children's online privacy rule (final amendments), federal register

7/30/2019 Children's Online Privacy Rule (Final Amendments), Federal Register

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!EC]]N Y bo cy Y bo(" ecfuhuwofw thwa wao yo~ hyojofwu c` wao Eahbgyofu Cfbhfo ]yhpnex]ycwoewhcf New" wc ebnyh`x wao uec}o c` wao Y bo nfg uwyofdwaof hwu }ycwoewhcfu `cy eahbgyofu

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}gnwou wao yo~ hyojofwu uow `cywa hf waofcwheo" }nyofwnb ecfuofw " ecf`hgofwhnbhwx nfg uoe yhwx"

nfg unò anyicy }ycphuhcfu " nfg nggu n fot }ycphuhcf nggyouuhfd gnwn yowofwhcf nfg gobowhcf

O@@OEWHPO GNWO; Wao njofgog Y bo thbb ioecjo o`òewhpo cf K bx >" 9=>5

NGGYOUUOU; Wao ecj}bowo } ibhe yoecyg c` wahu }yceooghfd thbb io npnhbnibo nwttt&`we&dcp

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uac bg io uofw wc; ] ibhe Yoòyofeo Iynfea" @ogoynb Wyngo Ecjjhuuhcf" 0== ]offuxbpnfhn

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9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y ?81=7" npnhbnibo nw >

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cf Uo}wojioy 94" 9=>> !9=>> F]YJ(" nfg u }}bojofwnb njofgjofwu wanw toyo }yc}cuog nfg>

} ibhuaog `cy } ibhe ecjjofw cf N d uw 0" 9=>9 !9=>9 UF]YJ( N`woy enyo` b yophot nfg9

ecfuhgoynwhcf c` wao ofwhyo y bojnlhfd yoecyg" hfeb ghfd } ibhe ecjjofwu u ijhwwog ix

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wao `hfnb Y bo thbb aob} wc ofu yo wanw EC]]N ecfwhf ou wc joow hwu cyhdhfnbbx uwnwog dcnbu wc

jhfhjh{o wao ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj eahbgyof nfg eyonwo n un`oy" jcyo uoe yo

cfbhfo oq}oyhofeo `cy waoj" opof nu cfbhfo woeafcbcdhou" nfg eahbgyofu uou c` u ea

woeafcbcdhou" opcbpo

Wao `hfnb Y bo njofgjofwu jcgh`x wao go`hfhwhcfu c` c}oynwcy wc jnlo ebony wanw wao

Y bo ecpoyu nf c}oynwcy c` n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo cy uoypheo taoyo hw hfwodynwou c wuhgo uoypheou
http://ftc.gov/os/2011/09/110915coppa.pdfhttp://ftc.gov/os/2011/09/110915coppa.pdfhttp://ftc.gov/os/2012/08/120801copparule.pdf.http://ftc.gov/os/2012/08/120801copparule.pdf.http://ftc.gov/os/2011/09/110915coppa.pdf


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*5*

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Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 55

Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 4 nfg 5>9 17

Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 >=?

UooYo~ ouw `cy ] ibhe Ecjjofw cf wao @ogoynb Wyngo Ecjjhuuhcfu0

Hj}bojofwnwhcf c` wao Eahbgyofu Cfbhfo ]yhpnex ]ycwoewhcf Y bo !9=>= @YF(" 4? @Y >4=18!N}y ?" 9=>=(

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uoypheou ghyoewog wc eahbgyof fgoy >5 xonyu c` ndo" nfg cf c}oynwcyu c` cwaoy toiuhwou cy cfbhfo

uoypheou wanw anpo new nb lfctbogdo wanw waox nyo ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cfbhfo `ycj n

eahbg fgoy >5 xonyu c` ndo !ecbboewhpobx" c}oynwcyu( Njcfd cwaoy wahfdu" wao Y bo yo~ hyou

wanw c}oynwcyu }ycphgo fcwheo wc }nyofwu nfg ciwnhf poyh`hnibo }nyofwnb ecfuofw }yhcy wc ecbboewh

uhfd" cy ghuebcuhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj eahbgyof fgoy >5 xonyu c` ndo Wao Y bo nbuc5

yo~ hyou c}oynwcyu wc loo} uoe yo wao hf`cyjnwhcf waox ecbboew `ycj eahbgyof" nfg }ycahihwu waoj

`ycj ecfghwhcfhfd eahbgyofu }nywheh}nwhcf hf newhphwhou cf wao ecbboewhcf c` jcyo }oyucfnb

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un`o anyicy }ycphuhcf ofnibhfd hfg uwyx dyc }u cy cwaoyu wc u ijhw wc wao Ecjjhuuhcf `cy n}}ycpnb uob`*yod bnwcyx d hgobhfou wanw tc bg hj}bojofw wao Y bou }ycwoewhcfu?

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gce jofw hf wao @OGOYNB YODHUWOY uoolhfd } ibhe ecjjofw cf taowaoy wao yn}hg*`hyo }neo

c` woeafcbcdhenb eanfdou wc wao cfbhfo ofphycfjofw cpoy wao }yoeoghfd `hpo xonyu tnyynfwog nfx

eanfdou wc wao Y bo Wao Ecjjhuuhcfu yo~ ouw `cy } ibhe ecjjofw oqnjhfog onea nu}oew c` 0

wao EC]]N Y bo" }cuhfd 91 ~ ouwhcfu `cy wao } ibheu ecfuhgoynwhcf Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc4


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Hf`cyjnwhcf nic w wao K fo 9=>= } ibhe yc fgwnibo hu bcenwog nw1

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] ibhe ecjjofwu hf you}cfuo wc wao Ecjjhuuhcfu 9=>= @YF nyo bcenwog nw8

aww};##ttt&`we&dcp#cu#ecjjofwu#ec}}ny boyop9=>=#hfgoq&uawj Ecjjofwu ehwog aoyohf wcwao @ogoynb Yodhuwoy Fcwheo nyo gouhdfnwog nu u ea" nfg nyo hgofwh`hog ix ecjjofwoy fnjo"ecjjofw f jioy" nfg" taoyo n}}bhenibo" }ndo f jioy

Uoo u }ynfcwo >>=

] ibhe ecjjofwu hf you}cfuo wc wao 9=>> F]YJ nyo bcenwog nw>>

aww};##ttt&`we&dcp#cu#ecjjofwu#ec}}ny boyophot9=>># Ecjjofwu ehwog aoyohf wc wao 9=>> F]YJ nyo gouhdfnwog nu u ea" nfg nyo hgofwh`hog ix ecjjofwoy fnjo" ecjjofw f jioy" nfg"taoyo n}}bhenibo" }ndo f jioy

*?*

aobg n } ibhe yc fgwnibo wc ghue uu hf gownhb uopoynb c` wao nyonu taoyo } ibhe ecjjofw tnu

uc daw1

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoeohpog 4= ecjjofwu `ycj hfg uwyx yo}youofwnwhpou" ngpcenex dyc }u"

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yo~ ouw `cy } ibhe ecjjofw N`woy yophothfd wao ecjjofwu" wao Ecjjhuuhcf huu og wao 9=>>8

F]YJ" tahea uow `cywa uopoynb }yc}cuog eanfdou wc wao EC]]N Y bo Wao Ecjjhuuhcf>=

yoeohpog cpoy 5?= ecjjofwu hf you}cfuo wc wao 9=>> F]YJ N`woy yophothfd waouo ecjjofwu">>

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Wao 9=>9 UF]YJ }yc}cuog jcgh`xhfd wao go`hfhwhcfu c` icwa c}oynwcy nfg toiuhwo cy

cfbhfo uoypheo ghyoewog wc eahbgyofwc nbbcenwo nfg ebnyh`x wao you}cfuhihbhwhou fgoy EC]]N taof

hfgo}ofgofw ofwhwhou cy wahyg }nywhou"o&d&" ngpoywhuhfd fowtcylu cy gctfbcngnibo uc`wtnyo lhwu

!}b d*hfu(" ecbboew hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj uoyu wayc da eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou nfg uoypheou Hf

ngghwhcf" wao 9=>9 UF]YJ }yc}cuog wc ` ywaoy jcgh`x wao go`hfhwhcf c` toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo
http://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/coppa/index.shtmlhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/coppa/index.shtmlhttp://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulerev2010/index.shtmhttp://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulereview2011/http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulereview2011/http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulerev2010/index.shtmhttp://www.ftc.gov/bcp/workshops/coppa/index.shtml


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] ibhe ecjjofwu hf you}cfuo wc wao 9=>9 UF]YJ nyo npnhbnibo cfbhfo nw>9

aww};##`we&dcp#cu#ecjjofwu#ec}}ny boyophot9=>9#hfgoq&uawj Ecjjofwu ehwog aoyohf wc waoUF]YJ nyo gouhdfnwog nu u ea" nfg nyo hgofwh`hog ix ecjjofwoy fnjo" ecjjofw f jioy" nfg"taoyo n}}bhenibo" }ndo f jioy

Cfo ecjjofwoy" Dc Gnggx" oq}youuog ecfeoyf wanw wao go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy >5

ecbboewhcfhu uhbofw nu wc }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ne~ hyog `ycj eahbgyof c``bhfo wanw hu }bcngog"uwcyog" cy ghuwyhi wog wc wahyg }nywhou ix c}oynwcyu Dc Gnggx !ecjjofw ?8" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9

*0*

ghyoewog wc eahbgyofwc }oyjhw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou wanw nyo ghyoewog icwa wc eahbgyof nfg wc

n iycngoy n ghofeo wc ecj}bx thwa EC]]N thwac w wyonwhfd nbb uoyu nu eahbgyof Wao

Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc }yc}cuog jcgh`xhfd wao go`hfhwhcf c` ueyoof cy uoy fnjo wc ecpoy cfbx wacuo

uhw nwhcfu taoyo n ueyoof cy uoy fnjo ` fewhcfu hf wao unjo jnffoy nu cfbhfo ecfwnew

hf`cyjnwhcf @hfnbbx" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog wc ` ywaoy jcgh`x wao yophuog go`hfhwhcfu c`

u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfunfg }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoeohpog 88

ecjjofwu hf you}cfuo wc wao 9=>9 UF]YJ N`woy yophothfd waouo ngghwhcfnb ecjjofwu" wao>9

Ecjjhuuhcf fct nffc feou wahu `hfnb njofgog EC]]N Y bo

HH& Jcgh`henwhcfu wc wao Y bo

N& Uoewhcf 5>9&9; Go`hfhwhcfu

> Go`hfhwhcf c` Ecbboewu cy Ecbboewhcf

n Ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcf" }nyndyn}a !n(

Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog njofghfd }nyndyn}a !n( wc eanfdo wao

}aynuo yo~ ouwhfd wanw eahbgyof u ijhw }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cfbhfo wc yo~ ouwhfd" }ycj}whfd"

cy ofec yndhfd n eahbg wc u ijhw }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cfbhfo Wao }yc}cunb tnu wc ebnyh`x wanw

wao Y bo ecpoyu wao cfbhfo ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf icwa taof nf c}oynwcy yo~ hyou hw wc

}nywheh}nwo hf nf cfbhfo newhphwx" nfg taof nf c}oynwcy joyobx }ycj}wu cy ofec yndou n eahbg wc

}ycphgo u ea hf`cyjnwhcf Wao ecjjofwu yoeohpog ghphgog yc dabx o~ nbbx iowtoof u }}cyw c` >5
http://ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulereview2012/index.shtmhttp://ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulereview2012/index.shtmhttp://ftc.gov/os/comments/copparulereview2012/index.shtm


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Actopoy" Ecfdyouu bhjhwog wao uec}o c` EC]]N wc hf`cyjnwhcf wanw nf c}oynwcy ecbboewucfbhfo`ycj n eahbg< EC]]N gcou fcw dcpoyf hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog ix nf c}oynwcy c``bhfo Uoo>?_ U E 0?=>!1( !go`hfhfd wao }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nu hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo hf`cyjnwhcfnic w nf hfghphg nb ecbboewog cfbhfo (< >77 Ecfd Yoe U>>0?4 !Cew 4" >881( !Uwnwojofw cUof Iyxnf( !Wahu hu nf cfbhfo eahbgyofu }yhpnex ihbb" nfg hwu yonea hu bhjhwog wc hf`cyjnwhcfecbboewog cfbhfo `ycj n eahbg (

UooHfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw 4>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >87

lhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw 1>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw ?< Nboqnfgyn Bnfd !ecjjofw 14" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >

FEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >4*>1>?

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Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 9; Ecbboewucy ecbboewhcfjonfu wao dnwaoyhfd c` nfx }oyucfnb>4

hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg ix nfx jonfu" hfeb ghfd i w fcw bhjhwog wc

*4*

nfg c}}cuhwhcf wc wao }yc}cuog eanfdo wc }nyndyn}a !n( Wacuo hf `npcy ehwog wao hfeyonuog ebnyhw

c` wao yophuog bnfd ndo nu ecj}nyog wc wao oqhuwhfd bnfd ndo>7

Uopoynb ecjjofwoyu c}}cuog wao yophuog bnfd ndo c` }nyndyn}a !n( @cy oqnj}bo" wao

Fnwhcfnb Enibo nfg Woboecjj fhenwhcfu Nuucehnwhcf !FEWN( oq}youuog ecfeoyf wanw wao

yophuog bnfd ndo u ddouwu wanw EC]]N cibhdnwhcfu nyo wyhddoyog opof thwac w wao new nb cy

hfwofgog ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf FEWN nulog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc ebnyh`x wanw>?

