and sell. He detects an increase in sensuality in the Western world; “Colour, texture, movement, food, drink, and rock music — all these have become much more part and parcel of the average

Detailed Reading

person’s life than they have ever been. It is this increased sensuality and the desire for great freedom from age-bound habits in the West, combined with the inherent sensual concept of Chinese food, always quick to satisfy the taste buds, that is at the root of the sudden and phenomenal spread of Chinese food throughout the length and breadth of the Western World.” There is no doubt that the traditional high-quality Chinese meal is a serious matter, fastidiously prepared and fastidiously enjoyed. Indeed, the bringing together and initial cutting up and organising of the materials is,

7

Detailed Reading

according to Helen Burke, about 90% of the actual preparation, the cooking itself being only about 10%. This 10% is not, however, a simple matter. There are many possibilities to choose from; Kenneth Lo, for example, lists forty methods available for the heating of food, from chu or the art of boiling to such others as ts’ang, a kind of stir-frying and braising, t’a, deep frying in batter, and wei, burying food in hot solids such as charcoal, heated stones, sand, salt and lime.

Detailed Reading

The preparation is detailed, and the enjoyment must therefore match it. Thus, a proper Chinese meal can last four hours and proceed almost like a religious ceremony. It is a shared experience for the participants, not a lonely chore, with its procession of planned and carefully contrived dishes, some elements designed to blend, others to contrast. Meat and fish, solids and soups, sweet and sour sauces, crisp and smooth textures, fresh and dried vegetables — all these and more challenge the palate with their appropriate charms.

8

Detailed Reading

In a Chinese meal that has not been altered to conform to Western ideas of eating, everything is presented as a kind of buffet, the guest eating a little of this, a little of that. Individual portions as such are not provided. A properly planned dinner will include at least one fowl, one fish and one meat dish, and their presentation with appropriate vegetables is not just a matter to taste but also a question of harmonious colours. The eye must be pleased as well as the palate; if not, then a certain essentially Chinese element is missing,

9

Detailed Reading

an element that links this cuisine with that most typical and yet elusive concept Tao. Emily Hahn, an American who has lived and worked in China, has a great appreciation both of Chinese cooking and the “way” that leads to morality and harmony. She insists that “there is moral excellence in good cooking”, and adds that to the Chinese, traditionally, all life, all action, all knowledge are one. They may be chopped up and given parts with labels, such as “Cooking”, “Health”, “Character” and the like, but none is in reality separate from the other.

Detailed Reading

The smooth harmonies and piquant contrasts in Chinese food are more than just the products of recipes and personal enterprise. They are an expression of basic assumptions about life itself.

How important is food and eating, according to Kenneth Lo?

Food and eating, according to Kenneth Lo, determines not only one’s physical health but also one’s spiritual and moral soundness and his ultimate well-being.

Detailed Reading

How do the Chinese and westerners differ in their attitudes towards food?

According to the author, many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, while a large number of them are pretty indifferent to food. On the other hand, Fu Tong, a London restaurateur, maintains that food is of primary importance and one of the ecstasies of life. When they go to a restaurant, Westerners care more about the table than the food, while the Chinese aims to eat with a capital E, or take the food with the utmost earnest.

Detailed Reading

Why does the author say that Chinese food is the only truly international food?

Literally, Chinese food is ubiquitous. Chinese restaurants have sprung up almost everywhere in the world. At the root of the phenomenal rise of Chinese food in the world, there is a strong interest in Chinese food in the West. There is an increase in the sensuality in the Western world and coincidentally, Chinese food is very sensual in its combination of color, texture and taste.

Detailed Reading

Why does the author compare a proper Chinese meal to a religious ceremony?

For the Chinese people, the traditional high-quality Chinese meal is a serious matter. It is fastidiously prepared and fastidiously enjoyed. Both the preparation and enjoyment of a Chinese meal can last hours and make a shared experience which is well planned. The meals must not only meet the challenge of the palate but also that of the eyes.

Detailed Reading

How does Chinese food express the basic assumptions of life?

A good traditional Chinese meal must be well planned and balanced in order to meet the demand of the palate and the eyes alike. So, according to Emily Hahn, there is moral excellence in good cooking, which implies the combination of all life, all action and all knowledge. So important is a meal that it does not mean the product of recipe itself; it express the basic assumptions of life, one of which is harmony and balance.

Detailed Reading

well-being n. the state of feeling healthy, happy and comfortable

e.g.People doing yoga benefit from an increased feeling of well-being.We saw an improvement in the patient’s well-being.

Detailed Reading

Synonym:

welfare, health, happiness, comfort

ecstasy n.sudden intense feeling or excitement e.g.There was a look of ecstasy on his face.

They went into ecstasies over the view.

Detailed Reading

Synonym:

rapture, elation

Detailed Reading

smother v.cover closely or thickly

e.g.The cook smothered a steak with mushrooms. The pasta was smothered with a creamy sauce.If you smother someone/thing with love or attention,

you give them so much of it that they are overwhelmed.

e.g.She smothered him with kisses.She should love them without smothering them with attention.

lavish v. give a lot, or too much of sth.

e.g.The media couldn’t lavish enough praise on the film. Everything was lavished on her one and only child.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

lavishness (n.), lavishly (ad.)

assert v.declare strongly

e.g. He asserts that she stole money from him.The company asserts that the cuts will not affect development.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

assertion (n.), assertive a., assertively ad.

ubiquitous a.being everywhere at the same time

e.g.His ubiquitous influence was felt by all the family.Earth’s ubiquitous atmosphere is essential for life.

