Chapter TwoChapter TwoEnglish literature of the RenaissanceEnglish literature of the Renaissance

Introduction of RenaissanceIntroduction of Renaissance

Some terms: Humanism, Renaissance Some terms: Humanism, Renaissance

Some influential writers and their works:Some influential writers and their works: Christopher Marlowe’s contribution.Christopher Marlowe’s contribution. Shakespeare’s significance.Shakespeare’s significance. Francis Bacon’s works’ introduction.Francis Bacon’s works’ introduction. Edmund Spenser’s contributionEdmund Spenser’s contribution

Some brief introduction on Greek and Roman literature Some brief introduction on Greek and Roman literature

Time: Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th Time: Generally, it refers to the period between the 14th and mid-17th centuries.and mid-17th centuries.

The Renaissance The Renaissance （文艺复兴）（文艺复兴） : The Renaissance, this : The Renaissance, this word, meaning “rebirth” is commonly applied movemenword, meaning “rebirth” is commonly applied movement or period which marks the transition from the medievat or period which marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world in western Europe, indicated a revl to the modern world in western Europe, indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences. ival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences.

During the period, humanist thinkers and scholars made During the period, humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medievaget rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europel Europe, , to introduce new ideas that expressed the interto introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisieests of the rising bourgeoisie, and , and to recover the purity oto recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catf the early church from the corruption of the Roman Catholic Churchholic Church. .

Raw material from coloniesRaw material from colonies::

The new discoveries in geography and The new discoveries in geography and astrology. Marco Polo , Venice, he became astrology. Marco Polo , Venice, he became known for his account of his travel in Asia. known for his account of his travel in Asia. Copernicus, Polish astronomer published Copernicus, Polish astronomer published his theory of the solar system. his theory of the solar system.

The religious reformation started by Martin The religious reformation started by Martin Luther. Luther.

The economic expansion– western countries The economic expansion– western countries began to develop their colonies and got began to develop their colonies and got moneymoney..

Mainstream of Literary Forms: Mainstream of Literary Forms: In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and In the early stage of the Renaissance, poetry and

poetic drama were the most outstanding literary poetic drama were the most outstanding literary forms and they were carried on especially by Shaforms and they were carried on especially by Shakespeare and Ben Jonson. kespeare and Ben Jonson. The Elizabethan dramThe Elizabethan dramaa, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the Eng, in its totality, is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.lish Renaissance.

The Renaissance and HumanismThe Renaissance and Humanism Humanism is the key of the Renaissance, for two Humanism is the key of the Renaissance, for two

features are striking of this movement: features are striking of this movement: 1.The great curiosity about the classical literatur1.The great curiosity about the classical literatur

e lead to a current to the study of Greek and Latie lead to a current to the study of Greek and Latin authors. By studying the works of Greek and Ln authors. By studying the works of Greek and Latin authors, they found them different from the atin authors, they found them different from the medieval Catholic dogmamedieval Catholic dogma 教条教条 ; the classical wor; the classical works celebrate human life, their loves and sorrows, ks celebrate human life, their loves and sorrows, powers and energies, and affirm man’s power to powers and energies, and affirm man’s power to do everything. do everything.

2. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen 2. Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. interest in the activities of humanity.

English literature in the Renaissance periodEnglish literature in the Renaissance period

1. Characteristics: 1. Characteristics: Flourishing, especially the second half of the 16th Flourishing, especially the second half of the 16th

century, which is sometimes called the Elizabethan century, which is sometimes called the Elizabethan period, the English Renaissance burst into a flowering of period, the English Renaissance burst into a flowering of literature and England became “a nest of singing birds.”literature and England became “a nest of singing birds.”

1.1. Translation occupied an important place in the 1.1. Translation occupied an important place in the period. period.

1.2 The nationalist feeling which had risen with the 1.2 The nationalist feeling which had risen with the reign of Elizabeth awakened the people’s desire for reign of Elizabeth awakened the people’s desire for knowledge about England’s past history, Scottish and knowledge about England’s past history, Scottish and Irish history Irish history

1.3 Another kind of literature prevailing at the time 1.3 Another kind of literature prevailing at the time was found in the large number of books describing was found in the large number of books describing discoveries and adventures. discoveries and adventures.