}ycj}whfd cy ofec yndhfd gcou fcw wyhddoy EC]]N fbouu nf c}oynwcy new nbbxecbboewu

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg >0

Wao Y bo go`hfouecbboewhcfnu wao dnwaoyhfd c` nfx }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg ixnfx jonfu" nfg wao woyju }ycj}whfd nfg ofec yndhfd nyo joyobx oqoj}bnyu c` wao jonfu ix

tahea nf c}oynwcy dnwaoyu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg Wahu eanfdo wc wao go`hfhwhcf c` >4

ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcfhu hfwofgog wc ebnyh`x wao bcfduwnfghfd Ecjjhuuhcf }cuhwhcf wanw nf c}oynwcy

wanw }ycphgou n `hobg cy c}of `cy j `cy n eahbg wc ofwoy }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf thbb fcw io uahobgog


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Uopoynb cwaoy ecjjofwoyu ynhuog ecfeoyf wanw wao bnfd ndo }ycj}whfd" cy >1

ofec yndhfd ec bg jnlo uhwou cy uoypheou wanw }cuw wahyg*}nywx Bhlo cy Wtoow Wahu i wwcfuu ikoew wc EC]]N UooNuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw ?" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw0< Ghyoew Jnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf !GJN( !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 0< uoo nbucNjoyhenfNuucehnwhcf c` Ngpoywhuhfd Ndofehou !ecjjofw 9" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9*5< Hfwoynewhpo NgpoywhuhfdI yon !HNI( !ecjjofw 45" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9 Wao ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ix

}b d*hfu cf eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou hu nggyouuog ` bbx hf wao ghue uuhcf yodnyghfd eanfdou wc waogo`hfhwhcf c` c}oynwcy& Uoo]nyw HH N 7 n "hf`yn&

_fgoy wao Y bo" c}oynwcyu tac c``oyog uoypheou u ea nu ucehnb fowtcylhfd" eanw">8

nfg i bbowhf icnygu nfg tac ghg fcw }yo*uwyh} !h&o&" ecj}bowobx gobowo( u ea hf`cyjnwhcf toyogoojog wc anpo ghuebcuog }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf fgoy EC]]Nu go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcu yo Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 9

*1*

`ycj bhnihbhwx joyobx ioen uo ofwyx c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hu fcw jnfgnwcyx wc }nywheh}nwo hf wao

newhphwx Hw yoecdfh{ou wao yonbhwx wanw u ea nf c}oynwcy j uw anpo hf }bneo n uxuwoj wc }ycphg

fcwheo wc nfg ciwnhf ecfuofw `ycj }nyofwu wc gonb thwa wao jcjofw taof wao hf`cyjnwhcf hu

dnwaoyog Cwaoythuo" cfeo wao eahbg }cuwu wao }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf" hw thbb io wcc bnwo wc>1

ciwnhf }nyofwnb ecfuofw

N`woy yophothfd wao ecjjofwu" wao Ecjjhuuhcf anu goehgog wc jcgh`x }nyndyn}a !n( c`

wao go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcfnu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ

i Ecbboewu cy Ecbboewhcf" }nyndyn}a !i(

Uoewhcf 5>9 9!i( c` wao Y bo go`hfou ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcf wc ecpoy ofnibhfd eahbgyof wc } ibhebx }cuw }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf !o&d&" cf ucehnb fowtcylhfd uhwou cy cf ibcdu(" oqeo}w taoyo

wao c}oynwcy gobowounbb hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj }cuwhfdu ix eahbgyof io`cyo

waox nyo jngo } ibhe" nfg nbuc gobowou u ea hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj wao c}oynwcyu yoecygu Wahu>8

oqeo}whcf" c`wof yo`oyyog wc nu wao >==/ gobowhcf uwnfgnyg" tnu gouhdfog wc ofnibo uhwou nfg


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Uoo] Jnye u" Yojnylu `ycj EC]]Nu Oqeo}whcfu wc ]nyofwnb Ecfuofw ]nfob nw9=

wao @ogoynb Wyngo Ecjjhuuhcfu Yc fgwnibo; ]ycwoewhfd Lhgu ]yhpnex Cfbhfo 5>= !K fo 9"9=>=("npnhbnibo nw

aww};##ttt&`we&dcp#ie}#tcyluac}u#ec}}n#EC]]NY boYophotSWynfueyh}w&}g`

Uoo4? @Y nw >4=8=" ^ ouwhcf 89>

UooOfwoywnhfjofw Uc`wtnyo Nuucehnwhcf !OUN( !ecjjofw 9=" 9=>= @YF(" nw99

>5*>7< Y Fotwcf !ecjjofw 70" 9=>= @YF(" nw 7< ]yhpc" Hfe !ecjjofw ?=" 9=>= @YF(" nw ?< IU{cln !ecjjofw ?8" 9=>= @YF(" nw >8< uoo nbucThyog Un`owx !ecjjofw 01" 9=>= @YF(" nw >?

*8*

uoypheou wc jnlo hfwoynewhpo ecfwofw npnhbnibo wc eahbgyof" thwac w }ycphghfd }nyofwnb fcwheo nfg

ciwnhfhfd ecfuofw" }ycphgog wanw nbb }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf tnu gobowog }yhcy wc }cuwhfd9=

Wao 9=>= @YF uc daw ecjjofw cf taowaoy wc eanfdo wao >==/ gobowhcf uwnfgnyg"

taowaoy n wcjnwog uxuwoju uog wc yophot nfg }cuw eahbg ecfwofw ec bg joow wahu uwnfgnyg" nfg

taowaoy wao Ecjjhuuhcf ang }ycphgog u ``hehofw d hgnfeo cf wao gobowhcf c` }oyucfnb

hf`cyjnwhcf Hf you}cfuo" uopoynb ecjjofwoyu ydog n fot uwnfgnyg" nyd hfd wanw wao >==/9>

gobowhcf uwnfgnyg" tahbo tobb*hfwofwhcfog" tnu nf hj}oghjofw wc c}oynwcyu hj}bojofwnwhcf c`

uc}ahuwhenwog n wcjnwog `hbwoyhfd woeafcbcdhou wanw jnx new nbbx nhg hf wao gowoewhcf nfg yojcp

c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf99

Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf uwnwog wanw wao >==/ gobowhcf uwnfgnyg uow nf

fyonbhuwhe a ygbo wc c}oynwcyu hj}bojofwnwhcf c` n wcjnwog `hbwoyhfd uxuwoju wanw ec bg }ycjcw

ofdndhfd nfg n}}yc}yhnwo cfbhfo ecfwofw `cy eahbgyof" tahbo ofu yhfd uwycfd }yhpnex }ycwoewhcfu

ix gouhdf Wc nggyouu wahu" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog yo}bnehfd wao >==/ gobowhcf uwnfgnyg thwa

n yonucfnibo jonu you uwnfgnyg _fgoy wahu n}}ycnea" nf c}oynwcy tc bg fcw io goojog wc

anpo ecbboewog }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf h` hw wnlou yonucfnibo jonu you wc gobowo nbb cy phyw nbbx nbb


10/167

Uoo40 @Y nw ?81=195

UooHfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw 4>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >897

UooFEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 19?

GJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 490

UooGJN hg&< Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw 4>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw94

5< lhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw 1>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw ?< FEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 1< Wcx Hfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw >05" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 1

UooWoea@yoogcj !ecjjofw >?8" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 091

*>=*

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbgu }cuwhfdu io`cyo waox nyo jngo } ibhe" nfg nbuc wc gobowo u ea

hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj hwu yoecygu 95

Nbwac da wao Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf ynhuog ecfeoyfu nic w wao o`òewhpofouu

n wcjnwog `hbwoyhfd woeafh~ ou" jcuw ecjjofwu toyo youc fghfdbx hf npcy c` wao yonucfnibo97

jonu you uwnfgnyg @cy oqnj}bo" cfo ecjjofwoy uwnwog wanw wao yophuog bnfd ndo tc bg ofnibo

wao uo c` n wcjnwog }yceog you wanw ec bg }ycphgo hfeyonuog ecfuhuwofex nfg jcyo o`òewhpo

jcfhwcyhfd wanf a jnf jcfhwcyu" tahbo nfcwaoy fcwog wanw hw tc bg c}of wao gccy wc ecuw*9?

o``hehofw nfg yobhnibo jonfu c` jcfhwcyhfd eahbgyofu ecjj fhenwhcfu Uopoynb ecjjofwoyu90

fcwog wanw wao }yc}cuog yonucfnibo jonu you uwnfgnyg tc bg bhlobx ofec yndo wao eyonwhcf c` jcyo yhea" hfwoynewhpo cfbhfo ecfwofw `cy eahbgyof Nfcwaoy ecjjofwoy fcwog wanw wao yophuog94

}ycphuhcf" ix c`òyhfd dyonwoy `boqhihbhwx cy woeafcbcdhenb ucb whcfu" uac bg aob} jhfhjh{o wao

i ygof c` EC]]N cf eahbgyofu `yoo oq}youuhcf 91

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf hu }oyu ngog wanw wao >==/ gobowhcf uwnfgnyg uac bg io yo}bneog thwa n

yonucfnibo jonu you uwnfgnyg Wao yonucfnibo jonu you uwnfgnyg uwyhlou wao yhdaw inbnfeo hf

ofu yhfd wanw c}oynwcyu anpo o`òewhpo" ecj}yoaofuhpo jonu you hf }bneo wc }yopofw } ibhe cfbhfo

ghuebcu yo c` eahbgyofu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nfg ofu yo hwu gobowhcf `ycj waohy yoecygu" tahbo nbuc


11/167

40 @Y nw ?81=198

]yhpnex Yhdawu Ebonyhfdac uo hfghenwog hwu iobho` wanw wahu eanfdo tc bg dhpo5=

c}oynwcyu nggog hfeofwhpo wc fcwh`x }nyofwu c` waohy hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewhcf }ynewheou" }nywhe bny

thwa yodnyg wc cfbhfo wynelhfd nfg ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfdUoo]yhpnex Yhdawu Ebonyhfdac uo!ecjjofw >5>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9< uoo nbucEcfu joyu _fhcf !ecjjofw 98" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 0

UooGJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 8*>=< HNI !ecjjofw 45" 9=>> F]YJ("5>

nw >9< FEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >4*>1< Fnwhcfnb Yownhb @ogoynwhcf !ecjjofw >>7"9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9*5< WoeaNjoyhen !ecjjofw >?4" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw ?*0

*>>*

yownhfhfd wao `boqhihbhwx c}oynwcyu foog wc hffcpnwo nfg hj}ycpo waohy joeanfhuju `cy gowoewhfd

nfg gobowhfd u ea hf`cyjnwhcf Waoyo`cyo" wao `hfnb Y bo njofgu }nyndyn}a !i( c` wao go`hfhwhcf c`

ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcfwc ngc}w wao yonucfnibo jonu you uwnfgnyg }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ

e Ecbboewu cy Ecbboewhcf" }nyndyn}a !e(

Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog wc jcgh`x }nyndyn}a !e( c` wao Y bou

go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcfwc ebnyh`x wanw hw hfeb gou nbb jonfu c` }nuuhpobx ecbboewhfd

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj eahbgyof cfbhfo" hyyou}oewhpo c` wao woeafcbcdx uog Wao Ecjjhuuhcf

uc daw wc neecj}bhua wahu ix yojcphfd `ycj wao cyhdhfnb go`hfhwhcf wao bnfd ndo cy uo c` nfx

hgofwh`xhfd ecgo bhflog wc nf hfghphg nb" u ea nu n ecclho 98

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoeohpog uopoynb ecjjofwu u }}cywhfd" nfg uopoynb ecjjofwu5=

c}}cuhfd" wahu }yc}cuog eanfdo Wacuo c}}cuhfd wao eanfdo dofoynbbx iobhopog wanw wahu eanfdo5>

ucjoact oq}nfgog wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf Nu u }}cyw cy waohy nyd jofw" waouo

ecjjofwoyu nbuc yo`oyofeog wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cunb wc hfeb go }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu thwahf

wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou wanw }nyndyn}a !e(" nu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" hu

u ``hehofwbx fgoyuwnfgnibo Wao }nyndyn}a gcou fcwahfd wc nbwoy wao `new wanw wao Y bo ecpoyu


12/167

Uoo]nyw HH E >= d "hf`yn59

Uoo9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81=855

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf hfwofgog wahu eanfdo wc ebnyh`x tanw tnu jonfw ix wao woyju57

yobonuo c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nfg u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo

uoypheo" taoyo wacuo woyju nyo yo`oyofeog obuotaoyo hf wao Y bo nfg nyo fcw ghyoewbx ecffoewogthwa wao woyjughuebcuo cy ghuebcu yo

UoolhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw 1>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 1 !\]Znyndyn}a !i(5?

fgoy wao go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcuo cy ghuebcu yo uac bg anpo wao `cbbcthfd c}ofhfd ebn uo; U ikoew wc }nyndyn}a !i( fgoy wao go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcf" jnlhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog ix nf c}oynwcy `ycj n eahbg } ibhebx npnhbnibo & & & &(

*>9*

cfbx wao ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf& Jcyocpoy" wao `hfnb Y bou oqeo}whcf `cy wao bhjhwog

uo c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu wc u }}cyw hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu 5>9 ?!e(!4( ebonybx nywhe bnw

u}oeh`he eyhwoyhn fgoy tahea nf c}oynwcy thbb io oqoj}w `ycj wao Y bou fcwheo nfg ecfuofw

yo~ hyojofwu hf ecffoewhcf thwa wao }nuuhpo ecbboewhcf c` n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy Neecyghfdbx59

wao Ecjjhuuhcf ngc}wu wao go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcfnu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ

9 Go`hfhwhcf c` Ghuebcuo cy Ghuebcu yo

Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog jnlhfd uopoynb jhfcy jcgh`henwhcfu wc

Uoewhcf 5>9 9 c` wao Y bou go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcu yo" hfeb ghfd iycngofhfd wao whwbo c` wao

go`hfhwhcf wcghuebcuo cy ghuebcu yowc ebnyh`x wanw hf opoyx hfuwnfeo hf tahea wao Y bo yo`oyu wchfuwnfeou taoyo nf c}oynwcy ghuebcuo\uZ hf`cyjnwhcf" wao go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcu youanbb n}}bx55

Hf ngghwhcf" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog jcphfd wao go`hfhwhcfu c` yobonuo c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf

nfg u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheoecfwnhfog thwahf wao

go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcu yowc jnlo waoj uwnfg*nbcfo go`hfhwhcfu thwahf Uoewhcf 5>9 9 c` wao Y bo57

Cfo ecjjofwoy nulog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc jcgh`x }nyndyn}a !i( c` wao }yc}cuog

go`hfhwhcf ix ngghfd nf c}ofhfd ebn uo bhflhfd hw wc wao go`hfhwhcf c` ecbboewu cy ecbboewhcf5?