Detailed Reading

Synonym:

omnipresent, ever-present

Derivation:

ubiquitously (ad.), ubiquity (n.)

bedeck v.decorate, hang ornaments or decorations on

e.g. The hall was bedecked with flowers.Tian’anmen Square and Chang’an Avenue were bedecked with flags.

Detailed Reading

Synonym:

decorate, adorn, ornament

exotica n.an object considered interesting because it is out of the ordinary, esp. because it originated in a distant foreign country

e.g. Collectors of eighteenth century exotica are our main customers.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

exotic (a.), exotically (ad.)

sensuality n.preoccupation with, or indulgence in, sensual pleasures

e.g. He ate the grapes with surprising sensuality.

Life can dazzle with its sensuality, its color.

A little honest sensuality never does any harm.

Detailed Reading

part and parcel an essential part that must not be ignored

e.g. Unemployment is part and parcel of the bigger problem — a sagging economy. It’s best to accept that some inconveniences are part and parcel of travel.

Detailed Reading

age-bound a.limited in some aspect of what you can or cannot do, because of your age (too young or too old)

e.g.A teenager may be age-bound from traveling the world, because he does not yet have a job or money.

May be age-bound from traveling the world, because she is too frail for flight.

Detailed Reading

taste bud n.Any of the clusters of bulbous nerve endings on the tongue and in the lining of the mouth which provide the sense of taste.

Detailed Reading

phenomenal a. very remarkable, amazing

e.g. He enjoyed phenomenal success as a race car driver.She has a phenomenal memory.The town expanded at a phenomenal rate.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

phenomenon (n.), phenomenally (ad.), phenomenalize (v.)

fastidiously ad.with excessive care or delicacy

e.g. She stared fastidiously at the dirty table.He fastidiously copied every word of his notes onto clean paper.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

fastidious (a.), fastidiousness (n.)

braise v. cook (meat, fish or vegetables) slowly in a small amount of liquid in a closed container

e.g. braised beef

Detailed Reading

chore n. a hard or unpleasant task

e.g. It is a real chore to stand on line to buy food every day.As a child, one of my chores was to feed the pets.

Detailed Reading

contrive v.plan with great cleverness

e.g.The prisoners managed to contrive a means of escape.He contrived to get into the concert without a ticket.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

contrived (a.)deliberately created rather than arising naturally or spontaneously

e.g. the carefully contrived image of family unityThe ending of the novel was a bit contrived.

palate n.the sense of taste

e.g. We’ll have a dinner to delight the palate.Gradually the palate becomes educated to sweeter wines.

Detailed Reading

elusive a.hard to express or define

e.g. He tried to recall the elusive thought he had had months before.The meaning of the poem was somewhat elusive.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

elusively (ad.), elusiveness (n.)

piquant a.agreeably strong or sharp in taste

e.g. With that piquant tomato sauce, the dish tastes much better.We ordered a crisp mixed salad with an unusually piquant dressing.

Detailed Reading

Synonym:

spicy, tangy, appetizing

enterprise n.the ability to think of new activities or ideas and make them work

e.g. Success came quickly, thanks to a mixture of talent, enterprise, and luck.We all admire men of enterprise, energy, and ambition.

Detailed Reading

Derivation:

enterprising (a.)

How can one remain indifferent to something which will determine one’s physical strength and ultimately one’s spiritual and moral fibre and well-being?

Paraphrase: No one can afford to ignore the importance of food which will give us physical strength and even emotional strength to do what one believes to be right as well as our sense of happiness.

Detailed Reading

How, they might ask, could eating a hamburger or drinking Coca Cola contribute anything to making you a saint or a sinner? For them, food is quite simply a fuel.

Paraphrase:

They didn’t see how eating different food would make you a moral person or an immoral one. For them food is just something to keep the body functioning, like a fuel for an automobile.

Detailed Reading

Food to my countrymen is one of the ecstasies of life, to be thought about in advance; to be smothered with loving care throughout its preparation; and to have time lavished on it in the final pleasure of eating.

Paraphrase:

Food to us Chinese is one of the greatest joys in life: it is thought about before being prepared; it is treated with lots of love and care while being prepared; and when it is ready, it is enjoyed with excessive amount of time.

Detailed Reading

The Chinese intentions are both honourable and whole-hearted: to eat with a capital E.

Paraphrase:

Chinese people eat for food’s own sake.

Detailed Reading

They settled on or near the west coast, where the famous — or infamous — “chop suey joints” grew up, with their rather inferior brand of Chinese cooking.

Paraphrase:

Earlier Chinese settlers cooked food like “chop suey joints”, which labeled Chinese cooking as lower-class type.

Detailed Reading

It is this increased sensuality and the desire for great freedom from age-bound habits in the West, combined with the inherent sensual concept of Chinese food, always quick to satisfy the taste buds, that is at the root of the sudden and phenomenal spread of Chinese food throughout the length and breadth of the Western World.

Paraphrase:The main reason for the sudden and tremendous popularity of Chinese food throughout the whole Western world lies in two facts: one is the increased desire for sensual pleasures and freedom from age-old customs in the West; the other is the notion of physical pleasure provided by Chinese food which is always ready to satisfy the taste of the eater.

