Pollution

Water

AirNoise

Air Pollution

• Any visible or invisible particle or gas found in the air that is not part of the original, normal composition.

Air pollution is defined as the presence ofunwanted and undesirable foreign particles andgases in the air which may have adverse effects onhuman beings , plants , vegetation's and importantstructures.

Air pollution is of public health concern and canoccur as :

1. Indoor air pollution Micro scale

2.Outdoor air pollution Meso scale

3.Air pollution at global level Macro scale

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTS

Based on Origin

Primary air pollutants

Secondary air

pollutants

Based on states of matter

Gaseous air pollutants

Particulate air

pollutants

Based on presence in environment

Indoor air pollutants

Outdoor air pollutants

CLASSIFICATION OF AIR POLLUTANTSI. Classification based on Origin of pollutants:

• Primary air pollutants: Primary air pollutants are those which are directlyemitted from the source into the atmosphere, and remains in the same form inthe atmosphere. For example: Sulphur oxides, Nitrogen oxides, Carbon monoxide,etc. The air pollutants are emitted by man made sources like, transportation, fuelcombustion, industrial operations, etc.

• Secondary air pollutants: Secondary air pollutants are those which are formedby chemical reactions among primary pollutants and atmospheric chemicalspecies. For example: Ozone, Sulphur trioxide, Ketones, etc.

II. Classification based on states of matter:

• Gaseous air pollutants: Gaseous air pollutants are those air pollutants whichare found in the gaseous state at normal temperature and pressure in theatmosphere. For example: Carbon-monoxide, Carbon-dioxide, Nitrogen oxides,Sulphur oxides, etc.

• Particulate air pollutants : Particulates are finely divided, air borne, solid and liquidparticles, which remain for very longtime in air, in suspension. Depending on their sizeand mode of formation, particulate air pollutants are further classified as below:

• Aerosols: These are air borne suspensions of solid or liquid particles smaller than 1mm size. Example: dust, smoke, mist, fume, etc.

• Dust: It consists of small solid particles (size 1 to 200 micro-meter) and are generatedby material crushing, grinding or blasting.

• Smoke: They are also fine solid particles of size around 0.1 to 1 micro-meter, formedby the incomplete combustion of organic matter like coal and wood.

• Mist: It consist of liquid droplets of size around 0.1 to 10 micro-meter and formed bythe condensation of vapours in the atmosphere.

• Fog: If the mist is made up of water droplets at high concentration so as to obscurevision then mist is called as fog.

• Soot: These are the carbon particles impregnated with tar, and released by theincomplete combustion of carbonaceous materials.

• Classification based on presence in environment:

• Indoor air pollutants: The air pollutants which are generated from householdsare called indoor air pollutants. For example: Cleaning agents, Pesticides, Paints,Glues, gases from stoves, etc.

• Outdoor air pollutants: The air pollutants which are generated outside thebuildings are called outdoor air pollutants. For example: Automobile pollutants,Industrial pollutants, Mining pollutants, etc.

Natural : forest fires, pollen, dust

storm, foul gases etc.

Unnatural : man-made; coal,

wood and other fuels used in

cars, homes, and factories for

energy.

Sources

How Why

A cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a vehicle

Increasing traffic

Industrialization Growing cities

Apathetic people Rapid economic development

Cigarette smoke

Burning leaves

How

• Toxic substances dissolve in water or gets deposited on the bed.

• Toxic substances enter lakes, rivers, streams, etc.

• Pollutants go down into the ground.

Sources

• City sewage

• Industrial waste

• Agricultural run-

off

According to W.H.O, an increase in any of the constituents of the atmosphere which is harmful to the living beings and their environment, is known as air pollution

The view from the space

Photo Chemical Smog Photo Chemical Smog

Burning of Fire Wood Chimneys

Effect on human health

Effects on vegetation.

Effects on building and monuments.

Effects of Air Pollution

St. Paul Cathedral

Causes by air pollution

•Learn more; stay up to date

•Tell your friends and family about pollution.

•Make sure get pollution checks on our cars.

•Join a group to stop pollution.

•Encourage your parents to carpool to work.

•Switch off lights, fan, heat, etc. when you leave the room.

Solution for Air pollution:-

Air pollution can be controlled by a thorough understanding of its causes.