13/167

50 Wao Y bou go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hfeb gog wao u i*enwodcyx nf o*jnhb nggyouu cy cwaoy cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf" hfeb ghfd i w fcw bhjhwog wc nf hfuwnfwjouundhfd uoy hgofwh`hoy" cy n ueyoof fnjo wanw yoponbu nf hfghphg nbu o*jnhb nggyouu Wao9=>> F]YJ }yc}cuog yo}bnehfd wanw u i*enwodcyx c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf thwacfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf

54 40 @Y nw ?81>=

*>5*

Tahbo wahu ecjjofwoy ghg fcw uwnwo hwu yonucfu `cy wao }yc}cuog eanfdo" wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou

wanw wao bnfd ndo c` }nyndyn}a !i( hu u ``hehofwbx ebony uc nu fcw wc tnyynfw jnlhfd wao eanfdo

u ddouwog Waoyo`cyo" wao Ecjjhuuhcf jcgh`hou wao go`hfhwhcf c` ghuebcu yo cy ghuebcu yonu

}yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ

5 Go`hfhwhcf c` Cfbhfo Ecfwnew Hf`cyjnwhcf

Uoewhcf 5>9 9 c` wao Y bo go`hfoucfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf nu nf o*jnhb nggyouu cy nfx

cwaoy u iuwnfwhnbbx uhjhbny hgofwh`hoy wanw }oyjhwu ghyoew ecfwnew thwa n }oyucf cfbhfo Wao 9

F]YJ }yc}cuog ebnyh`henwhcfu wc wao go`hfhwhcf wc `bnd wanw wao woyj iycngbx ecpoyu nbb hgofwh`hoy

wanw }oyjhw ghyoew ecfwnew thwa n }oyucf cfbhfo nfg wc ofu yo ecfuhuwofex iowtoof wao go`hfhwhcfc` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf nfg wao uo c` wanw woyj thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb

hf`cyjnwhcf Wao }yc}cuog yophuog go`hfhwhcf hgofwh`hog ecjjcfbx uog cfbhfo hgofwh`hoyu"50

hfeb ghfd ojnhb nggyouuou" hfuwnfw jouundhfd !HJ( uoy hgofwh`hoyu" pcheo cpoy Hfwoyfow }ycwcecb

!PCH]( hgofwh`hoyu" nfg phgoc eanw uoy hgofwh`hoyu" tahbo nbuc ebnyh`xhfd wanw wao bhuw c`

hgofwh`hoyu tnu fcf*oqan uwhpo nfg tc bg ofecj}nuu cwaoy u iuwnfwhnbbx uhjhbny hgofwh`hoyu wanw

}oyjhw ghyoew ecfwnew thwa n }oyucf cfbhfo Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoeohpog `ot ecjjofwu54

nggyouuhfd wahu }yc}cuog eanfdo

Cfo ecjjofwoy c}}cuog wao jcgh`henwhcf" nuuoywhfd wanw HJ" PCH]" nfg phgoc eanw uoy

hgofwh`hoyu gc fcw ` fewhcf hf wao unjo tnx nu ojnhb nggyouuou Wao ecjjofwoyu ynwhcfnbo `cy


14/167

UooGJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >>51

58 lhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw 1>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 4 Nelfctbogdhfd waoEcjjhuuhcfu }cuhwhcf wanw eobb }acfo f jioyu nyo c wuhgo c` wao uwnw wcyx go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfoecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf" lhgUN@O ngpcenwou `cy n uwnw wcyx eanfdo" h` foogog" wc ofnibo jcihbo n}}c}oynwcyu" hf }nywhe bny" wc yonea }nyofwu uhfd ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf yobopnfw wc waohy oecuxuw

Nw wao unjo whjo" wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou hw jnx io hj}ynewhenb wc oq}oew7=

eahbgyof wc ecyyoewbx ghuwhfd hua iowtoof jcihbo nfg bnfg*bhfo }acfou taof nulog `cy waohy

*>7*

wahu nyd jofw tnu wanw fcw nbb HJ hgofwh`hoyu yoponb wao HJ uxuwoj hf uo" tahea hf`cyjnwhcf hu

foogog wc ghyoewbx ecfwnew n uoy Wao Ecjjhuuhcf gcou fcw `hfg wahu nyd jofw }oyu nuhpo51

Tahbo nf HJ nggyouu jnx fcw yoponb wao HJ }ycdynj }ycphgoy hf opoyx hfuwnfeo" hw poyx c`wof

gcou Jcyocpoy" uopoynb HJ }ycdynju nbbct uoyu c` gh``oyofw jouuofdoy }ycdynju wc

ecjj fhenwo neycuu gh``oyofw jouundhfd }bnw`cyju Bhlo ojnhb" hfuwnfw jouundhfd hu n

ecjj fhenwhcfu wccb wanw nbbctu }oc}bo wc ecjj fhenwo cfo*wc*cfo cy hf dyc }u ucjowhjou hf

n `nuwoy" jcyo yonb*whjo `nuahcf wanf wayc da ojnhb Wao Ecjjhuuhcf `hfgu" waoyo`cyo" wanw HJ

hgofwh`hoyu }ycphgo n }cwofw jonfu wc ecfwnew n eahbg ghyoewbx

Nfcwaoy ecjjofwoy nulog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc oq}nfg wao go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf wc hfeb go jcihbo }acfo f jioyu Wao ecjjofwoy fcwog wanw" dhpof wao Y bou

ecpoyndo c` jcihbo n}}u nfg toi*inuog woqw jouundhfd }ycdynju" c}oynwcyu tc bg iofo`hw

dyonwbx `ycj ecbboewhfd n }nyofwu jcihbo }acfo f jioy !hfuwong c` nf ojnhb nggyouu( hf cygoy wc

hfhwhnwo ecfwnew `cy fcwheo nfg ecfuofw Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoecdfh{ou wanw hfeb ghfd jcihbo58

}acfo f jioyu thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf ec bg }ycphgo c}oynwcyu thwa

n uo` b wccb `cy hfhwhnwhfd wao }nyofwnb fcwheo }yceouu wayc da ohwaoy UJU woqw cy n }acfo enbb

nbuc yoecdfh{ou wanw waoyo jnx io ngpnfwndou wc }nyofwu `cy nf c}oynwcy wc hfhwhnwo ecfwnew phn

UJU woqw njcfd waoj" wanw }nyofwu dofoynbbx anpo waohy jcihbo }acfou thwa waoj nfg wanw

UJU woqw hu uhj}bo nfg ecfpofhofw Actopoy" wao uwnw wo ghg fcw ecfwoj}bnwo jcihbo }acfo7=


15/167

}nyofwu jcihbo f jioyu

7> Jcyocpoy" dhpof wanw wao `hfnb Y bou go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf

ofecj}nuuou n iycng" fcf*oqan uwhpo bhuw c` cfbhfo hgofwh`hoyu" c}oynwcyu thbb fcw io fg bx i ygofog ix wao Ecjjhuuhcfu gowoyjhfnwhcf wanw eobb }acfo f jioyu nyo fcw cfbhfo ecfwnewhf`cyjnwhcf

9=>9 UF]YJ" 44 @Y nw 7007779 Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nelfctbogdog wanw wahugoehuhcf yopoyuog n }yophc u }cbhex eacheo wc }bneo wao i ygof c` fcwheo nfg ecfuofw ofwhyobx

}cf wao hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewhcf ofwhwx

*>?*

f jioyu nu n `cyj c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf" nfg wao Ecjjhuuhcf waoyo`cyo anu gowoyjhfog

fcw wc hfeb go jcihbo }acfo f jioyu thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf Wa u" wao `hfnb Y bo ngc}wu wao7>

go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf nu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ

7 Go`hfhwhcfu c` C}oynwcy nfg Toiuhwo cy Cfbhfo Uoypheo Ghyoewog wcEahbgyof

Hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog jcgh`xhfd wao go`hfhwhcfu c` icwa

c}oynwcy nfg toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo ghyoewog wc eahbgyofwc nbbcenwo nfg ebnyh`x wao

you}cfuhihbhwhou fgoy EC]]N taof hfgo}ofgofw ofwhwhou cy wahyg }nywhou"o&d&" ngpoywhuhfd

fowtcylu cy gctfbcngnibo }b d*hfu" ecbboew hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj uoyu wayc da eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou

nfg uoypheou _fgoy wao }yc}cuog yophuhcfu" wao eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw }ycphgoy tc bg io uwyhewb

bhnibo `cy }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog ix wahyg }nywhou wayc da hwu uhwo Wao Ecjjhuuhcf

yonucfog wanw" nbwac da wao eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo cy uoypheo jnx fcw ctf" ecfwycb" cy anpo neeouu wc

wao }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog" u ea hf`cyjnwhcf hu ecbboewog cf hwu ioanb` g o wc wao iofo`hwu

hw yoeohpou ix ngghfd jcyo nwwynewhpo ecfwofw" ` fewhcfnbhwx" cy ngpoywhuhfd yopof o Wao

Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc fcwog wanw wao }yhjnyx*ecfwofw }ycphgoy hu hf wao iouw }cuhwhcf wc lfct wanw hwu

uhwo cy uoypheo hu ghyoewog wc eahbgyof" nfg hu n}}yc}yhnwobx }cuhwhcfog wc dhpo fcwheo nfg ciwnhf

ecfuofw Ix ecfwynuw" h` wao Ecjjhuuhcf `nhbog wc hj}cuo cibhdnwhcfu cf wao ecfwofw }ycphgoyu"79


16/167

Hf uc gchfd" wao Ecjjhuuhcf fcwog wanw hw iobhopog hw ec bg acbg wao hf`cyjnwhcf75

ecbboewhcf ofwhwx uwyhewbx bhnibo `cy u ea ecbboewhcf ioen uo" taof c}oynwhfd cf eahbg*ghyoewog }yc}oywhou" wanw }cywhcf c` nf cwaoythuo dofoynb n ghofeo uoypheo ec bg io goojogghyoewog wceahbgyof 9=>9 UF]YJ" 44 @Y nw 70077*7007?

Uoo" o&d&" @neoiccl !ecjjofw 55" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5*777

UooJheycuc`w !ecjjofw 00" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0< HNI !ecjjofw 78" 9=>97?

UF]YJ(" nw ?< GJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?

Uoo" o&d&" Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9=0*

waoyo tc bg io fc hfeofwhpo `cy eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw }ycphgoyu wc }cbheo waohy uhwou cy uoypheou

nfg }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf tc bg io ecbboewog `ycj xc fd eahbgyof" waoyoix fgoyjhfhfd

ecfdyouuhcfnb hfwofw Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc }yc}cuog hj} whfd wao eahbg*ghyoewog fnw yo c` wao

ecfwofw uhwo wc wao ofwhwx ecbboewhfd wao }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cfbx h` wanw ofwhwx lfot cy ang

yonucf wc lfct wanw hw tnu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wayc da n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo75

Jcuw c` wao ecjjofwu c}}cuog wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cuog jcgh`henwhcfu Hfg uwyx

ecjjofwu eanbbofdog wao Ecjjhuuhcfu uwnw wcyx n wacyhwx `cy icwa eanfdou nfg wao iyongwa c`

wao bnfd ndo" nfg tnyfog c` wao }cwofwhnb `cy ngpoyuo ecfuo~ ofeou Hf ouuofeo" jnfx hfg uwyx

ecjjofwu nyd og wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcf jnx fcw n}}bx EC]]N taoyo hfgo}ofgofw wahyg }nywhou

ecbboew }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wayc da eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou" nfg wanw opof h` wao Ecjjhuuhcf ang77

ucjo n wacyhwx" oqoyehuhfd hw tc bg io hj}ynewhenb ioen uo c` wao uwy ew yo c` wao cfbhfo

oecuxuwoj Jnfx }yhpnex nfg eahbgyofu ngpcenwou ndyoog thwa wao 9=>9 UF]YJ }yc}cunb wc7?

acbg eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw }ycphgoyu uwyhewbx bhnibo" i w ucjo oq}youuog ecfeoyf nic w acbghfd

}b d*hfu nfg ngpoywhuhfd fowtcylu wc n bouuoy uwnfgnyg70


17/167

>? _ U E 0?=>!9( Wao Y bou go`hfhwhcf c` c}oynwcy yo`boewu wao uwnw wcyx74

bnfd ndo Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 9

*>4*

@cy wao yonucfu ghue uuog iobct" wao Ecjjhuuhcf" thwa ucjo jcgh`henwhcfu wc wao

}yc}cuog Y bo bnfd ndo" thbb yownhf wao uwyhew bhnihbhwx uwnfgnyg `cy eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw

}ycphgoyu wanw nbbct cwaoy cfbhfo uoypheou wc ecbboew }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wayc da waohy uhwou

Ecjjhuuhcf thbb gooj n }b d*hf cy cwaoy uoypheo wc io n ecpoyog ec*c}oynwcy cfbx taoyo hw anu

new nb lfctbogdo wanw hw hu ecbboewhfd hf`cyjnwhcf wayc da n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo

n Uwyhew Bhnihbhwx cy Eahbg*Ghyoewog Ecfwofw Uhwou; Go`hfhwhcf c`C}oynwcy

Hj}bojofwhfd uwyhew bhnihbhwx nu goueyhiog nicpo yo~ hyou jcgh`xhfd wao e yyofw go`hfhwhcf

c` c}oynwcy Wao Y bo" tahea jhyycyu wao uwnw wcyx bnfd ndo" go`hfouc}oynwcy hf }oywhfofw }nyw"

nu;

!N( nfx }oyucf tac c}oynwou n toiuhwo bcenwog cf wao Hfwoyfow cy nf cfbhfo uoypheo nfg tac ecbboewu cy jnhfwnhfu }oyucfnbhf`cyjnwhcf `ycj cy nic w wao uoyu c` cy phuhwcyu wc u ea toiuhwocy cfbhfo uoypheo" cy cf tacuo ioanb` u ea hf`cyjnwhcf hu ecbboewogcy jnhfwnhfog" taoyo u ea toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo hu c}oynwog `cy ecjjoyehnb } y}cuou" hfeb ghfd nfx }oyucf c``oyhfd }ycg ewu cy uoypheou `cy unbo wayc da wanw toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo" hfpcbphfdecjjoyeo 74

Hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog ngghfd n }ycphuc wc wanw go`hfhwhcfuwnwhfd;

]oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hu ecbboewog cy jnhfwnhfog cf ioanb` c` nfc}oynwcy taoyo hw hu ecbboewog hf wao hfwoyouw c`" nu n yo}youofwnwhpoc`" cy `cy wao iofo`hw c`" wao c}oynwcy


18/167

Uoo" o&d&" N}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5*7=*>>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5*?< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec!ecjjofw 80" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7*?< U Tohfoy !ecjjofw 84" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >*99< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf78

!ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?< WoeaNjoyhen !ecjjofw 14" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9*5

Uoo" o&d&" Dhiucf" G ff & Ey weaoy !ecjjofw 58" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4*8


19/167

Bxfowwo Jnwwlo !ecjjofw 05" 9=>9 UF]YJ(

UooDccdbo !ecjjofw 7>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< N}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo?5

!ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?< Nuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 0" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw ?< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec !ecjjofw 80" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7< EcffoewUn`obx!ecjjofw 9>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9

UooN}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< Cfbhfo?7

] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec !ecjjofw 80"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7< GJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7

Uoo" o&d&" Cfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>??