Detailed Reading

Class Activity Introduce one of the local delicacies from your home town by describing its preparation and cooking method, as well as the intriguing cultural story behind the dish.

Detailed Reading

Word Derivation

Phrase Practice

Synonym / Antonym

Vocabulary Translation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar

1) regard v.→ regardless a. → regarding prep. Ant. disregard v.


Her parents always regarded her as the cleverest of their children.

她的父母一直将她视为子女中最聪明的一个。

This job is open to all, regardless of previous experience.

这份工作对以往的经验没有要求，任何人都可以申请。

The company is being questioned regarding its employment policy.

这家公司就招聘政策问题接受了问询。

e.g.

We disregarded the notice about not walking on the grass.

我们没有理会“请勿践踏草坪”的告示。

The book is an authoritative account of World War II.


2) authority n. → authorize v. → authorization n. → authoritative a.

The United Nations has been urged to exercise its authority to restore peace in the area.

各方敦促联合国动用其权力帮助该地区恢复和平局面。

I authorized my bank to pay her £3,000.

我已授权银行向她支付 3000 英镑。

This information cannot be disclosed without authorization from a minister.

没有部长的授意，这则消息不得公开。

e.g.

这本书对二战进行了权威的描述。


3) ubiquitous a. → ubiquitously ad. → ubiquity n.

The Swedes are not alone in finding their language under pressure from the ubiquitous spread of English.

随着英语在全球范围内普及，瑞典语并不是唯一受到其威胁的语言。

Cell phones have existed ubiquitously since last decade.

手机十年前就普及了。

I am so impressed by the ubiquity of advertisements for Apple’s I-Pad.

苹果公司的 iPad 广告铺天盖地，给我留下了深刻的印象。

e.g.


4) piquant a. → piquancy n. → piquantly ad.

More piquant details of their private life were revealed.

有关他们私生活的有趣细节进一步曝光。

I appreciated the piquancy of the peppers in the sauce.

我很喜欢调料里胡椒的辛辣味。

This talk show host was famous for his questions piquantly asked.

这位脱口秀主持人因善于抛出辛辣的问题而著名。

e.g.

The bride is veiled at first and then ceremonially shown to the crowd.


5) ceremony n. → ceremonial adj. → ceremonially adv.

There will be a ceremony honoring the town’s veterans next week.

下星期将会举办一个为镇上的老兵授勋的典礼。

Last year’s World Expo offered us a great chance to see spectacular ceremonial dances from different cultures.

去年举行的世界博览会为我们提供了一次欣赏来自异域文化的礼庆舞蹈的绝佳机会。

新娘先蒙上面纱，然后再按照礼俗领去同众人见面。

e.g.


6) glutton n. → gluttony n. → gluttonous a.

He is a glutton and a drinker.

他是个老饕，还是个酒鬼。

Gluttony contributes to obesity in many cases.

许多人的肥胖都是由于贪食导致的。

In this part of the city, we see many over-fed women and their gluttonous husbands.

在城市的这个区域，我们见到许多能吃的女人还有他们贪嘴的丈夫。

e.g.


7) derivation n. → derive v. → derivative a.

I am rather curious about the derivation of my family name.

我对于自己的姓氏起源十分感兴趣。

Some people believe wealth derives from political power.

有些人认为财富源于政治权力。

His painting is terribly derivative.

他的画作严重缺乏创意。

e.g.

4) Hundreds of new restaurants have in the city over the past few years.

3) Would you please what I am saying?

1) Sorry to say that your hair is beginning to .

come off__________

2) The building dose not safety regulations.

conform to____________

attend to__________

sprung up__________

5) You must explain how this dangerous situation .came about_____________


Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text.


6) Shall we our seminar after the coffee break?

proceed with_______________


come off: become detached or be detached from sth.

e.g. 全部墙纸都在脱落下来。

All the wall paper is coming off.


conform to: comply with rules, standards or laws

e.g. 这间餐馆不符合卫生条例的要求。

The restaurant does not conform to hygiene regulations.

这样一种改变并不符合大多数人目前的愿望。

Such a change would not conform to the present wishes of the great majority of people.


attend to: pay attention to

e.g. 他的说教爱丽丝一个字也没听进去。

Alice hadn’t attended to a word of his sermon.


spring up: suddenly develop or appear

e.g. 这地方新开了许多家经营计算机的商店。

Computer stores are springing up all over the place.


come about: happen, take place

e.g. 这次邀请是怎么回事？

How did the invitation come about?


proceed with: if sb. proceeds with sth., they continue to follow a course of action that they have already started

e.g. 我们现在可以开始做练习五了吗？

Can we proceed now with Exercise Five?

epicure

1. Few things in life are as positive as food, or are taken as intimately and completely by the individual.

Antonym: distantly; indifferently

2. Many people in the West are gourmets and others are gluttons, but scattered among them also is a large number of people who are apparently pretty indifferent to what goes into their stomachs, and so do not regard food as having any ultimate moral effect on them.

Synonym:


3. The London restaurateur Fu Tong, for example, quotes no less an authority than Confucius (the ancient sage known in Chinese as K’ung-Fu-Tzu) with regard to the primal importance of food.

Synonym: fundamental; primary; principal

4. Despite such a marked difference in attitudes towards what one consumes, there is no doubt that people in the West have come to regard the cuisine of China as something special.

