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CHI 101Introduction

Pinyin and Tones

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Chinese Syllable Structure

Initial + (Medial) + Final +Tone

Initial - Consonants: b,p,m,f,d,t,n,l.…etc.Medial - i, u, üFinal - Vowels: a,e,i,u,o,ai,ao,ou…etc.

(+ n/ng ending)

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1. Simple Finals

a -- central vowelo -- rounded semi-high back vowele -- unrounded semi-high back voweli* -- unrounded high front vowelu -- rounded high back vowelü -- rounded high front vowel

* Lose “i” sound after z,c,s and zh,ch,sh,r

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2. Initials (consonants)There are 21 initials in Chinese. They can be divided into three major types:

Type I: Followed by most of the finals (vowels)

Unaspirated stop Aspirated stop Nasal Fricative Voiced continuant

Labial b p m f wAlveolar d t n lVela; glottal g k h

Type II: Followed by /i/ or /_/ only

Dental; Palatal j q x y

Type III: Followed by /a/,/e/,/u/ and /i/ -> alveolar front after z,c,s and alveolar back after zh,ch,sh,rDental sibilant z c sRetroflex zh ch sh r

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3. Basic Combinations

a o e i u ü

b ba bo bi bu

p pa po pi pu

m ma mo mi mu

f fa fo fu

d da de di du

t ta te ti tu

n na ne ni nu nü

l la le li lu lü

g ga ge gu

k ka ke ku

h ha he hu

a o e i u ü

j ji ju

q qi qu

x xi xu

zh zha zhe zhi zhu

ch cha che chi chu

sh sha she shi shu

r re ri ru

z za ze zi zu

c ca ce ci cu

s sa se si su

Finals

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4. Compound Finals (1): ai, ei, ao, ou

ai ei ao ou

b bai bei bao

p pai pei pao pou*

m mai mei mao mou*

f fei

d dai dei dao dou

t tai tao tou

n nai nei nao

l lai lei lao lou

g gai gei gao gou

k kai kao kou

h hai hao hou

ai ei ao ou

j

q

x

zh zhai zhao zhou

ch chai chao chou

sh shai shei shao shou

r rao rou

z zai zao zou

c cai cao cou

s sai sao sou

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4. Compound finals (2): an, en, in, ang, eng, ing, ong (page 1)

an en in ang eng ing ong

b ban ben bin bang beng bing

p pan pen pin pang peng ping

m man men min mang meng ming

f fan fen fang feng

d dan din dang deng ding dong

t tan tin tang teng ting tong

n nan nen nin nang neng ning nong

l lan lin lang leng ling long

g gan gen gang geng gong

k kan kang keng kong

h han hang heng hong

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4. Compound finals (2) (Page 2)

an en in ang eng ing ong

j jin jing

q qin qing

x xin xing

zh zhan zhen zhang zheng zhong

ch chan chen chang cheng chong

sh shan shen shang sheng

r ran ren rang reng rong

z zan zen zang zeng zong

c can cen cang ceng cong

s san sen sang seng song

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4. Compound finals (3): Medial /i/ - ia, iao, ie, iu (Page 1)

i(o)u

ia iao ie iu

b biao bie

p piao pie

m miao mie miu

f

d diao die diu

t tiao tie

n niao nie

l lia liao lie liu

g

k

h

i(o)u

ia iao ie iu

j jia jiao jie jiu

q qia qiao qie qiu

x xia xiao xie xiu

zh

ch

sh

r

z

c

s

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4. Compound finals (3): Medial /i/ - ian, iang, iong (Page 2)

ian iang iong

b bian

p pian

m mian

f

d dian

t tian

n nian niang

l lian liang

g

k

h

ian iang iong

j jian jiang jiong

q qian qiang qiong

x xian xiang xiong

zh

ch

sh

r

z

c

s

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4. Compound finals (4): Medial /u/ - ua, uo, uai,

ui (page 1) u(e)i

ua uo uai ui

b

p

m

f

d duo dui

t tuo tui

n nuo

l luo

g gua guo gui

k kua kuo kui

h hua huo hui

u(e)i

ua uo uai ui

j

q

x

zh zhua zhuo zhui

ch chuo chuai chui

sh shua shuo shuai shui

r ruo rui

z zuo zui

c cuo cui

s suo sui

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4. Compound finals (4):Medial /u/ - uan, un, uang, (page 2)

u(e)n

uan un uang

b

p

m

f

d duan dun

t tuan tun

n nuan

l luan lun

g guan gun guang

k kuan kun kuang

h huan hun huang

u(e)n

uan un uang

j

q

x

zh zhuan zhun zhuang

ch chuan chun chuang

sh shuan shun shuang

r ruan run

z zuan zun

c cuan cun

s suan sun

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4. Compound finals (5): Medial /ü/ - üe, üan, ün