!} ibhuaoy uac bg io ofwhwbog wc yobx cf wahyg }nywxu yo}youofwnwhcfu nic w hwu hf`cyjnwhcf }ynewheou(< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec !ecjjofw 80" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ? !c}oynwcy c` n uhwo ghyoewog wceahbgyof uac bg io }oyjhwwog wc yobx cf wao yo}youofwnwhcfu jngo ix wahyg }nywhou yodnyghfd waohy

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewhcf }ynewheou" nu bcfd nu wao c}oynwcy anu fgoywnlof yonucfniboo``cywu wc bhjhw nfx fn wacyh{og gnwn ecbboewhcf(< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5"

9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0 !wao Ecjjhuuhcf uac bg uwnwo wanw c}oynwcyu tacuo uhwou cy uoypheou nyownydowog wc eahbgyof uac bg ihfg wahyg }nywx c}oynwcyu tacj waox lfct nyo ecbboewhfd }oyucfnbhf`cyjnwhcf wayc da waohy uhwou cy uoypheou wc ecj}bx thwa EC]]N thwa yodnyg wc wanwhf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewhcf(

UooHfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >1*>8


20/167

nw ?*0< Enwacbhe Ihuac}u !ecjjofw 89" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< EGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9 UF]YJ("nw 5

UooHfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >8


21/167

Fnwhcfnb Cydnfh{nwhcf `cy Jnyyhndo p& Gnb {"0?7 @ 5g >>?" >9> !> Ehy 9=>>(0= uw

!uwnw wo yo~ hyhfd oq}ofghw yo yo}cywu ix hfgo}ofgofw ]NE wc wao wyonu yoy c` wao enfghgnwo ctacuo ioanb` wao oq}ofghw yo tnu jngo jonfw wc wao enfghgnwo tac uwnfgu wc iofo`hw `ycj waohfgo}ofgofw oq}ofghw you ngpcenex(=( !yohwoynwhfd wao ec

}yophc u c}hfhcf wanw wao }bnhf jonfhfd c` wao }aynuou cf tacuo ioanb` cy cf ioanb` c` hu nfnew ix n yo}youofwnwhpo c`" cy nf new `cy wao iofo`hw c`" nfcwaoy(

N}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< uoo nbuc0>

Dhiucf" G ff & Ey weaoy !ecjjofw 58" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4

N}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 709

*9>*

Fcy hu wao Ecjjhuuhcf }oyu ngog ix ecjjofwu nyd hfd wanw wao }aynuo cf tacuo

ioanb` j uw io yong oqwyojobx fnyyctbx" ofecj}nuuhfd cfbx nf ndofex yobnwhcfuah} Enuo bnt

u }}cywu n iycngoy hfwoy}yownwhcf c` wanw }aynuo Opof ucjo ecjjofwoyu c}}cuog wc wao0=

Ecjjhuuhcfu hfwoy}yownwhcf anpo nelfctbogdog wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cunb hu inuog cf nf

nee ynwo yoecdfhwhcf wanw cfbhfo ecfwofw jcfowh{nwhcf hu neecj}bhuaog wayc da n ecj}boq toi c`

hfwoy*yobnwog newhphwhou ix jnfx }nywhou" nfg anpo fcwog wanw wc new cf ioanb` c` nfcwaoy hu wc gc

tanw wanw }oyucf tc bg cyghfnyhbx gc aoyuob` h` uao ec bg Wanw n}}onyu wc io }yoehuobx wao0>

yonucf jnfx `hyuw*}nywx ecfwofw }ycphgoyu hfwodynwo waouo uoypheou Nu cfo ecjjofwoy }chfwog

c w" ecfwofw }ycphgoyu anpo eacuof wc gopcwo waohy youc yeou wc gopobc} dyonw ecfwofw" nfg wc b }nywfoyu aob} waoj jcfowh{o wanw ecfwofw Hf }nyw" waouo n}} gopobc}oyu nfg } ibhuaoyu anpo

jngo wahu eacheo ioen uo ecbboewhfd nfg anfgbhfd eahbgyofu gnwn hfwoyfnbbx tc bg yo~ hyo waoj

wc wnlo cf bhnihbhwx yhul nfg u}ofg ecj}bhnfeo youc yeou wanw waox gc fcw anpo Jcyocpoy"09


22/167

Hg&< uoo nbucNuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4" 9=>905

UF]YJ(" nw ?< uoo dofoynbbxGJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?< @neoiccl !ecjjofw 55"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< Cfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>

Hg&07

*99*

ecfwofw*}ycphghfd uhwou nfg uoypheou c`wof c wuc yeo wao jcfowh{nwhcf c` wacuo uhwou wc }nywfo

ioen uo waox gc fcw anpo wao gouhyo wc anfgbo hw waojuobpou05

Hf jnfx enuou" eahbg*ghyoewog }yc}oywhou hfwodynwo }b d*hfu wc ofanfeo wao ` fewhcfnbhwx ecfwofw c` waohy }yc}oywhou cy dnhf dyonwoy } ibhehwx wayc da ucehnb joghn hf nf o``cyw wc gyhpo

jcyo wyn``he wc waohy uhwou nfg uoypheou Eahbg*ghyoewog }yc}oywhou nbuc jnx ciwnhf ghyoew

ecj}ofunwhcf cy hfeyonuog yopof o `ycj ngpoywhuhfd fowtcylu cy cwaoy }b d*hfu Waouo iofo`hwu

wc eahbg*ghyoewog }yc}oywhou nyo fcw joyobx hfehgofwnb< nu wao ecjjofwu }chfw c w" wao iofo`hwu

jnx io ey ehnb wc waohy ecfwhf og phnihbhwx07

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoecdfh{ou wao }cwofwhnb i ygof wanw uwyhew bhnihbhwx }bneou cf eahbg*

ghyoewog ecfwofw }ycphgoyu" }nywhe bnybx ujnbb n}} gopobc}oyu Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc n}}yoehnwou

wao }cwofwhnb `cy ghuec yndhfd gxfnjhe eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw Fopoywaobouu" taof hw ofnewog

EC]]N" Ecfdyouu hj}cuog niucb wo yo~ hyojofwu cf eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou nfg uoypheou yodnyghfd

youwyhewhcfu cf wao ecbboewhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf< wacuo yo~ hyojofwu enffcw io npchgog

wayc da c wuc yehfd c``oyhfdu wc cwaoy c}oynwcyu hf wao cfbhfo oecuxuwoj Wao Ecjjhuuhcf

iobhopou wanw wao }cwofwhnb i ygof cf eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou ghue uuog ix wao ecjjofwoyu hf

you}cfuo wc wao 9=>9 UF]YJ thbb io onuog ix wao jcyo bhjhwog go`hfhwhcf c` }oyuhuwofw

hgofwh`hoyu" wao jcyo oq}nfuhpo go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfungc}wog hf wao @hfnb

Y bo" nfg wao fotbx*eyonwog oqeo}whcf wc wao Y bou fcwheo nfg }nyofwnb ecfuofw yo~ hyojofwu


23/167

Uoo]nyw HH N ? i "hf`yn !ghue uuhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu nfg u }}cyw c` hfwoyfnb0?

c}oynwhcfu(

Wao wx}o c` g o ghbhdofeo ngpcenwog ynfdog `ycj ouuofwhnbbx yobxhfd cf n }b d*hf00

cy ngpoywhuhfd fowtcylu }yhpnex }cbhex wc yo~ hyhfd nf n``hyjnwhpo ecfwynewUoo" o&d&" Wao TnbwGhufox Ec !ecjjofw 80" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ? !c}oynwcy uac bg io nibo wc yobx cf wahyg }nywxuyo}youofwnwhcfu nic w hwu hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewhcf }ynewheou" h` c}oynwcy jnlou yonucfnibo o``cywu wbhjhw fn wacyh{og gnwn ecbboewhcf(< Dhiucf" G ff & Ey weaoy !ecjjofw 58" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw95*97 !}ycphgo n unò anyicy `cy c}oynwcyu wanw eoywh`x waox gc fcw yoeohpo" ctf" cy ecfwycb nfx

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog ix wahyg }nywhou< nbwoyfnwhpobx" dynfw n unò anyicy `cy c}oynwcyuwanw nbuc eoywh`x waox gc fcw yoeohpo n u}oeh`he iofo`hw `ycj wao ecbboewhcf" cy wanw ciwnhf wahyg

}nywxu eoywh`henwhcf c` EC]]N ecj}bhnfeo(< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw 0*4 !}ycphgo n unò anyicy `cy c}oynwcyu tacuo }cbhehou }ycahihw wahyg }nywxecbboewhcf cf waohy uhwou(

UooEcjjcf Uofuo Joghn !ecjjofw 9=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7*?< O]HE !ecjjofw04

5>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0< Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >1*>8

Ucjo ecjjofwoyu" nbwac da fcw ecfeoghfd wao foog wc hj}cuo uwyhew bhnihbhwx cf01

nfx }nywx" fcwog wanw h` wao i ygof foogog wc `nbb cf ohwaoy wao }yhjnyx ecfwofw }ycphgoy cy wao }b d*hf" hw tnu iowwoy wc }bneo hw cf wao }nywx wanw ecfwycbbog wao eahbg*ghyoewog fnw yo c` wa

*95*

wanw n}}bhou taof nf c}oynwcy ecbboewu cfbx n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy nfg cfbx wc u }}cyw wao

c}oynwcyu hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu0?

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf ecfuhgoyog hfeb ghfd wao g o*ghbhdofeo unò anyicy `cy eahbg*ghyoewogecfwofw }ycphgoyu wanw jnfx c` wao ecjjofwu }yc}cuog Fopoywaobouu" nu jnfx cwaoy 00

ecjjofwu }chfwog c w" hw enffcw io wao you}cfuhihbhwx c` }nyofwu wc wyx wc }hoyeo wao ecj}boq

hf`ynuwy ew yo c` ofwhwhou wanw jnx io ecbboewhfd waohy eahbgyofu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wayc da n

cfo uhwo @cy eahbg*ghyoewog }yc}oywhou" cfo ofwhwx" nw bonuw" j uw io uwyhewbx you}cfuhibo `04

}ycphghfd }nyofwu fcwheo nfg ciwnhfhfd ecfuofw taof }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hu ecbboewog wayc da

wanw uhwo Wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou wanw wao }yhjnyx*ecfwofw uhwo cy uoypheo hu hf wao iouw }cuhw

wc lfct tahea }b d*hfu hw hfwodynwou hfwc hwu uhwo" nfg hu nbuc hf wao iouw }cuhwhcf wc dhpo fcwheo

nfg ciwnhf ecfuofw `ycj }nyofwu Nbwac da wao Ecjjhuuhcf" hf n}}bxhfd hwu }ycuoe wcyhnb01


24/167

ecfwofw Uoo" o&d&" EWHN !ecjjofw 97" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1*8< EGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw 7*? Fcw u y}yhuhfdbx" hfg uwyx jojioyu }yhjnyhbx hf wao i uhfouu c` }ycphghfdecfwofw ghg fcw uanyo wahu photUoo" o&d&" Nuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7*?< I uhfouu Uc`wtnyo Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw >9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9*7=*>>< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec !ecjjofw 80" 9=>9

UF]YJ(" nw 0Wahu ebnyh`henwhcf wc wao woyj cf ioanb` c` hu hfwofgog cfbx wc nggyouu }bnw`cyju08

hf hfuwnfeou taoyo waox ` fewhcf nu nf ecfg hw wc ucjocfo obuou ecfwofw ]bnw`cyju jnx tobbtony j bwh}bo anwu nfg nyo uwhbb you}cfuhibo `cy ecj}bxhfd thwa EC]]N h` waox waojuobpouecbboew }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ghyoewbx `ycj eahbgyof

*97*

ghueyowhcf" thbb ecfuhgoy wao bopob c` g o ghbhdofeo n }yhjnyx*ecfwofw uhwo oqoyehuou" wao

