Child Development - typical and atypical development

DOSYR1

Dr Karl Wall2010

Human development

Conception

Pregnancy

Birth

ChildhoodTeen years

Pre-puberty

Puberty

Early years

Adulthood

Older adulthood

Middle adulthood

Early adulthood

Death

Dimensions of change:

• Physical• Sensory• Motor • Social• Emotional • Cognitive• Reproductive• Experiential

0 – 5 months: ‘typical’ development

From upper part of Figure 10 p64 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

5 months – 1 year: ‘typical’ development

From lower part of Figure 10 p64 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

12 mths – 18 mths: ‘typical’ development.

From upper part of Figure 18 p154 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

18 mths – 60 mths: ‘typical’ development

From lower part of Figure 18 p154 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Variation and range in milestones

From Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Variation and range in milestones 1

Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Holds head steady when held upright

(1 week - 4 months)

Lying on tummy lifts self by arms

3 weeks - 5 months

Rolls from side to back 3 wks - 5 mon.

Rolls from back to side

2-7 months

Month. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Ave. 3 weeks

Ave. 2 months

Ave. 4.5 months

Variation and range in milestones 2

Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Grasps a cube

2 mths - 7mths

Sits alone with coordination

5 mths - 9 mths

Month. 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ave. 3 months Ave. 7 months

Variation and range in milestones 3

Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Crawls

5 mths - 11mthsPulls to a standing position

5 mths - 12mths

Uses a pincer grasp

7-10 months

Month. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ave. 7 mths

Ave. 8 mths

Ave. 9 mths

Variation and range in milestones 4

Based on ‘Table 4 ‘Ages when motor skills are achieved’ p95 of Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Stands independently

9 months - 16 months

Walks alone

8 mths - 18mths

Mth. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Ave. 11 months

Ave. 13 months

Sleep

Figure from Thieke (2001) at http://www.aafp.org/afp/20010115/277.html

Historically:

• Childhood: the early part of being an adult - not a special period

• Children as little adults – no special care or attention required; no differentiation between ‘child’ development and ‘adult’ development

Child development theories 1

• Arnold Gesell (1880 -1961): universal patterns of physical maturation, genetically driven and determined > ‘milestones of development’

• Sigmund Freud (1857 -1959): early childhood experience informs subsequent development; focus on impact of psychosexual influences > type of stage theory

Child development theories 2

• Erik Erikson (1902-1994): extends Freud’s perspectives:

Brings in environmental factors and more stages issue of overcoming stage related ‘crisis’ events.

• B.F. Skinner (1904 -1990): Child behaviour shaped by how experience is reinforced:

Role of reward and punishment > experience conditions behaviour

Child development theories 3

• Alfred Bandura (1925 -present): Learning informed by imitation and social observation

Role of motivation and inner psychological processes

modelling, role models, ‘social’ learning: ‘Social Learning Theory’

Child development theories 4

• Lev Vygotsky (1896-1934): Learning interactions as basis of development:

Role of social context, language, communication and the mediating influence of others inform a ‘social constructivist’ development

Historical, cultural and social factors inform cognition and development - ‘language’ is the principal societal tool

Child development theories 5

• Jean Piaget (1896 -1980): development seen as:

Four, genetically driven, universal and sequential stages of symbol based ‘cognitive’ development.

These reflect children's individual construction of their own thinking systems, supported by interaction with adults

Child development theories 6

• John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth (Integrated Attachment Theory):

focus on how parent – child relationships are established

the role of early relational experiences and their impact on how later relationships are formed and maintained

• ‘Life Course’ perspectives: re-integration of child and adult development as aspects of a single developmental continuum

Child development theories 7

Meggitt, C. (2006) Child Development. London: Heinemann.

Miller, L., Rustin, M., Rustin, M. and Shuttleworth, J. (2002).Closely observed infants. London: Duckworth.

Reference sources 1

Sylva, K. and Lunt, I. (1982) Child development-a first course. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Herbert, M. (2003) Typical and Atypical Development. Oxford: BPS Blackwell.

Lewis. V. (2003) Development and Disability. 2nd Edition. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing.

Sheridan, M. D. (2005) From Birth to Five years [Updated and revised by Frost, M. and Sharma, A.). London: Routledge.

Sheridan, M. D. (2006) Play in Early Childhood – From birth to six years. [Updated and revised by Harding, J. and Meldon-Smith, L.). London: Routledge.

Reference sources 2

Butterworth, G. & Harris, M. (1994). Principles of Developmental Psychology. Hove: Psychology Press. Chap. 9: Cognitive development in early childhood; Chap. 10: Cognitive development in middle childhood.

Child, D. (1997). Psychology and the Teacher. London: Cassell. Chap. 7: Concept formation and cognitive development.

Donaldson, M. (1978) Children’s Minds. London: Fontana. (a critique of aspects of Piaget’s stage theory)

Reference sources 3

Eysenck. M.W. (2000). Psychology: A Student’s Handbook. Hove, E. Sussex: Psychology Press. Chap. 16: Cognitive development.

Siegler, R.S. & Wagner Alibali, M. (2005). Children’s Thinking. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Chap. 2: Piaget’s theory of development.

Sutherland, P. (1992). Cognitive Development Today: Piaget and his Critics. London: Paul Chapman.

Tharp, R. & Gallimore, R. (1991). A theory of assisted performance, in P. Light, S. Sheldon, M. Woodhead (eds). Learning to Think. London: Routledge.

Reference sources 4

Miller, P. H. (2002) Theories of Developmental Psychology (4th edn). New York: Worth.

Kugelmass, J. W. (2007) Constructivist views of learning: implications for inclusive education, in Lani Florian (ed). The SAGE Handbook of Special Education. London: SAGE

De Valenzuela. J. S. (2007) Sociocultural views of learning in Lani Florian (ed). The SAGE Handbook of Special Education. London: SAGE

Reference sources 5