chemiluminescence, bioluminescence, and the luciferin-luciferase atp detection assay ashley long...
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Chemiluminescence, Bioluminescence, and
the Luciferin-Luciferase ATP Detection Assay
Ashley Long
February 22, 2011
Bioanalytical Chemistry – Spring 2011
Overview
• Background on Chemiluminescence and
Bioluminescence
• General overview of uses of
Bioluminescence in High-Throughput
Screening (HTS)
• Introduction to the Luciferin-Luciferase ATP
detection assay and its importance in HTS
The firefly
Image from: http://scienceline.org/2010/11/lighting-
the-way/
What is chemiluminescence?
• Occurs when an EXOTHERMIC CHEMICAL
reaction releases energy to generate
electromagnetic radiation which gives off
light 1,2
• Types1:
– Reactions with synthetic compounds (i.e. H2O2)
– Bioluminescent reactions – from a living organism
– Electrochemiluminescent reactions – use electric current
More on ChemiluminescenceFluorescence Chemiluminescence
• See energy gain through
chemical reaction
• Lower signal (intensity), but
little to NO background =
beter S/N
• Light must be absorbed by
fluorophore to reach
excited state
• Brighter, but MORE
background
(Figure 1) Citation 2
What is bioluminescence?
• A type of chemiluminescence
that occurs in living organisms
• Enzyme catalyzed reactions
– Enzymes: luciferases
• Firefly luciferase
• Renilla luciferase (sea pansy)
• Aequorin (jellyfish- Aequorea victoria)
– Substrates (photon-emitting):
luciferins Citation 2; Image taken fromhttp://www.biosynth.com/index.asp?
topic_id=119&g=19&m=264:
Firefly Bioluminescence
• Light Intensity ~ Chemical Concentration
– [Chemical] of interest can be ATP, luciferin,
or luciferase (hold all others constant)
– Very large linear range
• Most common luciferase used in the
development of High-Throughput
Screening (HTS) Assays
Citation 2
Firefly Luciferase Catalyzed Rxn
(Figure 2) Citation 2
Yellow-green light λmax =
560 nm
How do you detect the signal? The GloMax® 20/20 Luminometer is designed to provide
ultra-high performance for bioluminescent and
chemiluminescent assays. In addition to high
performance, the GloMax® 20/20 blends user-friendly
operation and a small footprint with flexible purchasing
options. The result of this design is an instrument with
superior performance that is easy to use, affordable,
and can be customized to your lab’s needs.3
The GloMax®-96 Microplate Luminometer is a state-
of-the-art microplate luminometer that meets the
requirement for high sensitivity and broad dynamic
range that is necessary for chemiluminescent and
bioluminescent applications. With optional Single or
Dual Auto Injectors, the GloMax®-96 is a versatile
luminescence system capable of performing both
flash and glow-type luminescent assays.3
Citation 3
How can this reaction be used in HTS?
(Figure 3) Citation 2
HTS: Luciferase Concentration
• Goal: investigate intracellular events by monitoring
gene transcription
• May include internal control (dual-luciferase assay)
• Simple and efficient (HTS)
• Commonly used for GPCR and nuclear receptor
assays (Figure 3) Citation 2
HTS: Luciferin Concentration
• Luciferin is not naturally linked to physiology (vs.
ATP)
• Use a Pro-luciferin
– Enzyme of interest must convert this to luciferin link
luminescent signal to enzyme of interest
(Figure 3) Citation 2
HTS: ATP Concentration
• Enzyme must be consistent! Often use “stabilized” luciferase
enzymes for HTS
• Used in:
– Cytotoxicity screens ATP concentrations ~ cell viability
– Kinase activity screens all kinases consume ATP in phosphorylation rxn
– Real-time detection of ATPase activity4
– ~ 100X more sensitive and significantly faster than some dye assays used to look
at cell metabolism(Figure 3) Citation 2
Examples of HTS assays • Luciferase Enzymatic Activity
monitoring assays2
– Sensitive & broad detection
range
• Protein- Protein interaction
assays5,6
– BRET – Bioluminescence
resonance energy transfer
– PCA – Protein fragment
complementation assay
• Real-time bioluminescence to
analyze inhibitors of
polymerases (DNA & RNA)7 (Figure 2) Citation 6
Examples of HTS assays • BL/CL recombinant whole-
cell biosensors
– Genetically engineered cells
– Create a luminescent signal
~ to a specific analyte
(analyte should be
regulating gene expression)
– Used for monitoring:
• Stress, oxidants, metals,
xenobiotics, receptor
activating molecules, etc.
(Figure 5), Citation 6
ATP Assay Kit - Demonstration• ATP Determination Kit
– Molecular Probes (Invitrogen )
– Bioluminescence assay
– Quantitative determination of ATP concentrations
– Components:
• Recombinant firefly luciferase (enzyme)
• D-luciferin (substrate)
Luciferin + ATP + O2
oxyluciferin + AMP + pyrophosphate
+ CO2 + light
(Mg2+) (luciferase)
Citation 8
ATP Assay – Standards
ATP Determination Kit• Advantages:
– Very sensitive
– Detect down to ~ 0.1 picomoles of ATP (must create a
standard curve within the desired range)
– Readily available & affordable
• Uses:
– Versatile (can be used to look at ATP production in
different enzymatic reactions) – NADPH, ATPase
– Detect contamination in a range of samples (milk, blood,
sludge, etc.)