Literary forms in the periodLiterary forms in the period 1. poetry forms: 1. poetry forms: a. sonneta. sonnet ：： Italian sonnet by Wyatt and Surry; English Italian sonnet by Wyatt and Surry; English

sonnet by Sydney, then Shakespeare. sonnet by Sydney, then Shakespeare. b. lyric. b. lyric. c. epic c. epic d. narrative. d. narrative. e. religious allegoric e. religious allegoric 宗教喻言宗教喻言 . . 2. Drama forms: 2. Drama forms: a. poetic drama– blank verse a. poetic drama– blank verse 无韵诗（五音步抑扬格）无韵诗（五音步抑扬格） b. interlude b. interlude 幕间剧幕间剧 ; c. miracle and morality plays; c. miracle and morality plays 神秘神秘

剧和道德剧剧和道德剧 . . d. comedy, tragedy, historical and romance d. comedy, tragedy, historical and romance 3. Essay: a new form, brief, compact and powerful. Baco3. Essay: a new form, brief, compact and powerful. Baco

n’s writing paved the way for the use of scientific methon’s writing paved the way for the use of scientific method. d.

Language in the periodLanguage in the period

English largely enriched, many new words English largely enriched, many new words or expressions or old words with new or expressions or old words with new meaning came into being, writer could use meaning came into being, writer could use proper diction to fit their subject and most proper diction to fit their subject and most are typical of their own.are typical of their own.

Some terms Some terms sonnet: It sonnet: It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a fois a lyric poem of 14 lines with a fo

rmal rhyme scheme. The two forms of the sonrmal rhyme scheme. The two forms of the sonnet are the Petrarchan, or Italian, rhyming abba,net are the Petrarchan, or Italian, rhyming abba, abba cde, cde or cdcdcd or cdedce, and the En abba cde, cde or cdcdcd or cdedce, and the English, or Shakespearean. this form differs from glish, or Shakespearean. this form differs from the Petrarchan sonnet in being divided into thrthe Petrarchan sonnet in being divided into three quatrains, each rhymed differently, with a fiee quatrains, each rhymed differently, with a final independently rhymed couplet that makes nal independently rhymed couplet that makes an effective, unifying climax to the whole. The an effective, unifying climax to the whole. The rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef,gg. rhyme scheme abab, cdcd, efef,gg.

SoliloquySoliloquy

in drama, an extended speech delivered by a in drama, an extended speech delivered by a character alone on stage. The character revcharacter alone on stage. The character reveals his or her innermost thoughts and feelieals his or her innermost thoughts and feelings directly to the audience as if thinking alngs directly to the audience as if thinking aloud. oud.

Humanism(Humanism( 人文主义人文主义 ))

Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. ““Man is the measure of all things.Man is the measure of all things.” ” Thomas Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William SMore, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespearehakespeare are the best representatives of t are the best representatives of the English humanists.he English humanists.

Sonnet 18

Shall I compare thee to a summer's day(l) ?

Thou art more lovely and more temperate:

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May,

And summer's lease hath all too short a date(2):

Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines

And often is his gold complexion dimmed;

And every fair from fair sometimes declines,

By chance or nature's changing course untrimmed(3);

But thy eternal summer shall not fade,Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st(4);

Nor shall death brag thou wander'st in his shade,

When in eternal lines(5) to time thou grow'st:

So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see,

So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.

Some influential writersSome influential writers

Christopher MarloweChristopher Marlowe Francis BaconFrancis Bacon Willliam ShakespeareWillliam Shakespeare Edmund SpenserEdmund Spenser

Christopher Marlowe and his worksChristopher Marlowe and his works Christopher Marlowe Christopher Marlowe : (1564-1593) a son of a Ca: (1564-1593) a son of a Ca

nterbury shoemaker. First to the King’s School, then nterbury shoemaker. First to the King’s School, then Cambridge,one of the “University Wits”. Cambridge,one of the “University Wits”.

