PRESENTATION ON CHILDHOOD DISORDERS.

:Lianne Dias

DISORDERS OF CHILDHOOD

Under controlled(Externalizing)

Over controlled(Internalizing)

•Attention-Deficit/ Hyperactivity Disorder

•Conduct Disorder

•Childhood Depression

•Anxiety Disorders

Problems for others Problems for self

More Prevalent in Boys More Prevalent in Girls

ADHD DISORDER

WHAT IS ADHD ADHD is a common behavioral disorder that

affects an estimated 8% to 10% of school-age children. Boys are about three times more likely than girls to be diagnosed with it.

Kids with adhd act without thinking, are hyperactive, and have trouble focusing. They may understand what's expected of them but have trouble following through because they can't sit still, pay attention, or attend to details.

The child have non goal-directed behavior

ETIOLOGY OF ADHD Genetic Factors - a predisposition is

likely inherited Environmental Toxins:

Food Additives - unlikelyRefined Sugar - unsupportedNicotine – likelyAlcohol and drugs - likely

Psychodynamic - authoritarian parenting

TREATMENT OF ADHD . Medication Psychotherapy Behavior therapy for ADHD also effective Best approach - Stimulants + Behavior

Therapy Prevention: stop smoking during

pregnancy because it appears to be associated with an increased risk for ADHD.

CONDUCT DISORDERS.

CONDUCT DISORDER Patterns of extreme disobedience in

children, including , fighting and physical cruelty

destructiveness lying and stealing truancy (including running away from

home). May have antisocial personality

disorder and aggressiveness.

ETIOLOGY OF CONDUCT DISORDER.

Individual: your child’s temperament. Genetic: it’s more common in the children of

adults who had conduct problems when they were young.

Physical: problems in processing social information and brain damage.

Environmental: family problems and social pressures, for example rejection by friends or living in a deprived area.

TREATMENT OF CONDUCT DISORDER

Behavior therapy, including role play, rehearsal and practice

psychotherapy, particularly to help child with anger management

educational support for learning disabilities

counseling of parents, eg, helping you manage at home

Medication..

AUTISTIC DISORDERS.

AUTISTIC DISORDER Presence of markedly abnormal or impaired

development in social interaction and communication and a markedly restricted of activity and interests

Autism and Mental Retardation - approximately 80% of autistic children score below 70 on IQ tests

Autistic Savant - a mentally retarded person with superior functioning in one narrow area of intellectual activity.

Communication Deficits - language delay,, pronoun reversal, neologisms, literal use of words.

ETIOLOGY OF AUTISTIC

DISORDER Psychological Basis - Bettelheim - autistic

disorder caused by cold and rejecting parents. No support.

Biological BasesGenetic Factors -Neurological Factors -

TREATMENT FOR AUTISM: Special education programs. developing social skills, speech, language,

self-care and job skills. Medication. parent counseling.

MENTAL RETARDATION.

MENTAL RETARDATION Mental retardation is a term that was once

commonly used to describe someone who learns and develops more slowly than other kids.

"intellectual disability" or "developmental delay.“

CLASSIFICATION OF MR Mild Mental Retardation (50-55 to 70-75 IQ)

Able to maintain themselves in unskilled jobs May need help with social or financial problems

Moderate Mental Retardation (35-40 to 50-55 IQ) Brain damage and other pathologies are frequent Most live dependently within family or group homes

Severe Mental Retardation (20-25 to 35-40 IQ) Commonly have congenital physical abnormalities May be able to perform very simple work under supervision

Profound Mental Retardation (below 20-25 IQ) Severe physical deformities and neurological damage Very high mortality rate during childhood

KnownEtiology

UnknownEtiology

Deficiencies inFunctionalacademic

skills

Homelivingskills

Self-direction

Workskills

Communication

Communityuse

Healthand safety

Socialskills

Self-careskills

Deficiencies in

Attention tostimuli

Short-termmemory

Processingspeed

Executivefunctioning

Controlfunction oflanguage

ETIOLOGY OF MENTAL

RETARDATION Genetic or Chromosomal Abnormalities

Down Syndrome Fragile X Syndrome

Recessive-Gene Diseases Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Infectious Diseases HIV

DOWN SYNDROME CHILD

TREATMENT OF MENTAL RETARADATION.

Encourage the child and Explore him. Teach basic skills. Celebrate Achievement Rehearsal. Protection from teasing or social rejection.

LEARNING DISABILITIES.

LEARNING DISABILITIES Learning Disorders

Reading Disorder Mathematics Disorder Disorder of Written Expression

Communication Disorders Expressive Language Disorder Phonological Disorder Stuttering

Motor Skills Disorder

ETIOLOGY OF LEARNING

DISORDERS Biological -

Psychological - Visual perceptual deficits perceiving letters in

reverse order or mirror image Language processing -

TREATMENT FOR LEARNING DISABILITIES.

Diagnosis and testing for learning disabilities and disorders

Types of specialists who may be able to test for and Clinical psychologists

School psychologists Child psychiatrists Educational psychologists Developmental psychologists

ENURESIS DISORDERS.

ENURESIS DISORDERS. Enuresis is a common childhood problem.

Children learn to control daytime urination as they become aware of their bladder filling.

Once this occurs, the child then learns to consciously control and coordinate his or her bladder.

The number of children with bedwetting varies by age; at five years of age, Boys are twice as likely as girls to wet the bed.

For most children, bedwetting resolves on its own without treatment.

CAUSES OF ENURESIS.

The child's bladder is maturing more slowly than usual

The child's bladder holds a smaller-than-normal amount of urine

Genetics; parents who had enuresis as children are more likely to have children with enuresis

Deep sleep. Physical or emotional problems rarely cause

bedwetting.

ENURESIS TREATMENT Initial treatment of bedwetting includes

education and motivational therapy. Medication. Motivational therapy. Self-awakening. Bedwetting alarms 

ENCOPRESIS DISORDERS

ENCOPRESIS DISORDERS. More than 80% of children with encopresis

have experienced constipation or painful defecation in the past.

Most children with encopresis say they have do not have an urge to have a bowel movement before they soil their underwear. Soiling episodes usually occur during the day, while the child is awake and active.

Some children with encopresis soil while in the bathtub, shower, or swimming pool.

ENCOPRESIS CAUSES. Rarely caused by an anatomic abnormality or

diseases that child born with.

It develops as a result of chronic.(constipation.)

.

TREATMENT OF ENCORPRESIS. Self-Care at Home

It is very important that parents and other caregivers keep a complete record of the child's medication use and bowel movements during the treatment period.

SEPARATION ANXIETY IN CHILDREN Separation anxiety is normal in very young

children (those between 8 and 14 months old). Kids often go through a phase when they are "clingy" and afraid of unfamiliar people and places.

. A child becomes fearful and nervous when

he is away from home .

WHAT CAUSES SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDER?

Separation anxiety often develops after a significant stressful or traumatic event in the child's life, such as a stay in the hospital, the death of a loved one or pet, or a change in environment.

separation anxiety often have family members with anxiety or other mental disorders

TREATMENT OF SEPARATION ANXIETY DISORDERS.

Psychotherapy

Cognitive therapy.

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