Inorganic elements

• State the name of elements

• State the function of each elements in animal and plant cell

Water molecules

List the importance of water in the cell:

1. Biochemical reaction2. Solvent3. Transport medium4. Maintaining osmotic balance5. Support6. Moisture – alveoli7. Lubrication – mucus8. Maintaining body tempt

Organic compound in the cell

Basic element:

C, H, O

• Always contain carbon and hydrogen

• Usually contain covalent bonds• Usually large, unique

molecules with complex functions

• Make up 40% of body mass

Carbohydrate

Monosaccharide

Disaccharide

Polysaccharide

Carbohydrates

• Substances formed from C, H, and O• Main function is source of energy for ATP

formation• Forms only 2-3 % of total body weight

– glycogen is storage in liver and muscle tissue– sugar building blocks of DNA & RNA

(deoxyribose & ribose sugars)– Only plants produce starch for energy storage

Monosaccharides

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

Characteristic of the monosaccharide

• Water soluble

• Crystallization

• Colorless

• Sweet to taste

Food test:

Disaccharide

Sucrose

Maltose

Lactose

Fatty acid

Glycerol

List the importance of lipids

List the importance of proteins:

Amino acid

• Essential – Need to take by food– Can be synthesized

by body– First class protein– Found in animals

• Non-essential – Almost found in plant– Can be synthesized by

our body

• Peptide bond can be broken by:– Heat– Dilute acids– Enzymes

• Denaturation:– Loss of three dimensional structure – By heat or chemical

Polypeptide chain

Various protein structures

e.g.: hormone insulin

e.g.: hormone, antibodies, enzyme

e.g.: hemoglobin

DNA Structure

• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and P• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides• Nucleotide

– nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), – a 5- carbon sugar,– and a phosphate group

Answer:Answer:

1.1. Proteins:Proteins: most enzymesenzymes are proteinsproteins, primarily tertiarytertiary and quaternary quaternary structuresstructures..

2.2. Catalyst:Catalyst: chemical agentchemical agent that acceleratesaccelerates a reaction without being permanently changed in the process.

3.3. Selective:Selective: enzymes are specific for which they will catalyzecatalyze (Specificity - (Specificity - depends depends upon 3D shape).upon 3D shape).

4.4. Recycled:Recycled: enzymes are reusable.

• Work rapidly

• Not destroyed after reaction

• Can work both direction

• Extremely specific

• Denatured by high temperature

• Sensitive to pH

““ase”ase” endings:

sucrasesucrase

maltasemaltase

lactaselactase

Name according to substrate it catalyst

A few enzymes are named before : pepsin, trypsin, rennin

Lock and key hypothesis

• Enzyme is specific to its substrate

• When pH change, the charge of active sites change,

• Huge molecules containing C, H, O, N and phosphorus

• Each gene of our genetic material is a piece of DNA that controls the synthesis of a specific protein

• A molecule of DNA is a chain of nucleotides

• Nucleotide = nitrogenous base (A-G-T-C), a 5- carbon sugar, and a phosphate group

Factors affecting the rate of enzymatic reactions

pH [acidity and alkalinity]

• Enzymes are affected by changes in pH

• Most work best at pH 7

• A change of pH, will change the active site charge of enzyme molecules,

• not able to form enzyme – substrate complex

Rate of enzyme reaction

pH 71 14

Pepsin[stomach]

Amylase[mouth]

Amylase[duodenum]

Heat

• Most work best at optimum temperature

37 C

• Extreme heat (above) – denaturation of enzyme molecule

• Active site altered – not able to form enzyme – substrate complex

• In cold condition [below 20] – enzyme inactive

TEMPT [c]

Rate of enzyme reaction

37 600

Substrate concentration

• If the concentration of substrate increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .

• When all active sites filled with substrate, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Substrate concentration

Enzyme concentration

• If the concentration of enzyme increase, the chance for enzyme-substrate collision will increase .

• When all substrate are used at one time, the rate remains constant.

Rate of enzyme reaction

Enzyme concentration

Design an experiment :

The effect of pH/ temperature

on enzymatic activities

Enzymes in daily life

• State the use of enzyme in:– Food production– Dairy industry– Biological detergent– Textile industry– Leather industry– Paper industry