As a man of letters. Play As a man of letters. Play TamburlaineTamburlaine, , Dr FaustusDr Faustus, , is gifted of the “University Wits”, is gifted of the “University Wits”, The Jew of MaltaThe Jew of Malta,, Edward IIEdward II, non-dramatic poetry includes , non-dramatic poetry includes Hero and Hero and LeanderLeander, , “the Passionate Shepherd to His Love”“the Passionate Shepherd to His Love” a and a verse translation of Ovid’s nd a verse translation of Ovid’s AmoresAmores, pioneer of , pioneer of English dramaEnglish drama..

Bacon’s creationBacon’s creationFather of English Materialism and Modern Father of English Materialism and Modern

Experimental Science.Experimental Science.

Bacon’s works may be divided into three groupsBacon’s works may be divided into three groups::

1. the philosophical works; 1. the philosophical works;

The Advancement of learningThe Advancement of learning and and the New Instrumentthe New Instrument. .

2. the literary works: In 1625 58 essays2. the literary works: In 1625 58 essays

3. the professional works. 3. the professional works.

Characteristics of Bacon’s EssaysCharacteristics of Bacon’s Essays Bacon’s essays are famous for Bacon’s essays are famous for their brevity, comtheir brevity, com

pactness and powerfulnesspactness and powerfulness. Yet there is an obvio. Yet there is an obvious stylistic change in the Essays. The sentences in us stylistic change in the Essays. The sentences in the first edition are changed and crowded with sythe first edition are changed and crowded with symmetries. They are composed in a rather affectemmetries. They are composed in a rather affected way. However, the final edition not only enlargd way. However, the final edition not only enlarges the range of theme, but also brings forth the loes the range of theme, but also brings forth the looser and more persuasive style. The essays are weoser and more persuasive style. The essays are well-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions,ll-arranged and enriched by Biblical allusions, 文文学典故学典故 metaphors metaphors 比喻 比喻 and cadenceand cadence 声调抑扬声调抑扬顿挫顿挫 . .

Background Background InformationInformation

WilliamWilliam ShakespeareShakespeare

Tragedies: Tragedies: (1) 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', 'King Lear', 'Othello'; (1) 'Hamlet', 'Macbeth', 'King Lear', 'Othello'; (2) ‘Antony and Cleopatra‘((2) ‘Antony and Cleopatra‘( 安东尼与克利欧佩特拉安东尼与克利欧佩特拉 ), ’), ’

Coriolanus’Coriolanus’ （考利欧雷诺斯）（考利欧雷诺斯） , 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Jul, 'Romeo and Juliet', 'Julius Caesar'; ius Caesar';

(3) ‘Richard II’, ‘Richard III’, ‘Timon of Athens’(3) ‘Richard II’, ‘Richard III’, ‘Timon of Athens’ （雅（雅典的泰蒙）典的泰蒙） ; ;

(4) ‘King John’, ‘Titus Andronicus’(4) ‘King John’, ‘Titus Andronicus’ （泰特斯（泰特斯 .. 安庄尼克安庄尼克斯）斯） , 'Henry VI'. , 'Henry VI'.

Comedies:Comedies: (1) (1) 'The Tempest', 'The Tempest', ‘‘As You Like It‘(As You Like It‘( 如愿如愿 ), ), 'The Winter's Tale','The Winter's Tale', 'The Merchant of Venice', 'The Merchant of Venice', Twelfth Night', Twelfth Night', ‘‘Much Ado about Nothing’Much Ado about Nothing’ （无事自扰）（无事自扰） , , ‘‘Cymbeline’Cymbeline’ （辛伯林）（辛伯林） , , ‘‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream‘A Midsummer Night’s Dream‘ （仲夏夜梦）（仲夏夜梦） ; ; (2) ‘The Merry Wives of Windsor’( 温莎的风流妇人 ), ‘The Taming of the Shrew’ （训悍妇） , ‘Two Gentlemen of Verona’ （维洛那二绅士） , ‘All’s Well That Ends Well‘ （皆大欢喜） , ‘A Comedy of Errors’ （错重错） , ‘Pericles’ （波里克莉斯） , ‘Love’s Labour‘s Lost’ （空爱一场 ） ,

Histories: Histories: (1) (1) 'Henry IV', Parts 1 and 2, 'Henry IV', Parts 1 and 2, 'Henry V', 'Henry V', 'Richard II', 'Richard II', 'Richard III', 'Richard III', 'Henry VIII,; 'Henry VIII,; (2) 'King John', (2) 'King John', 'Henry VI', Parts 2 and 3, 'Henry VI', Parts 2 and 3, 'Henry VI', Part 1. 'Henry VI', Part 1.

