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Presentation

• Foysal Ahmed University of Development Alternative , Dhaka

CHEMOPREVENTION

The term "chemoprevention" refers utilizes chemicals that interfere with the cell division process - damaging proteins or DNA - so that cancer cells will

commit suicide.

Chemoprevention is divided into three groups:

Primary prevention - These individuals may have a history that puts them at higher risk, such as a history of smoking or particular genetic mutations

predisposing them to cancer development.

Secondary prevention -Involves patients who have known premalignant (pre-cancerous) lesions utilizing medications or vitamins in an attempt to prevent

the progression of these lesions into cancers.

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• Tertiary prevention - Focuses on the prevention of new cancers in patients cured of an initial cancer or individuals who have been treated for premalignant lesions.

• The ideal chemopreventive agent will not significantly alter quality of life, is inexpensive, safe, well tolerated, and effective. However, some chemopreventive drugs may have severe side effects in some patients, which is an issue when considering long-term administration of a compound to healthy people who may or may not develop cancer.

Chemoprevention On Tumor Cell

• Cell growth by miosotis ,If miosotis get any wrong signal then it will produce wrong / faulty cell so cancer cell grow.By identify the wrong signaling we can prevent cancer. These components regulate the molecules in the cell signal transduction pathways including

• MAPK(Mitogen Activated Protien Kinase),

• PKC-(Protien Kinase C),

• P13K-(Phosphoinositide-13-Kinase),

• GSK-(Glycogen Synthax Kinase) pathways.

• By modulating cell signaling pathways, these components, among other mechanisms, activate cell death signals and induce apoptosis in precancerous or cancer cells, resulting in the inhibition of cancer development and/or progression.

Chemoprevention By Histone Modifications

• It is now widely recognized that epigenetic events are important mechanisms underlying cancer development and progression. Epigenetic information in chromatin includes covalent modifications (such as acetylation, methylation, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination) of core nucleosomal proteins (histones). Histone modifications and other epigenetic mechanisms appear to work together in establishing and maintaining gene activity states, thus regulating a wide range of cellular processes. Different histone modifications themselves act in a coordinated and orderly fashion to regulate cellular processes such as gene transcription, DNA replication, and DNA repair. Alterations in the function of histone-modifying complexes are believed to disrupt the pattern and levels of histone marks and consequently deregulate the control of chromatin-based processes, ultimately leading to oncogenic transformation and the development of cancer.

Epigenetic Therapy

• Skin, eyes, teeth, and hair all look different, but they contain exactly the same genetic information known as epigenetic.

• It turns out that there are two kinds of modifications that can affect DNA. One is a biochemical modification that attaches straight to DNA itself, the most understood of which right now is DNA methylation. The other key event is the fact that DNA is wrapped around a series of proteins called histones. If these proteins hug the DNA very tightly, then it is hidden from view for the cell. A gene that is hidden cannot be utilized. It is the same as having a dead gene or a mutated gene. These are the kinds of things that can regulate gene expression and also become abnormal in cancer.

• The idea of epigenetic therapy is to stay away from killing the cell. Rather, what we are trying to do is diplomacy, to change the instructions of the cancer cells. You see, cancer cells start out as normal cells. They have the

set of instructions that is present in every one of our cells.

• Drugs Use for This Therapy• 5-Azacuytidine

• Vorinostal

• EGCG (Epigallocatechin gallate)

• Procainan

Phytotherapy For Chemoprevention

• Recent studies indicate that receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), which play important roles in cell proliferation, are one of the possible targets of green tea catechins (GTCs) in cancer cell growth inhibition. (-)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG), the major catechin in green tea, inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis in various types of cancer cells, including colorectal cancer and hepatocellular carcinoma cells, by blocking the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family of RTKs. EGCG inhibits the activation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) and VEGFR2, the other members of the RTK family, and this effect is also associated with the anticancer and chemopreventive properties of this agent.Curcumini, Caffeine, Gingerol also help in cancer prevention .

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