Ecjjhuuhcf thbb fcw }ycphgo n un`o anyicy `ycj bhnihbhwx

Taof hw huu og wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf fopoy hfwofgog wao bnfd ndogoueyhihfd cf tacuo ioanb` wc ofecj}nuu }bnw`cyju" u ea nu Dccdbo ]bnx cy wao N}} Uwcyo"

taof u ea uwcyou joyobx c` oy wao } ibhe neeouu wc ucjocfo obuou eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw Hf

waouo hfuwnfeou" wao Ecjjhuuhcf jonfw wao bnfd ndo wc ecpoy cfbx wacuo ofwhwhou wanw gouhdfog

nfg ecfwycbbog wao ecfwofw"h&o&" wao n}} gopobc}oy cy uhwo ctfoy Neecyghfdbx" wao Ecjjhuuhcf

anu yophuog wao bnfd ndo }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ wc ebnyh`x wanw }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf thbb

io goojog wc io ecbboewog cf ioanb` c` nf c}oynwcy taoyo hw iofo`hwu ix nbbcthfd nfcwaoy }oyucf

wc ecbboew }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcfghyoewbx `ycj uoyu c` u ea c}oynwcyu uhwo cy uoypheo" waoyoix

bhjhwhfd wao }ycphuhcfu ecpoyndo wc c}oynwcyu wanw gouhdf cy ecfwycb wao eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw08

Neecyghfdbx" wao @hfnb Y bo uanbb yong;

]oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hu ecbboewog cy jnhfwnhfog cf ioanb` c` nfc}oynwcy taof; !n( hw hu ecbboewog cy jnhfwnhfog ix nf ndofw cy uoypheo }ycphgoy c` wao c}oynwcy< cy !i( wao c}oynwcy iofo`hwu ixnbbcthfd nfcwaoy }oyucf wc ecbboew }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ghyoewbx`ycj uoyu c` u ea c}oynwcyu toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo


25/167

UooI uhfouu Uc`wtnyo Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw >9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7*?< Ghdhwnb4=

Ngpoywhuhfd Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw 94" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< Dccdbo !ecjjofw 7>" 9=>9 UF]YJ("nw 7< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4< Jndn{hfo ] ibhuaoyu c` Njoyhen !ecjjofw 0>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1< Wcx Hfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 18" 9=>9

UF]YJ(" nw >=*>>< uoo nbucNEB_ !ecjjofw 5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9*5< WoeaNjoyhen !ecjjofw14" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5

UooEGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< EWHN !ecjjofw 97" 9=>9 UF]YJ("4>

nw >=< Ofwoywnhfjofw Uc`wtnyo Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 59" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8< JnylowhfdYouonyea Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 09" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< Wnfdjnf !ecjjofw 1?" 9=>9UF]YJ(

*9?*

i C}oynwcyu Ecbboewhfd ]oyucfnb Hf`cyjnwhcf Wayc da Eahbg*Ghyoewog Uhwou nfg Cfbhfo Uoypheou; Jcphfd wc nf New nbLfctbogdo Uwnfgnyg

Hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog acbghfd you}cfuhibo nu n ec*c}oynwcy nfx

uhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo wanw lfctu cy anu yonucf wc lfct hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf

wayc da n acuw toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo ghyoewog wc eahbgyof Jnfx ecjjofwoyu eyhwheh{og wahu

uwnfgnyg Hfg uwyx ecjjofwu ecfwofgog wanw u ea n uwnfgnyg hu ecfwynyx wc wao uwnw wcyx jnfgnw

wanw dofoynb n ghofeo uoypheou io bhnibo cfbx h` waox anpo new nb lfctbogdo waox nyo ecbboewhfd

hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg Waox ywaoy nyd og wanw wao uwnfgnyg hu pnd o ioen uo hw hu4=

hj}cuuhibo wc gowoyjhfo tanw wx}o c` fcwh`henwhcf tc bg }ycphgo n yonucf wc lfct Wa u" wao

ecjjofwoyu nyd og wanw wao uwnfgnyg wyhddoyu n g wx wc hf~ hyo Hf ngghwhcf" ecjjofwoyu uwnwo4>

wanw opof n`woy hf~ hyhfd" hw jhdaw io hj}cuuhibo wc gowoyjhfo tahea uhwou nyo wy bx ghyoewog wc

eahbgyof !}nywhe bnybx hf bhdaw c` wao Ecjjhuuhcfu yophuog go`hfhwhcf c` toiuhwo ghyoewog wc

eahbgyof wc hfeb go wacuo uhwou wanw nyo bhlobx wc nwwynew n ghu}yc}cywhcfnwo }oyeofwndo c` eahb


26/167

UooGJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8< Jndn{hfo ] ibhuaoyu c` Njoyhen49

!ecjjofw 0>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1< Jofouuoe !ecjjofw 0?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(< ]yhpc !ecjjofw 40"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1

UooEcjjcf Uofuo Joghn !ecjjofw 9=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0< Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe45

Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9=*99

UooGhdhwnb Ngpoywhuhfd Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw 94" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< GJN47

!ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1*8< Ofwoywnhfjofw Uc`wtnyo Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 59" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >5*>7

*90*

fgoy >5( Ecfpoyuobx" jnfx }yhpnex ngpcenwou iobhopog hw hu foeouunyx wc hj}cuo ucjo g wx49

c` hf~ hyx" cy opof uwyhew bhnihbhwx" cf wao ofwhwx ecbboewhfd wao }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf45

N`woy ecfuhgoyhfd wao ecjjofwu" wao Ecjjhuuhcf anu goehgog wanw tahbo hw hu n}}yc}yhnwowc acbg nf ofwhwx bhnibo fgoy EC]]N `cy ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cf toiuhwou cy cfbhfo

uoypheou ghyoewog wc eahbgyof" hw hu yonucfnibo wc acbg u ea ofwhwx bhnibo cfbx taoyo hw anunew nb

lfctbogdo wanw hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ghyoewbx `ycj uoyu c` n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo

uoypheo Hf uwyhlhfd wahu inbnfeo ix jcphfd wc nf new nb lfctbogdo uwnfgnyg" wao Ecjjhuuhcf

yoecdfh{ou wanw wahu hu uwhbb ecfwynyx wc wao }cuhwhcf ngpcenwog ix jnfx hfg uwyx ecjjofwu; wanw

}b d*hf cy ngpoywhuhfd fowtcyl wanw ecbboewu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj uoyu c` icwa dofoynb

n ghofeo nfg eahbg*ghyoewog uhwou j uw io wyonwog jcfcbhwahenbbx nu n dofoynb n ghofeo uoypheo"

bhnibo cfbx h` hw anu new nb lfctbogdo wanw hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n u}oeh`he

eahbg Actopoy" wao EC]]N uwnw wo nbuc go`hfoutoiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo ghyoewog wc eahbgyof47

wc hfeb go wanw }cywhcf c` n ecjjoyehnb toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo wanw hu wnydowog wc eahbgyof

Taoyo nf c}oynwcy c` nf cwaoythuo dofoynb n ghofeo uhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo anu new nb lfctbogdo

hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ghyoewbx `ycj uoyu c` n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo" nfg ecfwhf ou w

ecbboew wanw hf`cyjnwhcf" waof" `cy } y}cuou c` wao uwnw wo" hw anu o``oewhpobx ngc}wog wanw eah


27/167

Uhjhbnybx" taof n ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfd fowtcyl c``oyu ndo*inuog ngpoywhuhfd4?

uodjofwu wanw wnydow eahbgyof fgoy >5" wanw }cywhcf c` hwu uoypheo ioecjou nfcfbhfo uoypheoghyoewog wc eahbgyof& EcfwynGJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >9 Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc

iobhopou wanw fnyycthfd wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu nfg ` ywaoy yophuhcfu wc waogo`hfhwhcf c` toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo ghyoewog wc eahbgyofonuo !nbwac da fcw ofwhyobx obhjhfnwo(jnfx c` wao ecfeoyfu oq}youuog hf hfg uwyx ecjjofwu Uoo" o&d&" EGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw 5< Ghdhwnb Ngpoywhuhfd Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw 94" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< Ofwoywnhfjofw

Uc`wtnyo Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 59" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >7 !ecjihfnwhcf c` yonucf wc lfctuwnfgnyg nfg oq}nfgog go`hfhwhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu eyonwou nf ftcylnibo you bw(

UooJheycuc`w !ecjjofw 00" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< WY_UWo !ecjjofw 8=" 9=>940

UF]YJ(" nw 7< uoo nbucNuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw5*7< Dccdbo !ecjjofw 7>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7< GJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4( n eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw

}ycphgoy !tac thbb io uwyhewbx bhnibo `cy nfx ecbboewhcf( ghyoewbx ecjj fhenwou wao eahbg*ghyoewog

fnw yo c` hwu ecfwofw wc wao cwaoy cfbhfo uoypheo< cy !9( n yo}youofwnwhpo c` wao cfbhfo uoypheo

yoecdfh{ou wao eahbg*ghyoewog fnw yo c` wao ecfwofw Wao Ecjjhuuhcf gcou fcw y bo c w wanw nf

nee j bnwhcf c` cwaoy `newu tc bg io u ``hehofw wc ouwnibhua new nb lfctbogdo" i w wacuo `newu

tc bg foog wc io nfnbx{og enyo` bbx cf n enuo*ix*enuo inuhu


28/167

Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 9 !}nyndyn}a !e(" go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf (44

9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81>=41

Hg&48

UooGJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >?*>0< OUN !ecjjofw 74" 9=>>1=

F]YJ(" nw 8< FEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< Ueacbnuwhe !ecjjofw >77" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< N Wahoyoy !ecjjofw >09" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 0< WY_UWo !ecjjofw >07" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 5< Wao Tnbw Ghufox Ec !ecjjofw >4=" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9>

*91*

? Go`hfhwhcf c` ]oyucfnb Hf`cyjnwhcf

n Ueyoof cy _uoy Fnjou

Wao Y bo go`hfou }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nu hfeb ghfd n ueyoof fnjo wanw yoponbu nf

hfghphg nbu o*jnhb nggyouu Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog wc jcgh`x wahu44

go`hfhwhcf wc hfeb go n ueyoof cy uoy fnjo taoyo u ea ueyoof cy uoy fnjo hu uog `cy ` fewhcfu

cwaoy wanf cy hf ngghwhcf wc u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo 41

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf hfwofgog wahu eanfdo wc nggyouu ueofnyhcu hf tahea n ueyoof cy uoy fnjo ec bg

io uog ix n eahbg nu n uhfdbo eyogofwhnb wc neeouu j bwh}bo cfbhfo }yc}oywhou" waoyoix }oyjhwwhfd

ahj cy aoy wc io ghyoewbx ecfwnewog cfbhfo" yodnygbouu c` taowaoy wao ueyoof cy uoy fnjo

ecfwnhfog nf ojnhb nggyouu 48

Ucjo ecjjofwoyu oq}youuog ecfeoyf wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcfu ueyoof*fnjo }yc}cunb

tc bg ffoeouunyhbx hfahihw ` fewhcfu wanw nyo hj}cywnfw wc wao c}oynwhcf c` eahbg*ghyoewog

toiuhwou nfg cfbhfo uoypheou Hf you}cfuo wc wahu ecfeoyf" wao 9=>9 UF]YJ }yc}cuog ecpoyhfd1=

ueyoof fnjou nu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf cfbx hf wacuo hfuwnfeou hf tahea n ueyoof cy uoy fnjo

yhuou wc wao bopob c` cfbhfo ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf Hf u ea enuou" wao Ecjjhuuhcf yonucfog" n


29/167

Uoo9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81>= !}yc}cuog go`hfhwhcf c` cfbhfo ecfwnew 1>

hf`cyjnwhcf (

UooEcjjcf Uofuo Joghn !ecjjofw 9=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4< Hf`cyjnwhcf19

Woeafcbcdx Hfg uwyx Ec fehb !ecjjofw ?>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< Jnylowhfd YouonyeaNuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 09" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< ]ycjcwhcf Jnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 44"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1< WoeaNjoyhen !ecjjofw 14" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?*0

Uoo" o&d&" ]ycjcwhcf Jnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf" hg&15

UooGJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >0< OUN !ecjjofw 59" 9=>917

UF]YJ(" nw ?< lhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw ?0" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?< FEWN !ecjjofw 08"9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7*?< Cfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >9< WcxHfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 18" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >5< WY_UWo !ecjjofw 8=" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw ?*0

*98*

ueyoof cy uoy fnjo ` fewhcfu j ea bhlo nf ojnhb nggyouu" nf hfuwnfw jouundhfd hgofwh`hoy" cy

nfx cwaoy u iuwnfwhnbbx uhjhbny hgofwh`hoy wanw }oyjhwu ghyoew ecfwnew thwa n }oyucf cfbhfo 1>

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoeohpog n f jioy c` ecjjofwu hf u }}cyw c` wahu eanfdo `ycj hfg uwyxnuucehnwhcfu nfg ngpcenex dyc }u Ecjjofwoyu yoecdfh{og wao eanfdo nu }ycphghfd c}oynwcyu19

thwa wao `boqhihbhwx wc uo ueyoof cy uoy fnjou icwa `cy hfwoyfnb ngjhfhuwynwhpo } y}cuou nfg

neycuu n``hbhnwog uhwou" uoypheou" cy }bnw`cyju thwac w yo~ hyhfd }yhcy }nyofwnb fcwh`henwhcf cy

poyh`hnibo }nyofwnb ecfuofw15

N f jioy c` ecjjofwoyu" actopoy" gou}hwo ebony bnfd ndo cwaoythuo hf wao 9=>9

UF]YJ" ecfwhf og wc oq}youu ecfeoyf wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cuog yophuhcf tc bg bhjhw

c}oynwcyu uo c` nfcfxjh{og ueyoof fnjou hf }bneo c` eahbgyofu yonb fnjou hf `hbwoyog eanw"

jcgoynwog hfwoynewhpo `cy ju" cy nu bcd*hf eyogofwhnbu }ycphghfd uoyu thwa uonjbouu neeouu wc

ecfwofw neycuu j bwh}bo }bnw cyju nfg gopheou Ucjo c` waouo ecjjofwoyu ydog wao17

Ecjjhuuhcf wc yo`hfo wao go`hfhwhcf ` ywaoy" `cy oqnj}bo" ix oq}bhehwbx yoecdfh{hfd wanw wao uo

c` ueyoof fnjou `cy newhphwhou u ea nu jcgoynwog eanw thbb fcw io goojog nu }oyjhwwhfd ghyoew


30/167

UooCfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >9< WY_UWo 1?