– Many others!Citation 8
We can detect ATP. So what?• ATP is required for cellular
metabolism9
• “… each human being
recycles the equivalent of
his/her own mass of ATP
every day.”9
• Extracellular ATP
concentrations are critical
in biological receptor
response10
Image from: http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/atp/atp1.htm
Areas of interest for ATP quantitation
• The Mitochondria –
the “powerhouse”
of the cell
– Complex system
– ATP is produced
and sent to the cell
• Implications in
cardiomyopathies
Mitochondrial ADP/ATP Carrier
(Figure 1) Citation 9
Rapid Hygiene Tester (Biothema)
• Detect ATP (quickly) down
to very low detection
– i.e. ATP in one animal cell
(~ 1 pg)
• Also developed to test
AMP as well (bi-product of
ATP breakdown)
• Important in the food
production industry, labs,
hospitals, etc.
Citation 11
Conclusions
• Chemiluminescence and Bioluminescence are
common, extremely versatile, and useful
analytical tools
• HTS methods are becoming increasingly more
dependent upon this “background-free”
technique
• The ATP Detection Assay could have huge
implications in pharmacology as it evolves for
different types of detection
Works Cited 1. "Chemiluminescence." Lumigen, INC - A Beckman Coulter Company. Web. 07 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.lumigen.com/detection_technologies/chemiluminescence/>.
2. Fan, Frank, and Keith V. Wood. "Technology Review: Bioluminescent Assays for High-Throughput Screening." ASSAY and Drug
Development Technologies 5.1 (2006): 127-36.Fan, Frank and Wood V. Keith. ASSAY and Drug Development Technolgoies.
V5, N1. 2007.
3. "Luminometer Comparison Chart of Microplate/Multiwell and Single Tube Luminometers from Promega." Promega
Luminometers, Fluorometers, and Multimode Readers. Web. 07 Feb. 2011.
http://www.luminometer.com/instruments/luminometers-dual-luciferase-ATP-ELISA.php?gclid=CIel3d-r9qYCFYbb4Aodw3MjFg.
4. Karamohamed, Samer, and Guido Guidotti. "Bioluminometric Method for Real-Time Detection of ATPase Activity."
BioTechniques 31 (2001): 420-25.
5. Hoshino, Hideto. "Current Advanced Bioluminescence Technology in Drug Discover." Expert Opinion in Drug Discovery 4.4
(2009): 373-89.
6. Roda, Aldo, Patrizia Pasini, Mara Mirasoli, Elisa Michelini, and Massimo Guardigli. "Biotechnological Applications of
Bioluminescence Adn Chemiluminescence." TRENDS in Biotechnology 22.6 (2004): 295-303.
7. Gregory, Kalvin J., Ye Sun, Nelson G. Chen, and Valeri Golovlev. "Real-time Bioluminescent Assay for Inhibitors of RNA and
DNA Polymerases and Other ATP-dependent Enzymes." Analytical Biochemistry 408 (2011): 226-34.
8. "ATP Determination Kit (A22066)." Product Information: Molecular Probe: Invitrogen detection technologies. Revised 29-Nov-
2005.
9. Dahout-Gonzalez, C., H. Nury, V. Trezequet, J. M. Lauquin, E. Pebay-Peyroula, and G. Brandolin. "Molecular, Functional, and
Pathological Aspects of the Mitochondrial ADP/ATP Carrier." PHYSIOLOGY 21 (2006): 242-49.
10. Seminario-Vidal, Lucia, Eduardo R. Lazarowski, and Seiko F. Okada. "Assessment of Extracellular ATP." Bioluminescence,
Methods in Molecular Biology 574 (2009): 25-36.
11. "Can You Say It's Clean with Confidence?" BioThema - Luminescence Analysis, We Sell Our Kits and Reagents Worldwide. Web. 14 Feb. 2011.
<http://www.biothema.com/news_newsdetail.do;jsessionid=A047393FA5453A636E59B387B9B173B6?newsentryid=12 〈 =en>.
Works Cited – Other Helpful Websites
• http://uvminerals.org/fms/luminescence
– Great website which clarifies VERY well the
differences in luminescence
• http://www.photobiology.info/Branchini.htm
– Great website to visit if you want a better
understanding of the chemistry
Example of QC in GPCR assay
• Dual-Luciferase assay
– Helps to account for interferences (i.e. from cytotoxic compounds) which
could effect results (false -/+’s)
– Plasmid 1 – firefly luciferase gene, marker, and response element of
interest
– Plasmid 2 – GPCR of interest and Renilla luciferase marker fusion protein
(Figure 4) Citation 2
Example of Luciferin Detection (comparing fluorescence and
bioluminescence)
(Figure 7) Citation 2
Example of an Actual ATP Standard Curve using an ATP
Detection Kit