Antonym: produce; make


5. In fact, one can assert with some justice that Chinese food is, nowadays, the only truly international food. Synonym: affirm; state

6. It is a shared experience for the participants, not a lonely chore, with its procession of planned and carefully contrived dishes, some elements designed to blend, others to contrast.


Synonym: mix; intermingle; combine


7. In a Chinese meal that has not been altered to conform to Western ideas of eating, everything is presented as a kind of buffet, the guest eating a little of this, a little of that.

Synonym: change; modify; adjust

8. The smooth harmonies and piquant contrasts in Chinese food are more than just the products of recipes and personal enterprise.

Synonym: provocative; sharp; pungent

Vocabulary Grammar Translation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWriting

Appositive Clauses

Comparison

the bald eagle, the symbol of AmericaSteve Race, the musician and broadcastermy husband GeorgeThe news that her son was accepted by a famous university made her very happy.

Appositive Clauses


An appositive is a word or group of words that identifies or renames another word in a sentence. It offers concise ways of describing or defining a person, place, or thing. An appositive most often appears directly after the noun it identifies or renames.For example:

1. When travelling by air, we all shall remember Orville Wright, .

2. David Beckham, , is a loving father in his private life.

3. Red, , is associated with luck and happiness.

4. Norman Bethune, , died of infection in 1939 after he was trying to save a PLA soldier’s life.

5. , Mark Twain worked in his earlier life as a master riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River.

Give further information about the people or things in the following sentences by using an appositive phrase.


the first man to fly_____________________

a first-class football player______________________________

Chinese people’s favorite color_________________________________

a Canadian____________

The American writer ______________________

It is also possible to make comparisons by using words and structures which indicate that something is the same as something else or is done in the same way, such as “as”, “as … as”, “like”, “the way”, “same”, “similar”, “alike”, just to name a few.

Comparison


You can use comparative adjectives or comparative adverbs to say that something has more of a quality than something else, or more than it used to have. Another way of comparing things is to say that it has more of a quality than anything else of its kind. You do this by using superlative adjectives or superlative adverbs.


For example:

The family moved to a smaller house.I thought I could deal with it better than him.Now we come to the most important thing.It is Japan’s third largest city.Jane was not as clever as him.They all looked alike.

1. 我无法忍受那噪音。 (more than)

Translate the following into English, using the expressions in brackets.


That noise is more than I can bear.

2. 他和他的兄弟一样都对化学毫无兴趣。 (no more … than)

He is no more interested in chemistry than his brother.


3. 这个肿瘤的大小和高尔夫球差不多。 (the size of)

The tumor was the size of a golf ball.

4. 这两种办法同样有效。 (equally)

The two methods are equally effective.

5. 她看起来一点也不高兴。 (less than)

She looked less than happy.

6. 你闻上去像多日没洗澡的流浪汉似的！ (like)

You smell like a tramp!

1. 你应该事先告诉我你将去美国深造。 (in advance)

You should have told me in advance that you would further your studies in America.


in advance: ahead in time


Practice：你需要提前数周预订。

他提前半小时到达。

You need to book weeks in advance.

He arrived half an hour in advance.

2. 许多英语单词由拉丁语、希腊语和法语派生而来。 (derive from)


Many English words derive from Latin, Greek and French words.

If something derives or is derived from something else, it develops from something else.

Practice：英语中一些词的拼写是源于错误的词源信息。

英语中的“ man” 一词源于梵语中的“ manas” 。


There are some English words whose spelling derives from incorrect etymology.

The word “man” is derived from the Sanskrit “manas”.

3. 一位哲学家认为矛盾对立无处不在。 (ubiquitous)


A philosopher holds that contradictory oppositions are ubiquitous.

Something that is ubiquitous is present, appearing, or found everywhere.

Practice：蓝色牛仔裤在年轻人当中很普及。

热狗很适合出门时吃，便宜，好带，到处都买得到。


Blue jeans are ubiquitous among young people.

Hot dogs are the ideal road trip food — inexpensive, portable, ubiquitous.

4. 他的仁慈善良是他本性的不可缺少的一部分。 (part and parcel)


His kindness is part and parcel of his nature.

Part and parcel is a necessary feature of a particular experience, which cannot be avoided.


Practice：作为名人，走在街上难免被人认出来。

它也有一些小的欠缺，但缺陷和优点往往是同时存在的。

Being recognized in the street is part and parcel of being a celebrity.

It also has mild drawbacks, which are part and parcel of its virtue.

5. 他具有超人的记忆力和智力。 (phenomenal)


He is possessed of phenomenal memory and intelligence.

If something is phenomenal, it is extremely successful or special, especially in a surprising way.


Practice：他喝起白兰地来酒量惊人。

这个区的房子价格高得惊人。

His capacity for brandy was phenomenal.

The apartments in this district are selling for a phenomenal price.

6. 他对吃的和穿的都很讲究。 (fastidious)


He is fastidious about his food and clothes.

If you are fastidious, you are very attentive to and concerned about accuracy and detail, or matters of cleanliness.


Practice：他十分在意行李摆放装箱的方式。

他们对吃的很讲究，从不在快餐店用餐。

He is very fastidious about how a suitcase should be packed.

They were too fastidious to eat in a fast-food restaurant.


