chapyter6devianceandcrime with poll
TRANSCRIPT
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What Is Social Deviance?
• Social deviance is any transgression
of socially established norms.
– Formal deviance or crime involves the
violation of laws.
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Minor transgressions of these norms can be described as informal devianceinformal deviance. .
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Definitions of Deviance Change Definitions of Deviance Change Over TimeOver Time
Can you think other
examples?
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Once Deviant Now Fashion
Deviance and Social Control
Social cohesion refers to the way people
form social bonds, relate to each other,
and get along on a day-to-day basis.
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Deviance and Social Control
• Normative compliance is the act of abiding
by society’s norms or simply following the rules
of group life.
• Social control is the set of mechanisms that
create normative compliance in individuals.
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Deviance and Social Control
• Informal social sanctions:
– are unspoken rules and expectations about
people’s behavior.
– help maintain a base level of order and
cohesion in society and form a foundation
for formal social control.
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Deviance and Social Control
• Punitive justice is focused on making the violator
suffer and thus defining the boundaries of
acceptable behavior.
• Rehabilitative justice examines the specific
circumstances of an individual transgressor and
attempts to find ways to rehabilitate him or her. 9
Deviance and Social Control(Structural Functionalism)
Émile Durkheim theorized that social cohesion is
established either through:
mechanical solidarity — based on the sameness
of society’s parts or members (fraternity –
sorority)
organic solidarity — based on the
interdependence of specialized parts or members.
(football team)10
Deviance and Social ControlA Functionalist View
Robert Merton’s strain
theory argues that deviance
occurs when a society does
not give all its members equal
ability to achieve socially
acceptable goals.
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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uuzYGzXJJcw
Strain Theory
Conformists Conformists accept the goals of the society and the means of achieving those goals
InnovatorsInnovators accept the goals of the society, but they look for new, or innovative, ways of achieving those goals
Strain Theory
RitualistsRitualists aren’t interested in the goals of the society, but they do accept the means of achieving those goals.
Strain Theory
RetreatistsRetreatists don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals.
Strain Theory
RebelsRebels don’t accept the goals of the society or the means of achieving those goals, so they create their own goals using new means.
Strain Theory
1. It is difficult to empirically test.
2. It works on the assumption that conformity is the norm and assumes a concensual society.
3. It doesn't explain all forms of criminal behavior.
4. It over-predicts criminality. does not explain hate-crime, violence etc.
Weaknesses of Strain Theory
Differential Opportunity TheoryDifferential Opportunity Theory1. Legitimate opportunities to pursue
culturally approved goals are socially structured and unevenly distributed—especially by class.
2. The social structure of a community determines access to both the learning and performance structures that underwrite career delinquency and criminal subcultures.
When young people grow up in a bad environment, they are more likely to have troubles. Opposite would be true, if a child grows up in an enriched, good environment, they would less likely grow up
to practice delinquent behavior.
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Symbolic interactionists Symbolic interactionists take a micro
view of society, examining the beliefs and
assumptions people bring to their
everyday interactions to find the causes
or explanations for deviance.
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Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Labeling theoryLabeling theory
– People see how they are labeled and
accept the label as being “true.”
– People behave the way that they think
someone with their label should behave.
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Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Primary deviance:
– the first act of rule breaking, which may result in the
rule breaker being labeled “deviant” and thus influence
how people think about and act toward him or her.
• Secondary deviance:
– refers to acts of rule breaking that occur after primary
deviance and as a result of a person’s new, deviant
label. 22
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
• Stigma– negative social label that changes your
behavior toward a person; also changes that
person’s self-concept and social identity
– has serious consequences in terms of the
opportunities made available – or rather, not
made available – to people in a stigmatized
group23
Symbolic Interactionist Theories of Deviance
Broken window theory of deviance (Philip Zimbardo):explains
how social context and social cues impact the way individuals act
People who wouldn‘t exhibit a certain behavior in one social
context might do so in another context where the behavior
seems more permissible.24
People inspect an abandoned car in the South Bronx. Zimbardo placed this car in New York City
and University in Palo Alto, California.
The car near Stanford went untouched for days, but the car pictured above was in New Your City was
relieved of its hubcaps and other parts almost immediately.
Deviance and Social Control
• Examples of formal social control include laws
and the authority of police officers.
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Formal deviance or crime involves the violation of laws.
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George Zimmerman
Trevor Martin
Crime
• street crime street crime — refers to crime committed in public and is
often associated with violence, gangs, and poverty
• white-collar crime white-collar crime — committed by a professional
against a corporation, agency, or other business
• corporate crime corporate crime — type of white-collar crime committed
by the officers or executives of a company
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Which is it?Which is it?
White-collar Crime
Corporate Corporate CrimeCrime
Street Street CrimeCrime
Crime
• It can be difficult to measure crime rates over
time for a variety of reasons, including:
1. changes in how crimes are defined.
2. fluctuations in whether people report crimes.
3. in the case of murders, improvements in
medical technology. CSI
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Number of prisoners per 100,000 population.
Figure 6.2 Total U.S. Violent Crime Rate, 1960–2008You May Ask Yourself, 2nd Edition
Copyright © 2011 W.W. Norton & Company
Crime Reduction
Deterrence theory is a philosophy of
criminal justice based on the notion that
crime results from a rational calculation of
its costs and benefits.
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Crime ReductionSince the 1970s, there has been a change from a more
rehabilitative sense of justice to a more punitive one in the United
States.
This is evidenced by historically high rates of incarceration.
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Unintended Consequences of Deterrence
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Societal Effects of Mass Incarceration
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http://www.youtube.com/embed/lUt_fIB6A_Y
• staggering costs • the disenfranchisement of millions
of former felons• a disproportionately high rate of
imprisonment for black males• a ripple effect throughout black
communities and beyond.