üe üan _n

b

p

m

f

d

t

n nüel lüeg

k

h

üe üan ünj jue juan jun

q que quan

qun

x xue xuan

xun

zh

ch

sh

r

z

c

s

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5. Pinyin Spelling Rules

5.1. “y” as initial

5.1.1. When there is no initial before i:

a. Add “y” as the initial when “i” is alone or followed by “n” or “ng,”

i yi ing ying in yin

b. Change “i” into “y” when “i” is followed by another vowel:ia ya ian yan ie ye iang yang iao yao iong yong iu i(o)u you

5.1.2. Add “y” as the initial when there is no initial before “ü”: ü yu üan yuan üe yue ün yun

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5. Pinyin Spelling Rules (2)

5.2. “w” as initial

5.2.1. Change “u” into “w” if “u” is not preceded by an initial:

ua wa

uai wai

uan wan

uang wang

uo wo

ui u(e)i wei

un u(e)n wen

ueng weng

5.2.2. “u” by itself becomes wu

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Practice

1. a. qiu b. chou

2. a. shu b. xu

3. a. zhe b. jie

4. a. guo b. gou

5. a. jian b. qian

6. a. xi b. shi

7. a. cai b. sai

8. a. chui b. que

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• Homework:

- Workbook Introduction, Part One A, B, F

(Textbook/WB Audio on eCampus)

- Character Work Book P. 5, 6

Office hours:

Lin laoshi: Mon 3:30 – 5:00; Wed 3:30 – 5:00

Wang laoshi: Tue 2:30 – 4:00; Wed 2:30 – 4:00

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6. Tones (1) Pitch Contour - 55 35 214 51

mā má mǎ mà Tone 1 2 3 4

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• Good sites to practice tone – linked from eCampus (Pinyin with tones)

• http://www.newconceptmandarin.com/learning-tools/introduction-to-pinyin.aspx

• http://talkbank.org/Pinyin/Trad_chart.php

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6. Tones (2)

The neutral tone:

. Pronounced briefly and softly

1. First tone + neutral 55 + 22. Second tone + neutral 35 + 33. Third tone + neutral 32 + 44. Fourth tone + neutral 51 + 1

Examples:

bàba shūshu xiānsheng

‘father’ ‘uncle’ ‘Mr. or husband’

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7. Tone Sandhi Rules

1. When two third-tone syllables are together, the first third tone becomes second tone.33 23 e.g. hěnhǎo hénhǎo

2. The third tone is only pronounced as a full third tone when it is emphasized. Otherwise it is pronounced as a low tone (except #1).pitch contour 213 21 e.g. Duìbùqǐ, cèsuǒ, diànnǎo

3. 一 yī (meaning ‘one’, ‘a’) and 不 bù (meaning no, not)yi and bu 4th tone when preceding 1st, 2nd, or 3rd toneyi and bu 2nd tone when preceding 4th tone

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Numbers“zero” 〇 líng“one” 一 yī “two” 二 èr “three” 三 sān“four” 四 sì“five” 五 wǔ“six” 六 liù“seven” 七 qī“eight” 八 bā“nine” 九 jiǔ“ten” 十 shí

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Classroom Expressions

1. Nǐ hǎo “how are you”

2. Lǎoshī hǎo “how are you, teacher”

3. Shàngkè “start class”

4. Xiàkè “dismiss class”

5. Dǎkāi shū “open your book”

6. Wǒ shuō, nǐmen tīng “I say, you listen”

7. Duì bú duì “yes or no?”

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8. Hěnhǎo “very good”

9. Qǐng gēn wǒ shuō “pls say it after me”

10. Qǐng zài shuō yí cì “pls say it again.”

11. Dǒng bù dǒng “understand?”

12. Zàijiàn “Good-bye”

- Duìbuqǐ “I’m sorry.”- Qǐngwèn “Excuse me; May I ask…”- Xièxie “Thank you”