Dictation

Cloze


Dictation You will hear a passage read three times. At the first reading, you should listen carefully for its general idea. At the second reading, you are required to write down the exact words you have just heard (with proper punctuation). At the third reading, you should check what you have written down.


In the Chinese culture, / the whole process of preparing food / from raw ingredients to morsels ready for the mouth / is highly distinctive when compared with other food traditions. / At the base of this process / is the division between fan, grains and other starch foods, / and ts’ai, vegetable and meat dishes. / To prepare a balanced meal, / it must have an appropriate amount of both fan and ts’ai, / and ingredients are readied along both tracks. / Grains are cooked whole or as flour, / making up the fan half of the meal in various

Dictation


forms. / Vegetables and meats are cut up and mixed / in various ways into individual dishes / to constitute the ts’ai half. / Even in meals in which fan and ts’ai are joined together, / such as in wonton, / they are in fact put together but not mixed up, / and each still retains its due proportion and own distinction. /

French cuisine is extremely diverse, with (1) the Chinese having similar variety in their food. This variety is supported (2) the French passion for good food in (3) its forms, France’s extraordinary range of different geographies and climates (4) offer the local production of all types of ingredients, and France’s long and varied (5) . In many ways, an understanding of the culture of French food and recipes is an understanding of (6) itself.


only_____

Fill in each blank in the passage below with ONE word you think appropriate.

by___

all___

which_______

history_______

France_______


In France, meals (7) from the very basic, such as the traditional baguette plus cheese plus inexpensive wine, to (8) elaborate affairs that can involve a dozen courses and different wines consumed over several hours. Obviously, the (9) type of dining is exceptional for most people. However, it is this more sophisticated dining (10) is typically found in “French restaurants” outside France, giving many foreigners the (11) impression that French food is heavy and complicated. In fact,

range_______

very _____

latter _______

that_____

mistaken__________

much of the French cuisine is fairly simple, relying on high (12) fresh ingredients and loving preparation rather than complex recipes.


quality________


The sentence needs an adverb to emphasize that no other cuisine is comparable to the French one except the Chinese in terms of food variety.


After the passive verb is supported, we need a preposition identifying the agent performing the action.


Here we need a determiner to refer to the whole extent of its forms.


Here when introducing a clause giving further information offer the local production of all types of ingredients, we need a relative pronoun referring to the information previously mentioned France’s extraordinary range of different geographies and climates, which functions as the second object of preposition by.


Here we need a noun to function as the third factor supporting this variety, and after the modifiers long and varied the concept of time is naturally expected to parallel with passion, geographies and climates.


Here we need a noun to refer to the country itself.


The sentence needs a verb to go with from … to …, which means changing from one condition, form, or state to another.


The sentence needs an emphasizing adverb to mean “in a high degree”. The parallel phrase the very basic in the first sentence of the passage can be a very helpful hint here, indicating a sharp contrast.


This more sophisticated dining in the next sentence refers back to elaborated affair, the type of dining mentioned second.


This is a cleft sentence in which the element this more sophisticated dining is emphasized by being put in a separate clause and an empty introductory word is needed here.


In the next sentence the phrase in fact is used to emphasize a comment that contradicts the previous impression, which must be over-generalized or even wrong.


The sentence needs a noun to go with high indicating the excellence of fresh ingredients.


Giving a Talk

Having a Discussion

Chinese cooking has developed many methods that take advantage of the wide range of foods and ingredients available throughout the nation. Different regions use different methods, and often the same foods will be prepared quite differently.

The basic techniques used in Chinese cooking are precooking techniques such as parboiling and partial frying, and cooking techniques such as frying, sauteing, braising, stewing, boiling, simmering, steaming, flavor-potting, and smoking.

1. Giving a TalkTopic: Chinese Cuisine and Chinese Eating Culture Viewpoints for reference:


Viewpoints for reference:


The different types of equipment used in

Chinese cooking range from a frying pan to a

wok. The spring onion (also called scallion and green

onion) is probably “Asia’s most universally used

vegetable and seasoning ingredient.” Ginger,

garlic and green onions make up the “holy

trinity” of Chinese cooking. A flavorful herb,

spring onions are used in soups, dumplings,

dips, marinades, stuffing and stir-fries.



Many Chinese dishes need hours of preparation. For example, the preparation time for Beijing’s most famous dish, Peking Duck is up to ten hours. And it is traditionally served with Mandarin pancakes, and green onions for brushing on the hoisin sauce.

How will you know who is the guest of honor? The guest of honor will usually be seated facing the d

oor of entry, directly opposite the host. The next most honored guest will be seated to the left of the guest of honor. If the host has any doubts about the correct order of precedence for his guests, he will seat them on the basis of age.



The use of toothpicks at a table is another standard practice. As in most Asian countries, the polite way to deal with lodged fragments of food is to cover one’s mouth with one hand while the tooth pick is being used with the other.

The reason why a fish will never be turned over is a traditional superstition, and a tribute to South China’s fishing families — bad luck would ensue and a fishing boat would capsize if the fish were up-ended.

2. Having a DiscussionTopic: Do you think the art of Chinese cooking will be passed on to later generations and spread to different parts of the world?Viewpoints for reference:


Despite the fact that some young people in China now do not help with cooking at home, food culture is part and parcel of Chinese reality.

Even more of them are interested in gastronomy as well as practicing culinary skills, and they know how to cook delicious food better than their parents.