WY_UWo !ecjjofw 8=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?*0

UoolhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw ?0" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?10

UooOUN !ecjjofw 59" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?14

UooEcjjcf Uofuo Joghn !ecjjofw 9=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 411

*5=*

ecfwnew thwa n eahbg cfbhfo nfg waoyo`cyo thbb fcw yo~ hyo nf c}oynwcy uhfd nfcfxjc u ueyoof

fnjou wc fcwh`x }nyofwu cy ciwnhf waohy ecfuofw Cwaoyu u ddouwog n yow yf wc wao Ecjjhuuhcfu1?

cyhdhfnb go`hfhwhcf c` ueyoof cy uoy fnjou"h&o&" cfbx wacuo wanw yoponb nf hfghphg nbu cfbhfo

ecfwnew hf`cyjnwhcf !nu fotbx go`hfog( Xow cwaoyu ac}og wc uoo wao Ecjjhuuhcf enypo c w10

`ycj wao go`hfhwhcf c` ueyoof cy uoy fnjo uou wc u }}cyw nf c}oynwcyu hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu !u ea

nu uhfd ueyoof cy uoy fnjou wc ofnibo jcgoynwog cy `hbwoyog eanw nfg j bwh}bnxoy dnjo

jcgou( 14

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf uoou fc foog wc ~ nbh`x ` ywaoy wao }yc}cuog goueyh}whcf c` ueyoof cy

uoy fnjo& Wao goueyh}whcf hgofwh`hou }yoehuobx wao `cyj c` ghyoew" }yhpnwo" uoy*wc* uoy ecfwn

wao Ecjjhuuhcf hfwofgu wao Y bo wc ecpoy h&o&" cfbhfo ecfwnew \wanwZ enf fct io neahopog phn

uopoynb jowacgu iouhgou oboewycfhe jnhb Wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou wao goueyh}whcf }oyjhwu11

c}oynwcyu wc uo nfcfxjc u ueyoof nfg uoy fnjou hf }bneo c` hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo

hf`cyjnwhcf" hfeb ghfd uo `cy ecfwofw }oyucfnbh{nwhcf" `hbwoyog eanw" `cy } ibhe ghu}bnx cf n

toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo" cy `cy c}oynwcy*wc* uoy ecjj fhenwhcf phn wao ueyoof cy uoy fnjo

Jcyocpoy" wao go`hfhwhcf gcou fcw yonea uhfdbo bcd*hf hgofwh`hoyu wanw }oyjhw eahbgyof wc wynfuhw

iowtoof gopheou cy neeouu yobnwog }yc}oywhou neycuu j bwh}bo }bnw`cyju @cy waouo yonucfu" wao

Ecjjhuuhcf jcgh`hou wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf " nu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ"


31/167

Uoo>0 E@Y 5>9 9 c` wao oqhuwhfd Y bo !}nyndyn}a !`(" go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb 18

hf`cyjnwhcf (

Uoo9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81>9 !}yc}cuog go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf "8=

}nyndyn}au !d( nfg !a((

Wacuo ecjjofwu nyo ghue uuog hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" 44 @Y nw 700748>

*5>*

wc hfeb go n ueyoof cy uoy fnjo taoyo hw ` fewhcfu hf wao unjo jnffoy nu cfbhfo ecfwnew

hf`cyjnwhcf " nu go`hfog hf wahu Uoewhcf

i ]oyuhuwofw Hgofwh`hoyunfg U }}cyw `cy Hfwoyfnb C}oynwhcfu]oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu anpo bcfd ioof ecpoyog ix wao EC]]N Y bo" i w cfbx taoyo waox

nyo nuucehnwog thwa hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo hf`cyjnwhcf Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" nfg ndnhf hf wao18

9=>9 UF]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog iycngoy Y bo ecpoyndo c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu

@hyuw" hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog ecpoyhfd }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu hf wtc

ueofnyhcu !>( taoyo waox nyo uog `cy ` fewhcfu cwaoy wanf cy hf ngghwhcf wc u }}cyw `cy wao

hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo" nfg !9( taoyo waox bhfl wao newhphwhou c` n

eahbg neycuu gh` oyofw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou N`woy yoeohphfd f joyc u ecjjofwu cf wao8=

}yc}cuog hfeb uhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf " wao8>

Ecjjhuuhcf yo`hfog hwu }yc}cunb hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ

Hf wao Ecjjhuuhcfu yo`hfog }yc}cunb hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb

hf`cyjnwhcf tc bg hfeb go n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy wanw enf io uog wc yoecdfh{o n uoy cpoy whjo"

cy neycuu gh``oyofw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou" taoyo u ea }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy hu uog `cy

` fewhcfu cwaoy wanf cy hf ngghwhcf wc u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo


32/167

Hg&89

Wao }yc}cuog go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfutnu;85

\WZacuo newhphwhou foeouunyx wc; !n( jnhfwnhf cy nfnbx{o wao` fewhcfhfd c` wao Toi uhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo< !i( }oy`cyj fowtcyl ecjj fhenwhcfu< !e( n waofwhenwo uoyu c`" cy }oyucfnbh{o waoecfwofw cf" wao Toi uhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo< !g( uoypo ecfwoqw nbngpoywhuhfd cf wao Toi uhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo< !o( }ycwoew waouoe yhwx cy hfwodyhwx c` wao uoy" Toi uhwo" cy cfbhfo uoypheo< cy !`(` b`hbb n yo~ ouw c` n eahbg nu }oyjhwwog ix 5>9 ?!e(!5( nfg !7(57"npnhbnibo nw

aww};##`we&dcp#cu#9=>=#>9#>=>9=>}yhpnexyo}cyw&}g` U ea ngpoywhuhfd hu jcyo wynfu}nyofw nfg }youofwu òtoy }yhpnex ecfeoyfu nu ecj}nyog wc wao nddyodnwhcf nfg uo c` gnwn neycuu uhwou nfgcpoy whjo `cy jnylowhfd } y}cuou Uoo hg&

@cy oqnj}bo" wao woyj }oyucfnbh{o wao ecfwofw cf wao toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo8?

tnu hfwofgog wc }oyjhw c}oynwcyu wc jnhfwnhf uoy*gyhpof }yoòyofeou" u ea nu dnjo uecyou" cy eanynewoy eacheou hf phyw nb tcybgu

*59*

uoypheo Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc }yc}cuog wc uow `cywa thwa dyonwoy u}oeh`hehwx wao wx}ou c` 89

}oyjhuuhibo newhphwhou wanw tc bg ecfuwhw wo u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu&Wao }yc}cuog85

yophuhcf wc wahu bnwwoy go`hfhwhcf tnu hfwofgog wc neecj}bhua wayoo dcnbu; !>( wc hfecy}cynwo hfw

wao Y bo woqw jnfx c` wao wx}ou c` newhphwhou uoy n waofwhenwhcf" jnhfwnhfhfd uoy }yoòyofe

uoyphfd ecfwoqw nb ngpoywhuojofwu" nfg }ycwoewhfd ndnhfuw yn g cy wao`w wanw wao Ecjjhuuhc87

hfhwhnbbx ghue uuog nu }oyjhuuhibo hf wao 9=>> F]YJ< !9( wc u}oeh`henbbx }oyjhw wao ecbboewhcf c`

}oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu `cy fewhcfu yobnwog wc uhwo jnhfwofnfeo nfg nfnbxuhu" nfg wc }oy`cyj

fowtcyl ecjj fhenwhcfu wanw jnfx ecjjofwoyu photog nu ey ehnb wc waohy cfdchfd c}oynwhcfu


33/167

Hg& 80

>? _ U E 0?=>!1(!@( go`hfou }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wc hfeb go nfx cwaoy hgofwh`hoy 84

wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcf gowoyjhfou }oyjhwu wao }axuhenb cy cfbhfo ecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he

hfghphg nb Uoo" o&d&" Dhiucf G ff & Ey weaoy !ecjjofw 58" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9= !Wahuoq}nfuhcf c` wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hu hfecfuhuwofw thwa wao woqw c` EC]]N"tahea bhjhwu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf wc enwodcyhou c` hf`cyjnwhcf wanwix waojuobpou enf io uogwc hgofwh`x nfg ecfwnew n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb Opoyx enwodcyx c` hf`cyjnwhcf wanw EC]]Nof joynwou fnjo" }axuhenb nggyouu" ojnhb nggyouu" wobo}acfo f jioy" nfg Ucehnb Uoe yhwxf jioy nu tobb nu wao enwea*nbb `cy nfx cwaoy hgofwh`hoy wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcf gowoyjhfou

}oyjhwu wao }axuhenb cy cfbhfoecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb" >? _ U E 0?=>!1(!N(*!@( hu hf`cyjnwhcf wanw jnlou hw }cuuhibo wc hgofwh`x nfg ecfwnew n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb(< uoo nbucI uhfouu Uc`wtnyo Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw >9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?*0< EWHN !ecjjofw 97" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >7*>4< Ean}}obb !ecjjofw >1" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >< GJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >=< @neoiccl !ecjjofw 55" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8< Hf`cyjnwhcf Woeafcbcdx Hfg uwyx

Ec fehb !ecjjofw ?>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 9< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >>*>5< Jheycuc`w !ecjjofw 00" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< FowEacheo !ecjjofw 4=" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw 4< Woea@yoogcj !ecjjofw 11" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?*0

UooN}}bhenwhcf Gopobc}oyu Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw ?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0< I uhfouu81

Uc`wtnyo Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw >9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0(< Hf`cyjnwhcf Woeafcbcdx nfg Hffcpnwhcf@c fgnwhcf !ecjjofw ?=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0*4< FowEacheo !ecjjofw 4=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0

*55*

nfg !5( wc jnlo ebony wanw fcfo c` wao hf`cyjnwhcf ecbboewog jnx io uog cy ghuebcuog wc ecfwnew

n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb" hfeb ghfd wayc da wao uo c` ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfd80

Jcuw c` wao ecjjofwoyu tac you}cfgog wc wao 9=>9 UF]YJ c}}cuog wao Ecjjhuuhcfuyo`hfojofw Jnfx ecfwhf og wc nyd o" nu waox ang gcfo hf you}cfuo wc wao 9=>> F]YJ" wanw

ioen uo }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu cfbx }oyjhw ecfwnew thwa n gopheo" fcw n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb" wao

Ecjjhuuhcf tnu oqeooghfd hwu uwnw wcyx n wacyhwx ix go`hfhfd waoj nu }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf&84

Cwaoyu nyd og uwyof c ubx `cy wao iofo`hwu wc eahbgyof" }nyofwu" c}oynwcyu" nfg ecjjoyeo c`

ecbboewhfd nfcfxjc u hf`cyjnwhcf cf" nfg gobhpoyhfd ngpoywhuojofwu wc" flfctf cy ffnjog

uoyu Ucjo ecjjofwoyu jnhfwnhfog wanw" wc ecj}bx thwa EC]]Nu fcwheo nfg ecfuofw81


34/167

@neoiccl !ecjjofw 55" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8*>=< Dccdbo !ecjjofw 7>" 9=>988

UF]YJ(" nw ?< K Acbjou !ecjjofw 74" 9=>9 UF]YJ(

Nuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ?==

I uhfouu Uc`wtnyo Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw >9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0*4< EWHN !ecjjofw 97" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >4*>1< GJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >=*>9< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf!ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >9< Jheycuc`w !ecjjofw 00" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5*?< FowEacheo!ecjjofw 4=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1*8

UooGJN !ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >> !tnyfhfd wanw nf oqan uwhpo bhuw hu>=>

bhlobx wc anpo fhfwofgog ecfuo~ ofeou h` ecj}nfhou nyo fcw n``cygog `boqhihbhwx nu woeafcbcdhouopcbpo(< Ghdhwnb Ngpoywhuhfd Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw 94" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< Hfwoyfow EcjjoyeoEcnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5*7" >9 !\WZao go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnbc}oynwhcfu c` n toiuhwo hu wcc fnyyct Wahu bhuw c` oqoj}w ecbboewhcfu hu hfecj}bowo nfgyhulu ~ helbx ioecjhfd c wjcgog (< Jndn{hfo ] ibhuaoyu c` Njoyhen !ecjjofw 0>" 9=>9

UF]YJ(" nw >>< Cfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1< ]ycjcwhcfJnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 44" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4< Ecj} woy nfg Ecjj fhenwhcfuHfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 94" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 7 !wao oqeo}whcfu nyo fnyyct nfg hjjcihbouacyw c` nfcwaoy y bojnlhfd(

Uoo" o&d&" Nuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw>=9

?< HNI !ecjjofw 78" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 7< Woea@yoogcj !ecjjofw 11" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>==

ydog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc iycngof wao go`hfhwhcf ohwaoy wc jnlo wao bhuw c` }oyjhuuhibo newhphwhou

fcf*oqan uwhpo" cy wc ebnyh`x wanw newhphwhou u ea nu ofu yhfd bodnb nfg yod bnwcyx ecj}bhnfeo>=>

hfwobboew nb }yc}oywx }ycwoewhcf" }nxjofw nfg gobhpoyx ` fewhcfu" u}nj }ycwoewhcf" uwnwhuwhenb

yo}cywhfd" c}whjh{nwhcf" `yo~ ofex en}}hfd" go*i ddhfd" jnylow youonyea" nfg ngpoywhuhfd nfg

jnylowhfd jcyo dofoynbbx tc bg fcw yo~ hyo }nyofwnb fcwh`henwhcf nfg ecfuofw cf EC]]N*

ecpoyog uhwou cy uoypheou Cwaoy ecjjofwoyu oq}youuog ecf` uhcf nic w tahea ofwhwhou>=9


35/167

Wcx Hfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 18" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >?< Phnecj Hfe !ecjjofw 8?" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw >5

EGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0*4< Dccdbo !ecjjofw 7>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(">=5

nw ?< Wcx Hfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 18" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >7

Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw ?9" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >5>=7

UooEGW !ecjjofw >?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 0 !To gc" actopoy" ndyoo thwa wao>=?