Serious Plays, or Bitter Comedies:Serious Plays, or Bitter Comedies: ‘ ‘Measure for Measure’Measure for Measure’ （恶有恶报）（恶有恶报） , , ‘ ‘Troilus and Cressida’Troilus and Cressida’ （托爱勒斯与莱西达）（托爱勒斯与莱西达） ..

Shakespeare’s Burial Site

Shakespeare’s place and influence:Shakespeare’s place and influence: Of his influence in literature, Goethe has made a Of his influence in literature, Goethe has made a

common judgment. “ I don’ t remember that any common judgment. “ I don’ t remember that any book or person or event in my life ever made so book or person or event in my life ever made so great an impression upon me as the plays of great an impression upon me as the plays of Shakespeare.” Shakespeare.” His influence upon English language His influence upon English language and thought is beyond calculationand thought is beyond calculation. All English . All English writers of any importance cannot escape from writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespearean influence either directly or Shakespearean influence either directly or indirectly, either in thought, content or in dramatic indirectly, either in thought, content or in dramatic from or language. from or language. Shakespeare has also exerted Shakespeare has also exerted great influence upon many writers in other countries great influence upon many writers in other countries through the various translations of his worksthrough the various translations of his works . he is . he is “not an age, but for all time!”“not an age, but for all time!”

Some knowledge on Greek Some knowledge on Greek and Roman writers and their and Roman writers and their

worksworksBrief IntroductionBrief Introduction

HomerHomer

virgilvirgil

HomerHomer Homer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the IHomer, name traditionally assigned to the author of the I

liad(liad( 伊犁亚特伊犁亚特 )and the Odyssey)and the Odyssey （奥德赛）（奥德赛） , the two m, the two major epics of Greek antiquityajor epics of Greek antiquity （古代）（古代） . Nothing is know. Nothing is known of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of n of Homer as an individual, and in fact it is a matter of controversy whether a single person can be said to have controversy whether a single person can be said to have written both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and hiwritten both the Iliad and the Odyssey. Linguistic and historical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were storical evidence, however, suggests that the poems were composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of composed in the Greek settlements on the west coast of Asia Minor sometime in the 8th century bcAsia Minor sometime in the 8th century bc..

THE ILIADTHE ILIAD The IliadThe Iliad is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought is set in the final year of the Trojan War, fought

between the Greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. between the Greeks and the inhabitants of the city of Troy. The legendary conflict forms the background for the centrThe legendary conflict forms the background for the central plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achillesal plot of the story: the wrath of the Greek hero Achilles（阿基里斯）（阿基里斯） . Insulted by his commander in chief, Agam. Insulted by his commander in chief, Agamemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the waemnon, the young warrior Achilles withdraws from the war, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the r, leaving his fellow Greeks to suffer terrible defeats at the hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks‘ attempts hands of the Trojans. Achilles rejects the Greeks‘ attempts at reconciliation at reconciliation （和解）（和解） but finally relentsbut finally relents （动怜悯（动怜悯心） 心） to some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lto some extent, allowing his companion Patroclus to lead his troops in his place. Patroclus is slainead his troops in his place. Patroclus is slain （杀死）（杀死） , an, and Achilles, filled with fury and remorsed Achilles, filled with fury and remorse （悔恨）（悔恨） , turns hi, turns his wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector (son of s wrath against the Trojans, whose leader, Hector (son of King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as King Priam), he kills in single combat. The poem closes as Achilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for buriAchilles surrenders the corpse of Hector to Priam for burial, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as thal, recognizing a certain kinship with the Trojan king as they both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavementey both face the tragedies of mortality and bereavement（丧失）（丧失） ..