Viewpoints for reference: In China, chef training courses are given in many

vocational education schools and the most popular TV programs are very likely Chinese cooking ones.

Different styles of Chinese restaurants have sprung up in China’s big cities and even overseas, which contribute a lot to the promotion of Chinese cooking.

However it would be better if cooking could be taught as part of home economics at school, which is not yet included in our school curriculum.


Essay Writing: How to Write an Argumentative EssayPurpose: to persuade people to accept this or that idea and make them believe in its accuracyHow to achieve the effectiveness of an argumentative essay:

To take a definite stand Try to narrow the topic To contain an argument To express a clear point of view which is

adequately supported


The structure of an argumentative essay:

Introduction: the thesis statement. Body: the pros for the argument supported by

various facts, examples, reasons, as well as the cons for it and their refutations.

Conclusion: the opinion restated.


Why Women Should Not Have an Abortion ① Many women in the entire world have abortions. Women believe there are many reasons to abort such as fear of having or raising a child, rape, or not having enough money. But whatever the situation, there is never an acceptable reason to get an abortion. Some important reasons why women should not abort have to do with human values, religious values, and values of conscience.

Sample: An Argumentative Essay


② The first reason why women should not have an abortion is related to basic human values. Women need to think about their unborn babies who are not responsible for this situation. These unborn babies should have the privilege to live and grow into a normal person. Women need to be more humanitarian and less egoistic with these babies. On the other hand, the baby doesn’t know how or why he is here. It is not necessary to kill a life; there are many other solutions to this problem short of abortion.


③ The second reason why women should not abort has to do with religious values. In almost all religions, a woman is not permitted to have an abortion. If they do, their religions will punish them. In some religions, for example, a woman cannot take communion after having an abortion, and before taking communion again, she must do many things as a form of penitence. In whatever religion, abortion is punished and for this reason, women should not abort.


④ Finally, the third and most important reason why women should not abort is related to their conscience. When a woman has an abortion, she will always think about the baby she might have had. She will always think about the future that could have happened to her baby, which will always remind her that she killed it. Because she has had an abortion, she will never have a good life, and her conscience will remind her of what she has done. Because a woman who has an abortion can’t forget about what she has done, these thoughts will always be with her, and the results can be calamitous.


⑤ There are many reasons why women should not have an abortion. The truth is that women need to think about the consequences that can occur before having sexual relations. I think that the effects of an abortion can be very sad for everyone involved, both for the woman who has the abortion and for the family who lives with her.

The title: the position and stand of the author.

Paragraph ① provides the background information, includes all possible oppositions, then reveals the thesis and relevant ground.

Paragraphs ②-④ are three supporting paragraphs giving reasons related to human values, religious values, and values of conscience respectively.

Paragraph ⑤ concludes by making an appeal.

Sample Analysis


In my opinion smoking should definitely be banned in public places as it not only has harmful effects on the non smokers present there but also may cause allergic coughing to many people. Besides, many youngsters are fascinated by the act of smoking and try to imitate it which may later develop into a habit.

Sample


PracticeWrite an argumentative essay on the given topic: Should smoking be banned in public places?


Smoke which arises when a person smokes a cigarette, bidi or cigar is more hazardous to a passive smoker who inhales the smoke being in close vicinity to the active smoker. The smoke being inhaled by the former is unfiltered thereby causing more ill effects. Several pulmonary diseases such as coughs, bronchitis, asthma and last but not the least carcinoma of the lungs may occur as a consequence of smoking.

Sample


Many countries such as India have implemented a ban on public smoking. It has become mandatory to have no-smoking zones in all eating joints, recreation centres, etc. This practice may seem as if it is restricting the right of freedom especially to the smokers, but surely this step will go a long way in achieving a healthier life style. Many people who gradually become aware of the ill effects of smoking are turning towards de-addiction centres to get rid of this habit.

Sample


Even the advocates of smoking in public areas disapprove of the practice when it comes to their offspring. Witnessing their elders smoking kindles a similar desire in a youngster thereby giving birth to a new generation of smokers. To avoid these evils of smoking and ensure a healthy way of life for youth, it is not only our duty but need of the day to condemn such practices socially.

Sample

Text II Memorable Quotes

Lead-in Questions

Text

Questions for Discussion

What are the most popular Chinese dishes among foreign visitors as far as you know? Anything they don’t like about Chinese cooking?


Lead-in Questions

Jennifer 8. Lee (8 really is her middle name; when pronounced in Chinese the number denotes prosperity) is a special kind of journalist. She writes with a delicious sense of humor and irony, following her story over hill and dale, ocean and mountain, from town to village. With wit and style, she delights with tales about Chinese food in America, and its sometimes hilarious origins.

Text II

Chinese Food in America

Corinna Lothar

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Memorable Quotes

The “Fortune Cookie Chronicles,” subtitled “Adventures in the World of Chinese Food,” begins with intrigue. Was it fraud or happenstance that made it possible for the numbers drawn in a Powerball lottery to disclose so many winners? The answer lies within the fortune cookies. In her quest to find the origin, among other dishes, of Chinese fortune cookies (they’re Japanese, in fact), Miss. Lee traveled thousands of miles throughout the United States, China, and Europe. She ate at dozens, if not hundreds, of Chinese restaurants, interviewed chefs, met businessmen and restaurant owners and made friends with villagers.