Ecjjhuuhcf wanw ioanphcynb wnydowhfd c` eahbgyof uhfd fh~ o hgofwh`hoyu uac bg wyhddoy EC]]Necj}bhnfeo cibhdnwhcfu(< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw ?5" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >9< uoonbuc NW&W !ecjjofw 1" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 4< @ w yo c` ]yhpnex @cy j !ecjjofw ??" 9=>>

F]YJ(" nw 9< ThyogWy uw !ecjjofw >44" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 8< Phun Hfe !ecjjofw >01" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9

Uoo9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81>>>=0

*5?*

c}oynwhfd cf cy wayc da n }yc}oywx ec bg wnlo ngpnfwndo c` wao u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu

oqoj}whcf Eahbgyofu ngpcenex dyc }u" ix ecfwynuw" oq}youuog `ony wanw wao }yc}cuog>=5

go`hfhwhcf tnu nbyongx uc iycng wanw hw ec bg oqoj}w wao ecbboewhcf c` jnfx }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy

uog wc `nehbhwnwo wnydowog jnylowhfd >=7

Uopoynb ecjjofwoyu u }}cywog wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yojhuo wanw wao ecbboewhcf c` eoywnhf

}oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu }oyjhwu wao }axuhenb cy cfbhfo ecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb" i w nul

wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc wnlo n gh``oyofw wnel wc yod bnwhfd u ea hgofwh`hoyu Ynwaoy wanf ecpoy nbb

}oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu nfg waof enypo c w }oyjhuuhibo uou" waouo ecjjofwoyu u ddouwog n uhj}boy

n}}ycnea; wao Ecjjhuuhcf uac bg n}}bx wao Y bo cfbx wc wacuo }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu uog `cy wao

} y}cuou c` ecfwnewhfd n u}oeh`he eahbg" hfeb ghfd wayc da cfbhfo ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfd>=?

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf ecfwhf ou wc iobhopo wanw }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu }oyjhw wao cfbhfo

ecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb Nu wao Ecjjhuuhcf uwnwog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" hw hu fcw

}oyu ngog ix nyd jofwu wanw }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu cfbx }oyjhw wao ecfwnewhfd c` n gopheo Wa>=0

hfwoy}yownwhcf hdfcyou wao yonbhwx wanw" nw nfx dhpof jcjofw" n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb hu uhfd wanw


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UooK Ictjnf" Yonb*whjo Ihgghfd Act Hw Tcylu nfg Act Wc _uo Hw" Tnye>=4

Oqeb uhpo !@oi 9=>>("npnhbnibo nw aww};##ttt&hj}ycpoghdhwnb&ecj#of#t}*ecfwofw# }bcngu#9=>>#=8#Tnye*YWI*@oi>>&}g` !Thwa yonb*whjo ihgghfd" ngpoywhuoyu enf goehgo wc } w n u}oeh`he ng hf `ycfw c` n u}oeh`hehfghphg nb toi uoy cf n dhpof uhwo" ihg `cy wanw hj}youuhcf nfg h` waox thf wao ihg uoypo waong" nbb hf wao whjo hw wnlou `cy n }ndo wc bcng cf wao wnydow ecfu joyu ecj} woy (< B @huaoy"

oJnylowoyu D hgo wc wao Ghdhwnb Ngpoywhuhfd Oecuxuwoj; Jn}}hfd wao Ghu}bnx Ngpoywhuhfd] yeanuo ]nwau nfg Ng Uoyphfd ]yceouu !Cew 9=>9("npnhbnibo nw aww};##ttt&ojnylowoy&ecj#Ecy}cynwo#yo}cywu !joghn i xoyu enf gobhpoy }oyucfnbh{og"hj}youuhcf*ix*hj}youuhcf" ngu inuog cf tanw hu lfctf nic w hfghphg nb photoy nwwyhi wou"

ioanphcyu" nfg uhwo ecfwoqw(

>? _ U E 0?=>!1(>=1

*50*

gopheo Hfgoog" wao tacbo }yojhuo fgoybxhfd ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfd hu wc uoypo nf

ngpoywhuojofw inuog cf wao }oyeohpog }yo`oyofeou c` wao hfghphg nb uoy>=4

Fcy hu wao Ecjjhuuhcf utnxog ix nyd jofwu fcwhfd wanw j bwh}bo hfghphg nbu ec bg iouhfd wao unjo gopheo J bwh}bo }oc}bo c`wof uanyo wao unjo }acfo f jioy" wao unjo acjo

nggyouu" nfg wao unjo ojnhb nggyouu" xow Ecfdyouu uwhbb ebnuuh`hog waouo" uwnfghfd nbcfo" nu

hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo hf`cyjnwhcf nic w nf hfghphg nb @cy waouo yonucfu" nfg wao yonucfu>=1

uwnwog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf thbb yownhf }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf

c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf

Actopoy" wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoecdfh{ou wanw }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu nyo nbuc uog `cy n acuw c`

` fewhcfu wanw anpo bhwwbo cy fcwahfd wc gc thwa ecfwnewhfd n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb" nfg wanw waouo

uou nyo ` fgnjofwnb wc wao ujccwa ` fewhcfhfd c` wao Hfwoyfow" wao ~ nbhwx c` wao uhwo cy uoyphe

nfg wao hfghphg nb uoyu oq}oyhofeo Hw tnu `cy waouo yonucfu wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog wc

oq}nfg wao go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfuhf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ
http://www.emarketer.com/Corporate/reportshttp://www.emarketer.com/Corporate/reports


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UooWcx Hfg uwyx Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 18" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >7< uoo nbucOUN>=8

!ecjjofw 59" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 1< FowEacheo !ecjjofw 4=" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4*1

Wahu hfwoy}yownwhcf c` n``hbhnwo yobnwhcfuah}u hu ecfuhuwofw thwa }yhcy Ecjjhuuhcf>>=

nywhe bnwhcfuUoo@WE Yo}cyw" ]ycwoewhfd Ecfu joy ]yhpnex hf nf Oyn c` Yn}hg Eanfdo !Jnyea9=>9(" nw 7>*79"npnhbnibo nw aww};##`we&dcp#cu#9=>9#=5#>9=590}yhpnexyo}cyw&}g` !WaoEcjjhuuhcf jnhfwnhfu wao phot wanw n``hbhnwou nyo wahyg }nywhou" nfg n ecfu joy eacheojoeanfhuj hu foeouunyx fbouu wao n``hbhnwo yobnwhcfuah} hu ebony wc ecfu joyu(< uoo nbuclhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw ?0" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw ? !nulhfd wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc ebnyh`xtanw hu jonfw ix wao }aynuo neycuugh`òyofw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou hf wao ecfwoqw c`

}oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu(

*54*

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf anu gowoyjhfog wc yownhf wao n}}ycnea u ddouwog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ nfg

yo`hfog hf wao 9=>9 UF]YJ" thwa eoywnhf yophuhcfu @hyuw" wao `hfnb Y bo jcgh`hou wao }yc}cuog

go`hfhwhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy wc ecpoy n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy wanw enf io uog wc yoecdfh{o n

uoy cpoy whjo nfg neycuu gh`òyofw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou Wahu jcgh`henwhcf wnlou hfwc

neec fw ecfeoyfu uopoynb ecjjofwoyu ynhuog wanw uhfd n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy thwahf n uhwo cy

uoypheo cpoy whjo uoypou nf hj}cywnfw ` fewhcf hf ecfg ewhfd uhwo }oy`cyjnfeo nuuouujofwu nfg

u }}cywhfd hfwyn*uhwo }yoòyofeou Actopoy" hf wahu ecfwoqw" fcw opoyx toiuhwo cy uoypheo thwa>=8

wnfdofwhnb yobnwhcfuah} thbb io oqoj}w wao woyj gh`òyofw jonfu ohwaoy uhwou cy uoypheou wanw

nyo fyobnwog wc onea cwaoy" cy uhwou cy uoypheou taoyo wao n``hbhnwo yobnwhcfuah} hu fcw ebony wuoy>>=

Uoecfg" wao Ecjjhuuhcf anu gowoyjhfog wanw wao enypo*c w `cy uo c` n }oyuhuwofw

hgofwh`hoy wc }ycphgo u }}cyw `cy wao hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` n toiuhwo cy cfbhfo uoypheo hu iowwoy

nywhe bnwog nu n uo}nynwo oqeo}whcf wc wao Y bou yo~ hyojofwu @cy wahu yonucf" hw anu njofgo

Uoewhcf 5>9 ?!e( ! Oqeo}whcfu wc }yhcy }nyofwnb ecfuofw ( wc ngg n fot oqeo}whcf }ycphghfd wanw

taoyo nf c}oynwcy ecbboewu cfbx n }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy `cy wao ucbo } y}cuo c` }ycphghfd u }}cyw

`cy hwu hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu" wao c}oynwcy thbb anpo fc fcwheo cy ecfuofw cibhdnwhcfu fgoy wao Y bo
http://ftc.gov/os/2012/03/120326privacyreport.pdfhttp://ftc.gov/os/2012/03/120326privacyreport.pdf


38/167

Uoo" o&d&" Ghdhwnb Ngpoywhuhfd Nbbhnfeo !ecjjofw 94" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 5< GJN>>>

!ecjjofw 91" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>< HNI !ecjjofw 45" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >=*>>< Jndn{hfo] ibhuaoyu c` Njoyhen !ecjjofw 0>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >>< Jheycuc`w !ecjjofw 00" 9=>9UF]YJ(" nw ?< Cfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw >95" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 7*?< Phnecj Hfe!ecjjofw 8?" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw >7

*51*

Wahu hu n eanfdo hf cydnfh{nwhcf" ynwaoy wanf n u iuwnfwhpo eanfdo" `ycj wao Ecjjhuuhcfu onybhoy

}yc}cunbu

Hf ngghwhcf" hf you}cfuo wc wao nyd jofwu jngo hf n f jioy c` ecjjofwu" waoEcjjhuuhcf anu ` ywaoy jcgh`hog wao 9=>9 UF]YJ }yc}cuog go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb

c}oynwhcfuwc ngg `yo~ ofex en}}hfd c` ngpoywhuhfd nfg bodnb cy yod bnwcyx ecj}bhnfeo wc wao

}oyjhuuhibo uou of joynwog waoyohf Wao Ecjjhuuhcf goebhfou wc ngg eoywnhf cwaoy bnfd ndo>>>

}yc}cuog ix ecjjofwoyu" u ea nu hfwobboew nb }yc}oywx }ycwoewhcf" }nxjofw nfg gobhpoyx

` fewhcfu" u}nj }ycwoewhcf" c}whjh{nwhcf" uwnwhuwhenb yo}cywhfd" cy go*i ddhfd" ioen uo hw iobhop

wanw waouo ` fewhcfu nyo u ``hehofwbx ecpoyog ix wao go`hfhwhcfnb bnfd ndo }oyjhwwhfd newhphwhou

wanw jnhfwnhf cy nfnbx{o wao ` fewhcfu c` wao toiuhwo cy uoypheo" cy }ycwoew wao uoe yhwx cy

hfwodyhwx c` wao uhwo cy uoypheo _fgoy wahu yophuog go`hfhwhcf" jcuw c` wao newhphwhou wanw

ecjjofwoyu ehwo wc nu hj}cywnfw wc }oyjhwwhfd wao ujccwa nfg c}whjnb c}oynwhcf c` toiuhwou nfg

cfbhfo uoypheou thbb io oqoj}w `ycj EC]]N ecpoyndo

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf nbuc hu ecdfh{nfw wanw ` w yo woeafhenb hffcpnwhcf jnx you bw hf

ngghwhcfnb newhphwhou wanw toiuhwou cy cfbhfo uoypheou `hfg foeouunyx wc u }}cyw waohy hfwoyfnb

c}oynwhcfu Waoyo`cyo" wao Ecjjhuuhcf anu eyonwog n pcb fwnyx }yceouu fot Uoewhcf 5>9 >9!i(

taoyoix }nywhou jnx yo~ ouw Ecjjhuuhcf n}}ycpnb c` ngghwhcfnb newhphwhou wc io hfeb gog

thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu Nfx u ea yo~ ouw thbb io }bneog cf wao

} ibhe yoecyg `cy fcwheo nfg ecjjofw" nfg wao Ecjjhuuhcf thbb new cf hw thwahf >9= gnxu


39/167

UooO]HE !ecjjofw 5>" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8 Wao Ecjjhuuhcf ghundyoou thwa wao>>9

ecfwofwhcf ix eoywnhf ecjjofwoyu wanw wao tcyg foeouunyx hu ecf` uhfd nfg fg bx youwyhewhpoUooCfbhfo ] ibhuaoyu Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw 49" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 8 Hf wahu ecfwoqw" wao woyjjonfu wanw nf c}oynwcy jnx ecbboew n ecpoyog }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy h` hw uou hw `cy wao } y}cuou

bhuwog hf wao go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu Wao c}oynwcy foog fcw gojcfuwynwowanw ecbboewhcf c` wao hgofwh`hoy tnu wao cfbx jonfu wc }oy`cyj wao newhphwx

>77 Ecfd Yoe U1719 !Uwnwojofw c` Uof Iyxnf !>881((>>5

Uoo" o&d&" Nuucehnwhcf `cy Ecj}owhwhpo Woeafcbcdx !ecjjofw 4" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw>>7

?< HNI !ecjjofw 45" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >>

*58*

Wao `hfnb njofgog bnfd ndo jnlou ebony wanw c}oynwcyu jnx cfbx ofdndo hf newhphwhou

foeouunyx wc u }}cyw wao ecpoyog ` fewhcfu Wao Ecjjhuuhcf ndyoou thwa ecjjofwoy O]HE

wanw \wZao }youofeo c` wao tcyg foeouunyx \hf wao uwnw woZ hfghenwou wanw wao uo c` }oy

hgofwh`hoyu hu wc io bhjhwog wc wao nicpo newhphwhou" nfg wanw waouo newhphwhou nyo wc io fnyyctb

ecfuwy og Jcyocpoy" c}oynwcyu jnx fcw uo }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu wanw nbb thwahf wao Y bo>>9

go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `cy nfx } y}cuou cwaoy wanf wacuo bhuwog thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf

c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu&Neecyghfdbx" wao Y bo thbb yo~ hyo c}oynwcyu wc ciwnhf

}nyofwnb ecfuofw `cy wao ecbboewhcf c` }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu taoyo uog wc wynel eahbgyof cpoy wh

nfg neycuu uhwou cy uoypheou Thwac w }nyofwnb ecfuofw" c}oynwcyu jnx fcw dnwaoy }oyuhuwofwhgofwh`hoyu `cy wao } y}cuo c` ioanphcynbbx wnydowhfd ngpoywhuhfd wc n u}oeh`he eahbg Waox nbuc

jnx fcw uo }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu wc njnuu n }yc`hbo cf nf hfghphg nb eahbg uoy inuog cf wao

ecbboewhcf c` u ea hgofwh`hoyu cpoy whjo nfg neycuu gh``oyofw toiuhwou hf cygoy wc jnlo goehuhcfu

cy gynt hfuhdawu nic w wanw eahbg" taowaoy wanw hf`cyjnwhcf hu uog nw wao whjo c` ecbboewhcf cy

bnwoy>>5

Uopoynb ecjjofwoyu uc daw ebnyh`henwhcf c` taowaoy n }nywxu uwnw u nu n `hyuw }nywx cy n

wahyg }nywx tc bg n``oew hwu nihbhwx wc yobx }cf wao u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfugo`hfhwhcf>>7


40/167

Uoo9=>> F]YJ" 40 @Y nw ?81>5>>?