Establishment of industries away from the towns and cities.

Increasing the length of the chyeysmn in industries.

Growing more plants and trees.

Use of efficient engines in automobiles.

Use of smokeless choola.

Use of petrol without lead (Unleaded petrol)

. The UNO must stop nuclear tests

Effluent from various industries, Sewage containing domestic waster and pesticides from agricultural lands are finding their way into water bodies leading to water pollution.

Causes of Water Pollution: Water pollution is mainly due to the following causes.

WATER QUALITY STANDARDS• THE DEFINITION OF WATER QUALITY DEPENDS

ON THE INTENDED USES OF THE WATER WHICH

MAY BE EITHER HUMAN CONSUMPTION OR IT

MAY BE FOR INDUSTRIES, IRRIGATION, POWER

GENERATION, RECREATION ETC.

• MAIN PARAMETERS WHICH ARE REQUIRED TO BE

TESTED FOR DETERMINING THE QUALITY OF

WATER CAN BE DIVIDED IN TO

• 1. PHYSICAL

• 2.CHEMICAL

• 3. MICROBIOLOGICAL

PHYSICAL PARAMETERS

INCLUDES

a) TURBIDITY

b) COLOUR

c) ODOUR

d) TASTE

e) TEMPERATURE

CHEMICAL PARAMETERS

INCLUDES:

• SOLIDS

• HARDNESS

• CHLORIDES

• PH

• DISSOLVED GASES LIKE OXYGEN,

CARBON, DIOXIDE, HYDROGEN, SULPHIDE

• METELS AND OTHER INORGANIC

SUBSTANCE LIKE FLUORIDE, IRON &

MANGANESE, LEASD, ARSENIC, IODIDES,

BORON, CADMIUM

MICROBIOLOGICAL

PARAMETERS INCLUDES VARIOUS

MICROORGANISMS PRESENT IN WATER IT

MAY BE PATHOGENIC OR NON PATHOGENIC

THE WATER BODIES AS WELL AS DRINKING

WATER ARE

I. INDIAN STANDARDS INSTITUTION(ISI)

II. WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION(WHO)

III. UNITED STATES PUBLIC HEALTH

SERVICE(USPHS)

IV. INDIAN COUNCIL OF MEDICAL

RESEARCH(ICMR)

EUTROPHICATION

• DEPENDING UPON THE INCREASING LEVELS OF

PRODUCTIVITY THE WATER BODIES CAN BE

CLASSIFIED IN TO

1. OLIGOTROPHIC:- WATER WITH POOR NUTRIENT

STATUS AND VERY LOW PRODUCTIVITY OF

AQUATIC PLANTS.

2. MASOTROPHIC:- WATER WITH MODERATE

NUTRIENT STATUS AND MODERATE

PRODUCTIVITY OF AQUATIC PLANTS.

3. EUTROPHIC:- WATER WITH RICH NUTRIENT

STATUS AND HIGH PRODUCTIVITY OF AQUATIC

PLANTS.

• EUTROPHICATION IS A NATURAL PROCESS AND MAY

TAKE THOUSANDS OF YEARS.

• WITH TIME THE NUTRIENT STATUS OF THE WATER

BODIES GRADUALLY INCREASES. WHICH LEADS TO

MORE BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTIVITY AND ALGAE BLOOMS

OCCURS AND WATER BECOMES MURKY. THE LAKE THUS

BECOMES EUTROPHIC.

• A YOUNG LAKE OR A NEWLY FORMED LAKE HAS LOW

NUTRIENT CONTENT AND HAS LOW PLANT

PRODUCTIVITY.

• WITH PASSAGE OF TIME SUCH LAKES ACQUIRES

NUTRIENTS FROM SURFACE RUNOFF FROM

AGRICULTURAL FIELDS, DOMESTIC SEWAGE ETC WHICH

ULTIMATELY INCREASES AQUATIC GROWTH. IN THIS WAY

• THE INDUSTRIAL WASTES, MUNICIPAL WASTER, RUNOFF

FROM AGRICULTURAL LANDS PROVIDE PLENTY OF

PHOSPHATES, NITRATES AND VARIOUS MINERALS

STIMULATING ALGAL GROWTH.