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Miss Lee discovered that most of those small packets of soy sauce given away with take-out orders are manufactured by a company called Kari-Out, and unlike the product of Asian soy sauce companies, Kari-Out’s packets don’t contain soy, but a mysterious substance unknown in China. “It’s like the difference between vanilla and vanilla extract made from vanilla beans, or real mayonnaise versus the mysterious coagulated substance called Miracle Whip.” General Tso’s chicken is virtually unknown in China but there was a real 19th-century general named Tso in Hunan Province who was involved “in the bloodiest civil war in human history” but his “long


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march across China” did not explain how “his long march across America came to pass.” Here in America “General Tso, like Colonel Sanders, is known for chicken, not war. In China, he is known for war, not chicken.” Miss Lee adds social and cultural history to the culinary story of Chinese-American cuisine, seasoning them well with personal anecdotes. Whether she is describing how one woman started the concept of take-out food by slipping menus under apartment doors in Manhattan when business in her restaurant began to fail, or discussing the treatment of Chinese workers, or telling of the travails of

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one young Chinese family from New York who buy a restaurant in Hiawassee, Ga., Miss Lee has a reporter’s ear for nuance and eye for detail and a novelist’s empathy for the characters who populate her story. Everything is documented with notes and a bibliography. She has an unexpectedly exciting story to tell and the reader learns not only about what is served in Chinese restaurants and why, but also about the people who have made Chinese food ubiquitous in America and throughout the world.


Jennifer Lee is the daughter of Chinese immigrants, a Harvard graduate and a reporter for the New York Times. She grew up eating her mother’s authentic dishes in New York, but relishing the American-style Chinese food she discovered in Manhattan restaurants. A fluent Mandarin speaker, she was able to converse with people all over China in her quest for authenticity. During the 19th century, “waves of Chinese continued to wash up on the shores” of the United States. For example, in the 1870s, one third of the population of what is now Idaho was Chinese, but the Chinese were not popular, and as Miss Lee points out, “[t]he embers of

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culinary xenophobia smoldered.” In the effort of white workers to stop the influx of the Chinese, “they littered the coast from Los Angeles to Tacoma, Washington, with the dead bodies of Chinese men.” The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 “restricted Chinese immigration and prevented Chinese arrivals from becoming naturalized citizens. It would be the only law in American history to exclude a group by race or ethnicity.” Having been driven from agriculture, mining and manufacturing, the Chinese turned to laundry and restaurant work. “Cleaning and cooking were both women’s work. They were not threatening to


white laborers,” says Miss Lee. The Chinese continued to arrive, many illegally brought over at great cost to the family left behind, and transported by “snakeheads,” as the smugglers were called. In New York, a network was established with buses taking newly arrived workers to restaurants throughout the country. The “Chinese bus” running between Washington and New York, popular with everyone looking for an inexpensive ride, was designed originally for transporting Chinese looking for restaurant jobs.

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“The driving force behind Chinese cooking is the desire to adapt and incorporate indigenous ingredients and utilize Chinese cooking techniques. … Chinese cooking is not a set of dishes. It is a philosophy that serves local tastes and ingredients,” explains Tommy Wong, one of five brothers who own a restaurant outside New Orleans where Szechuan alligator and soy-vinegar crawfish are served. Chinese food is eaten all over the world — even in Antarctica, “where Monday is usually Chinese-food night at McMurdo Station.” But chefs and restauranteurs have adapted Chinese cuisine to the local tastes. Miss Lee,

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looking for the world’s best restaurant, points out that only in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco can authentic food be found in Chinese restaurants catering to Chinese people. Apart from the history behind certain dishes and the evolution of Chinese restaurants in the United States, the book is sprinkled with delightful anecdotes, such as the story of the Chinese deliveryman — a dangerous occupation in New York — who disappeared after delivering an order. He wasn’t murdered as everyone feared, but stuck in a malfunctioning elevator for several days, unfortunately

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after he had delivered his order, leaving him without nourishment and making the hapless young man to whom he had delivered the food the prime suspect for murder. There’s scandal, too, when a shortage of kosher ducks from Long Island resulted in non-kosher ducks being sold as substitutes. In Kaifeng, China, where Chinese Jews appeared about 1,000 years ago, Miss Lee visited an old Jewish woman. She asked the woman why Jews in America are so fond of Chinese food. “With a glint in her eye, she slapped the wooden table. She knew. Her Buddhist koanlike response was profound in its simplicity: ‘Because Chinese food tastes good.’”


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Like the sweet, crunchy fortune cookie itself, the author’s passion has cracked open the story of Chinese food in this country and of the people who have made it possible for all of us to enjoy it.

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Text II

About the author: Corinna Lothar is a writer and critic in Washington, and a writer for Washington Times. This text is a review of the book entitled “Fortune Cookie Chronicles”, subtitled “Adventures in the World of Chinese Food,” by Jennifer 8, Lee, a New York Times reporter for the Metro section.