Hg&>>0

*7=*

Wc wao oqwofw wanw n eahbg*ghyoewog ecfwofw uhwo cy uoypheo ofdndou uoypheo }ycphgoyu wc }oy`cy

` fewhcfu ofecj}nuuog ix wao go`hfhwhcf c` u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu" wacuo ` fewhcfu thbb

io ecpoyog nu u }}cyw `cy wao ecfwofw*}ycphgoyu hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu H` n wahyg }nywx ecbboewhf

}oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoyu hu goojog nfc}oynwcy fgoy wao Y bo !o&d&" ioen uo hw anu new nb lfctbogdo

hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj uoyu c` n eahbg*ghyoewog uhwo cy uoypheo" cy hw anu new

lfctbogdo hw hu ecbboewhfd }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf `ycj n eahbg wayc da n dofoynb n ghofeo uhwo cy

uoypheo(" wanw c}oynwcy jnx yobx cf wao Y bou u }}cyw `cy hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfugo`hfhwhcf taof hw

uou }oyuhuwofw hgofwh`hoy hf`cyjnwhcf `cy ` fewhcfu wanw `nbb thwahf hw

e ]acwcdyn}au" Phgocu" nfg N ghc @hbou

Wao Y bou oqhuwhfd go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hfeb gou }acwcdyn}au cfbx taof

waox nyo ecjihfog thwa cwaoy hf`cyjnwhcf u ea wanw wao ecjihfnwhcf }oyjhwu }axuhenb cy cfbhfo

ecfwnewhfd Dhpof wao }yopnbofeo nfg }c} bnyhwx c` }cuwhfd }acwcu" phgocu" nfg n ghc `hbou

cfbhfo" hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf yoopnb nwog wao }yhpnex nfg un`owx hj}bhenwhcfu c`

u ea }ynewheou nu waox }oywnhf wc eahbgyof Wao Ecjjhuuhcf gowoyjhfog wanw wao hfaoyofwbx

}oyucfnb fnw yo c` }acwcdyn}au" nfg wao `new wanw waox jnx ecfwnhf hf`cyjnwhcf u ea nu

ojioggog docbcenwhcf gnwn" cy enf io }nhyog thwa `nehnb yoecdfhwhcf woeafcbcdx" jnlou waoj

hgofwh`hoyu wanw }oyjhw wao }axuhenb cy cfbhfo ecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he hfghphg nb Wao>>?

Ecjjhuuhcf `c fg wao unjo yhulu nwwofgnfw thwa wao cfbhfo }bcnghfd c` phgoc nfg n ghc `hbou>>0

Neecyghfdbx" wao Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog eyonwhfd n fot enwodcyx thwahf wao go`hfhwhcf c`


41/167

Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibhe Yo}youofwnwhcf !ecjjofw 4>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 55>4

]yhpnex Yhdawu Ebonyhfdac uo !ecjjofw >5>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9

UooGJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >4< ]ycjcwhcf Jnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf>>1

!ecjjofw >55" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< FEWN !ecjjofw >>5" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >0 Eoywnhfecjjofwoyu hfwoy}yowog wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cunb nu hfn}}bhenibo wc uoy*dofoynwog ecfwofw"

i w n}}bhenibo wc nf c}oynwcyu ctf uo c` eahbgyofu hjndou cy pcheou UooEWHN !ecjjofw 59"

9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< Fnwhcfnb Yownhb @ogoynwhcf !ecjjofw >>7" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 7< @ ]ndo!ecjjofw >97" 9=>> F]YJ(

UooNjoyhenf Nuucehnwhcf c` Ngpoywhuhfd Ndofehou !ecjjofw 9" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw>>8

7< Hfwoyfow Ecjjoyeo Ecnbhwhcf !ecjjofw 47" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw ?< ]ycjcwhcf JnylowhfdNuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw >55" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< uoo nbucGJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw>4

*7>*

}oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf ecpoyhfd n }acwcdyn}a" phgoc" cy n ghc `hbo taoyo u ea `hbo ecfwnhfu n

eahbgu hjndo cy pcheo

Ucjo ecjjofwoyu u }}cywog wahu }yc}cunb @cy oqnj}bo" wao Hfuwhw wo `cy ] ibheYo}youofwnwhcf" cf ioanb` c` n dyc } c` eahbgyofu }yhpnex ngpcenwou" uwnwog wanw \iZoen uo

}acwcdyn}au" phgocu" nfg n ghc `hbou enf ecfpox bnydo njc fwu c` hf`cyjnwhcf nic w eahbgyof wanw

enf jnlo waoj jcyo p bfoynibo wc ioanphcynb ngpoywhuhfd" nfg }cuuhibx } w waohy }oyucfnb un`owx

nw yhul nu tobb" waouo wx}ou c` hf`cyjnwhcf uac bg io hfeb gog hf wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb

hf`cyjnwhcf >>4

Uopoynb ecjjofwoyu eyhwheh{og wao Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cunb" ebnhjhfd wanw wao o``oew tc bg

bhjhw eahbgyofu }nywheh}nwhcf hf cfbhfo newhphwhou hfpcbphfd uoy*dofoynwog ecfwofw Uopo>>1

ecjjofwoyu huu og ibnflow uwnwojofwu wanw }acwcu" phgocu" nfg n ghc `hbou" hf nfg c` waojuobpou"

gc fcw }oyjhw c}oynwcyu wc bcenwo cy ecfwnew n eahbg Cwaoy ecjjofwoyu uwnwog wanw wao>>8

Ecjjhuuhcfu }yc}cunb hu }yojnw yo" nyd hfd wanw `nehnb yoecdfhwhcf woeafcbcdhou nyo cfbx hf


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UooHfwob Ecy} !ecjjofw 49" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 0*4< Jcwhcf ]hew yo Nuucehnwhcf c` >9=

Njoyhen !J]NN( !ecjjofw >=8" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >5

Uoo]yhpc !ecjjofw 40" 9=>9 UF]YJ(" nw 4< GJN !ecjjofw 54" 9=>> F]YJ(">9>

nw >4*>1< ]ycjcwhcf Jnylowhfd Nuucehnwhcf !ecjjofw >55" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >9< ThyogUnòwx!ecjjofw >44" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >=

OUN !ecjjofw 74" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >7 f 9>< lhgUN@O Uonb ]ycdynj !ecjjofw>99

1>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >>

UooThyogUnòwx !ecjjofw >44" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw >= !wao yhul c` uhfd n>95

}yowoofu ebony hjndo hf uwhbb }acwcu cy hf phgoc `cyjnwu hu ciphc u(< uoo nbucHfwob !ecjjofw 49"9=>> F]YJ(" nw 4 !to }yc}cuo bhjhwhfd wao Ecjjhuuhcfu fot go`hfhwhcf wc n }acwcdyn}a"phgoc cy n ghc `hbo taoyo u ea `hbo ecfwnhfu n eahbgu hjndo cy pcheotahea jnx yonucfnibx nbbcthgofwh`henwhcf c` wao eahbg ( Wao Ecjjhuuhcf iobhopou wanw c}oynwcyu tac eaccuo wc ib y

}acwcdyn}ahe hjndou c` eahbgyof }yhcy wc }cuwhfd u ea hjndou tc bg fcw io hf phcbnwhcf c` waoY bo

*79*

waohy fnueofw uwndou @hfnbbx" uopoynb ecjjofwoyu nyd og wanw wao Ecjjhuuhcf uac bg fnyyct>9=

wao uec}o c` hwu }yc}cunb" oqoj}whfd `ycj ecpoyndo }acwcu" phgocu" cy n ghc `hbou wanw anpo ioof

}youeyoofog wc yojcpo nfx jowngnwn cy cwaoy hfghphg nbbx hgofwh`hnibo hf`cyjnwhcf Cwaoyu>9>

nulog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc enypo c w `ycj ecpoyndo }acwcu cy phgocu taoyo uog wc u }}cyw

hfwoyfnb c}oynwhcfu c` n uhwo cy uoypheo Ecjjofwoy ThyogUnòwx ydog wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc>99

ngc}w n uwnfgnyg wanw tc bg }oyjhw c}oynwcyu wc ib y hjndou c` eahbgyof io`cyo }bcnghfd waoj"

waoyoix yog ehfd wao yhulu c` oq}cu yo>95

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf gcou fcw ghu} wo wanw }bcnghfd }acwcu" phgocu" nfg n ghc `hbou enf io

ofwoywnhfhfd `cy eahbgyof Xow" hw hu }yoehuobx wao poyx }oyucfnb fnw yo c` eahbgyofu }acwcdyn}a

hjndou" phgocu" nfg pcheo yoecyghfdu wanw bongu wao Ecjjhuuhcf wc gowoyjhfo wanw u ea `hbou joow

wao uwnfgnyg `cy }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf uow cywa ix Ecfdyouu hf wao EC]]N uwnw wo Wanw hu" hf

nfg c` waojuobpou" u ea `hbou }oyjhw wao }axuhenb cy cfbhfo ecfwnewhfd c` n u}oeh`he


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>? _ U E 0?=>!1(!@( !hwnbheu nggog(>97

]yhpnex Yhdawu Ebonyhfdac uo !ecjjofw >5>" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 9< uoo nbuc>9?

WY_UWo !ecjjofw >07" 9=>> F]YJ(" nw 4 !ihcjowyheu u ea nu wacuo }ycphgog hf n }acwc"phgoc cy n ghc yoecyghfd nyo }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nfg dyonwoy }ycwoewhcfu foog wc io }ycphgog(

Wao Ecjjhuuhcf fcwou wanw wahu njofgjofw tc bg fcw n}}bx wc }bcnghfd }acwcu>90

cy phgocu cf dofoynb n ghofeo uhwou u ea nu @neoiccl cy Xc W io" niuofw new nb lfctbogdo wanwwao }oyucf }bcnghfd u ea `hbou hu n eahbg

40 @Y nw ?81>5>94

Hg&Ngghfd fot }nyndyn}a !k( wc wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf hf >0 E@Y >91

5>9 9

*75*

hfghphg nb Nu wao ]yhpnex Yhdawu Ebonyhfdac uo uwnwog" \nZu `nehnb yoecdfhwhcf ngpnfeou">97

}acwcu nfg phgocu anpo wao }cwofwhnb wc io nfnbx{og nfg uog wc wnydow nfg }cwofwhnbbx hgofwh`x

hfghphg nbu Dhpof waouo yhulu" wao Ecjjhuuhcf ecfwhf ou wc iobhopo hw hu ofwhyobx n}}yc}yhnw>9?

wc yo~ hyo c}oynwcyu tac c``oy xc fd eahbgyof wao c}}cyw fhwx wc }bcng }acwcu" phgocu" cy n ghc

`hbou ecfwnhfhfd eahbgyofu hjndou cy pcheou wc ciwnhf }nyofwnb ecfuofw io`cyoanfg Waoyo cyo">90

wao Ecjjhuuhcf ngc}wu wao jcgh`henwhcf c` wao go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf yodnyghfd

}acwcu" phgocu" nfg n ghc `hbou nu }yc}cuog hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" thwac w ~ nbh`henwhcf

g Docbcenwhcf Hf`cyjnwhcf

Hf wao 9=>> F]YJ" wao Ecjjhuuhcf uwnwog wanw" hf hwu phot" oqhuwhfd }nyndyn}a !i( c` wao

go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf nbyongx ecpoyog nfx docbcenwhcf hf`cyjnwhcf wanw }ycphgou

}yoehuo ofc da hf`cyjnwhcf wc hgofwh`x wao fnjo c` n uwyoow nfg ehwx cy wctf Actopoy">94

ioen uo docbcenwhcf hf`cyjnwhcf enf io }youofwog hf n pnyhowx c` `cyjnwu !o&d " eccyghfnwou cy n

jn}(" nfg hf ucjo hfuwnfeou enf io jcyo }yoehuo wanf uwyoow fnjo nfg fnjo c` ehwx cy wctf" wao

Ecjjhuuhcf }yc}cuog jnlhfd docbcenwhcf hf`cyjnwhcf n uwnfg*nbcfo enwodcyx thwahf wao

go`hfhwhcf c` }oyucfnb hf`cyjnwhcf&>91


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UooNW&W !ecjjofw 1"

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