• DUE TO WHICH THE WATER BODY BECOMES GREEN.

• IN DUE COURSE OF TIME THE ALGAL BLOOM MAY DIE

ABRUPTLY.

• THE DECAYING ORGANIC MATTER CAUSES DEPLETION

OF DO, DESTROYING FISH AND OTHER AQUATIC

SPECIES.

• BAD TASTE, BAD ODOUR IS PRODUCED AND ALSO

TURBIDITY INCREASES WHICH REDUCES THE

Industrial pollutants like mercury, chromium, cadmium and lead are poisonous. They are also capable of entering the food chains and cause diseases in man, Mercury is known to cause a disease called Minimart.

Organ chlorine pesticides like D.D.T. in the agricultural wastes are non-degradable and move along the food chains. It may lead to bio magnification.

Some industrial effluents can cause changes in color, odor and taste of water in the natural water bodies. Contamination of water also leads to spread of water borne diseases such as cholera, amoebiasis and other diseases.

• Encourage your

family to walk more

• Take the school bus

• Reduce the amount

of spray bottles

• Do not burn leaves in

your yard- put them

in a compost

• Keep your family

cars in tune

• Put catalytic

converters on cars

• Share your room

with others when the

air conditioner is on

• Take care of your

trees

•Keep lakes clean

•Take your used motor oil to a drop off place

•Use latex paint instead of oil and rinse your brushes

in the sink rather than the yard

•Fill a spray bottle with soapy water instead of bug

spray

•Plant trees to prevent soil erosion

•Keep litter, pet waste, leaves, and grass clippings out

of gutters and storm drains.

WHAT IS NOISE POLLUTION? Sound that is unwanted or disrupts one’s quality of life is

called as noise. When there is lot of noise in the environment,it is termed as noise pollution.

Sound becomes undesirable when it disturbs the normalactivities such as working, sleeping, and during conversations.

It is an underrated environmental problem because of the factthat we can’t see, smell, or taste it.

World Health Organization stated that “Noise must berecognized as a major threat to human well-being”

The nature of sound

• Sound, a manifestation of vibration, travels in wave patterns

through solids, liquids and gases.

• The waves, caused by vibration of the molecules, follow sine

functions, typified by the amplitude and wavelength (or frequency)

• Sound waves of equal

amplitude with

increasing frequency

from top to bottom

Sound and human hearing

People generally hear sounds

between the “threshold of hearing”

and the “threshold of pain”

In terms of pressure,

this is 20 μPa – 100 Pa

The decibel scale was developed from this fact

and makes numbers more manageable

The decibel scale generally ranges from

approximately 0 to 130

Health Effects

• According to the USEPA, there are direct links between noise and health. Also, noise pollution adversely affects the lives of millions of people.

• Noise pollution can damage physiological and psychological health.

• High blood pressure, stress related illness, sleep disruption, hearing loss, and productivity loss are the problems related to noise pollution.

• It can also cause memory loss, severe depression, and panic attacks.

SOURCES OF NOISE POLLUTION

• Transportation systems are the main source of noise pollution in urban areas.

• Construction of buildings, highways, and streets cause a lot of noise, due to the usage of air compressors, bulldozers, loaders, dump trucks, and pavement breakers.

• Industrial noise also adds to the already unfavorable state of noise pollution.

• Loud speakers, plumbing, boilers, generators, air conditioners, fans, and vacuum cleaners add to the existing noise pollution.

EXPOSURE TO HIGH SOUND LEVELS

SOLUTIONS FOR NOISE POLLUTION

• Planting bushes and trees in and around sound generating sources is an effective solution for noise pollution.

• Regular servicing and tuning of automobiles can effectively reduce the noise pollution.

• Buildings can be designed with suitable noise absorbing material for the walls, windows, and ceilings.

• Workers should be provided with equipments such as ear plugs and earmuffs for hearing protection.

• Similar to automobiles, lubrication of the machinery and servicing should be done to minimize noise generation.

• Soundproof doors and windows can be installed to block unwanted noise from outside.

• Regulations should be imposed to restrict the usage of play loudspeakers in crowded areas and public places.

• Factories and industries should be located far from the residential areas.

Reduce

ReuseRecycle

THANK YOU.