Memorable Quotes

Jennifer 8. Lee (Paragraph 1): Jennifer 8. Lee was born in New York City and graduated from Hunter College High School and Harvard College. She interned at The Washington Post, The Wall Street Journal, The Boston Globe, Newsday and The New York Times while working on her applied mathematics and economics degree and writing for The Harvard Crimson. She joined the Times in 2001, one and a half years after graduating from Harvard. Lee was not given a middle name at birth and chose her own middle name later. She chose “8” as a teenager because of the prevalence of her first name. It was in her teen years that she also began a life-long obsession with


food. For many Chinese, the number eight symbolizes prosperity and good luck. Lee wrote a book about the history of Chinese food in the USA and around the world, titled The Fortune Cookie Chronicles, documenting the process on her blog. Warner Books editor Jonathan Karp struck a deal with Lee to write a book about “how Chinese food is more all-American than apple pie.”


Powerball lottery (Paragraph 2): Powerball is an American lottery game sold through U.S. lotteries as a shared jackpot pool game. It is coordinated by the Multi-State Lottery Association (MUSL), a non-profit association formed by an agreement with member lotteries. Powerball is drawn Wednesdays and Saturdays.


Text II

General Tso’s chicken (Paragraph 4): General Tso may refer to Zuo Zongtang (左宗棠 , 1812-1885), a Qing Dynasty general from Hunan. General Tso’s chicken is a sweet and spicy deep-fried chicken dish that is popularly served in American and Canadian Chinese restaurants where it is erroneously considered Hunan cuisine. The origins of the dish are unclear. The dish was previously largely unknown in China. Thus, General Tso’s Chicken is most likely an American invention in the history of American-Chinese food.

Memorable Quotes

Text II

Colonel Sanders (Paragraph 4): Colonel Harland Sanders, (1890-1980), was an American entrepreneur who founded Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC). His image is omnipresent in the chain’s advertising and packaging, and his name is sometimes used as a synonym for the KFC product or restaurant itself.

Memorable Quotes

Text II

“waves of Chinese continued to wash up on the shores” (Paragraph 7): Chinese immigrants arrived in the U.S. in large numbers beginning with the mid-19th century worked as laborers, particularly on the transcontinental railroad, such as the Central Pacific Railroad, and the mining industry, and suffered racial discrimination for a long time.

Memorable Quotes

Text II

The Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882 (Paragraph 7): The Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following revisions made in 1880 to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868. Those revisions allowed the U.S. to suspend immigration, and Congress subsequently acted quickly to implement the suspension of Chinese immigration, a ban that was intended to last 10 years.

Memorable Quotes

Text II

Szechuan (Paragraph 9): This is the Romanization of 四川 using the Wade-Giles system rather than the Pinyin system, which renders it Sichuan.

Memorable Quotes

Text II

kosher ducks (Paragraph 10): The word “kosher” means proper or fit for Jews. This is because it relates to the kosher dietary law. They are safe to consume and sometimes used as ingredients to produce additional food items. Previously, most kosher foods were made in the family kitchen or in a store or small factory in the community. At that time, it was simple to know if the product was kosher or not. Sometimes, even rabbis used to supervise the purity of the product.

Memorable Quotes

In her “Fortune Cookie Chronicles,” subtitled “Adventures in the World of Chinese Food,” Jennifer 8. Lee writes with humor and irony and “delights the reader with tales about Chinese food in America, and its sometimes hilarious origins”, which is really delicious. In addition, Miss Lee adds a social and cultural dimension to the Chinese-American cuisine, seasoning it well with personal anecdotes, which is also delicious. “A delicious sense of humor and irony” may be interpreted as a sort of “transferred epithet”.

1. How can the reader understand and enjoy “a delicious sense of humor and irony” of Jennifer 8. Lee ?


2. Why do the stories Miss Lee gleaned and spread sound so convincing?

The stories Miss Lee gleaned and spread are not fairy-tales, fictitious or improbable stories, but true stories based on first hand experiences “over hill and dale, ocean and mountain, from town to village” throughout the United States, China, and Europe. That’s why they sound so convincing.


3. What is one possible philosophical notion that helps to constitute the driving force in developing Chinese food in America?One possible philosophical notion that helps to constitute the driving force in developing Chinese food in America is the strong desire to adapt and incorporate Chinese cooking, principally its indigenous ingredients and cooking techniques, to local tastes and ingredients.


In Kaifeng, China, when asked why Jews in America were so fond of Chinese food, an old Jewish woman answered, “Because Chinese food tastes good.”

Text II

4. What is the fact used to tell the reader that Jews in America like Chinese food?

Memorable Quotes


Tell me what you eat, and I will tell you what you are. — Anthelme Brillat-Savarin


I do not want my house to be walled in on all sides and my windows to be stuffed. I want the cultures of all the lands to be blown about my house as freely as possible. But I refuse to be blown off my feet by any.

— Mahatma Gandhi

Questions for Discussion

1. Can you discuss with your fellow classmates about your eating habits?

2. Is there any particular kind of food you won’t try?

3. What’s the reason for it? And what can these habits tell about you? What do you think of being an adventurous eater? Do you believe food can inform us of a culture?


Jean Anthelme Brillat-Savarin (1755-1826) was a French lawyer and politician, and gained fame as an epicure and gastronome.


Mahatma Gandhi (1869-1948) was the pre-eminent political and ideological leader of India during the Indian independence movement. Gandhi is often referred to as Mahatma Gandhi, which means Great Soul. He is officially honoured in India as the Father of the Nation.


chinese food unit 3unit 9 chinese food unit 9 unit4

Documents

nature of chinese food

chinese tradition

international food

china cultural information

jiangsu cuisine

sichuan cuisine

shandong cuisine

major food source