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1. Good-bye2. Very good3. Understand?4. Correct or not correct?5. I am sorry.6. Thank you.7. How are you8. Start class9. Please say it again10. May I ask…11. I say you listen12. Please say it after me

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Pinyin Practice

1. 1) máng 2) zhuā 3) shuǐ 4) zhuàng

2. 1) shéi 2) tòng 3) liàn 4) bāo

3. 1) sēng 2) jué 3) kǎi 4) dàn

4. 1) lùn 2) qiè 3) tuǒ 4) xióng

5. 1) fǒu 2) pàng 3) xú 4) juān

6. 1) běn 2) jiǔ 3) qià 4) tiāo

7. 1) lín 2) guài 3) quān 4) xiǎng

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Pinyin Practice

1. Shíjiān2. Biǎoyǎn3. Cáipàn4. Sùshè5. Xuéxiào6. Xǐzǎo7. Zhàopiàn8. Juéde

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Pinyin Practice

• 1. Mòxīgē → Mexico• 2. Fēnlán → Finland• 3. Jiānádà → Canada• 4. Zhìlì → Chile• 5. Dānmài → Denmark• 6. Bānámǎ → Panama• 7. Xībānyá → Spain• 8. Yìdàlì → Italy• 9. Nuówēi → Norway• 10. Gǔbā → Cuba

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• Homework due Monday:

Workbook Introduction, Part One

(A, B, C, D, E, F)

Happy Weekend!

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8. Chinese Writing System

. Mono-syllabic one character=one syllable

. Number of characters 50,000 – Hanyu da cidian 汉语大词典 10,000 – Normal dictionaries 3,000 – Every day use

. Development of Chinese Script http://www.chinaknowledge.de/index.html

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8.1 The Formation of Chinese Characters

1) Pictographs (2%) 象形 – pictograms

人 , 山 , 日 , 木 , 交 , 馬2) Simple Indicative (1%) 指事 – iconic illustrations

上 , 下 , 本 3) Compound Indicative (3%) 會意 - combined pictograms to

symbolize a new meaning 明 , 休 , 旦 , 安 , 炎 , 林4) Semantic-Phonetic (93%) 形聲 - represent the largest group

of characters in modern Chinese. Composed of two parts: a pictograph (radical) and a phonetic part

江 , 飯 , 姑 , 梨 , 炮 , 飽 , 胞 , 苞 , 泡Plus Mutually explanatory and Phonetic loan

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8.2 Stroke Order• Left to right: 林• Top to bottom: 去 , 三 • Middle before two side: 小 , 水 , 火 , 木 • Outside to inside, but the closure stroke at the

bottom comes last: 回 ( 冂口一 ) 国 , 四 , 司 , 區

• Horizontal stroke before a crossing vertical: 十( 一丨 ), 木 ( 一丨丿乀 ), 草 , 丰

• Diagonal right top to left bottom are written before a crossing diagonal: 文 ( 丶一丿乀 ) 父

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Animated Stroke Order

• http://www.usc.edu/dept/ealc/chinese/character/simplified_chinese/output1/index.html

• http://www.usc.edu/dept/ealc/chinese/character/output/index.html (numbers)

Lín lǎoshī’s homepage: http://community.wvu.edu/~hhl001

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8.3 Basic Radicals

Radicals = meaning of the character

Other component = sound of the characters

Example:

妈 ma “mother”

女 nu3 “woman”

马 ma3 “horse”

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8.4 Simplification and Variants

Recent development:

1. Year 1956 515 characters simplified by PRC government.

2. Year 1964 2,000 characters simplified.

Examples:

雲云 , 禮礼 , 醫医 , 潔洁 國国 , 衛卫 , 車车 , 樂乐3. 厂 vs 广，旧 vs 归，办 vs 为 (simplified)

廠 vs 廣 , 舊 vs 歸 , 辦 vs 為 (traditional)

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1. Do WB Part Two V, VI

2. Finish Character Workbook Pp 1-12

3. Know how to write numbers 1 – 10 in Chinese

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Prepare for Friday’s Test

- Know your name in pinyin

- Listen to the HW Audio (esp. Part Two V.) Some test questions will be from HW.

- Numbers (know pinyin and characters)

- Classroom expressions (understand by listening or reading the pinyin)

- Lecture notes on Chinese characters

- Oral: Pinyin + Tones. e.g. jièqián