..

THE ODYSSEYTHE ODYSSEY

The OdysseyThe Odyssey describes the return of the Greek hero Odys describes the return of the Greek hero Odysseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict thseus from the Trojan War. The opening scenes depict the disorder that has arisen in Odysseus‘s household durine disorder that has arisen in Odysseus‘s household during his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wg his long absence: A band of suitors is living off of his wealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells oealth as they woo his wife, Penelope. The epic then tells of Odysseus’s ten years of traveling, during which he has f Odysseus’s ten years of traveling, during which he has to face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemuto face such dangers as the man-eating giant Polyphemus and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who os and such subtler threats as the goddess Calypso, who offers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for hoffers him immortality if he will abandon his quest for home. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus‘s me. The second half of the poem begins with Odysseus‘s arrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infiarrival at his home island of Ithaca. Here, exercising infinite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty nite patience and self-control, Odysseus tests the loyalty of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on of his servants; plots and carries out a bloody revenge on Penelope’s suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, Penelope’s suitors; and is reunited with his son, his wife, and his aged and his aged

father.father.

VIRGIL, or VERGIVIRGIL, or VERGI(70-19 BC). (70-19 BC).

The greatest of the Roman poets, Publius VeThe greatest of the Roman poets, Publius Vergilius Maro, was not a Roman by birth. rgilius Maro, was not a Roman by birth. His early home was on a farm in the villaHis early home was on a farm in the village of Andes, near Mantua. His father was ge of Andes, near Mantua. His father was a farmer, prosperous enough to give his sa farmer, prosperous enough to give his son the best education. The young Virgil won the best education. The young Virgil was sent to school at Cremona and then to as sent to school at Cremona and then to Milan. At the age of 17 he went to Rome tMilan. At the age of 17 he went to Rome to study. There he learned rhetoric and pho study. There he learned rhetoric and philosophy from the best teachers of the day.ilosophy from the best teachers of the day.

Mosaic of Virgil and the two muses Cleo and Melpomene

Virgil studied the Greek poets. He wrote his 'Eclogues'.Virgil studied the Greek poets. He wrote his 'Eclogues'. These are pastoral poems describing the beauty of Ita These are pastoral poems describing the beauty of Italian scenes. At the suggestion of Maecenas he wrote a lian scenes. At the suggestion of Maecenas he wrote a more serious work on the art of farming and the charmore serious work on the art of farming and the charms of country life called the 'Georgics'. This establishems of country life called the 'Georgics'. This established his fame as the foremost poet of his age. d his fame as the foremost poet of his age.

The year after the 'Georgics' was published, he began The year after the 'Georgics' was published, he began his great epic, the 'Aeneid'. He took as his hero the Trhis great epic, the 'Aeneid'. He took as his hero the Trojan Aeneas, supposed to be the founder of the Roman ojan Aeneas, supposed to be the founder of the Roman nation. The poem, published after Virgil's death, exercnation. The poem, published after Virgil's death, exercised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Chriised a tremendous influence upon Latin and later Christian literature, prose as well as poetry. Thus his influestian literature, prose as well as poetry. Thus his influence continued through the Middle Ages and into modence continued through the Middle Ages and into modern times. rn times.

This 1469 painting depicts Virgil as he drafts the poem Georgics (36-29 bc) before a statue of the Greek goddess Artemis.

Complete the following statements with a Complete the following statements with a proper word or a phraseproper word or a phrase

1.The 16th century in England was a period of the 1.The 16th century in England was a period of the breaking up of ______ relation and the breaking up of ______ relation and the establishing of the foundations of _________. establishing of the foundations of _________. ( feudal capitalism ) ( feudal capitalism )

2. The 16th century was a time when, according to 2. The 16th century was a time when, according to Thomas More, “____________”. (sheep devoured Thomas More, “____________”. (sheep devoured men) men)

3. _____ broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the 3. _____ broke off with the Pope, dissolved all the monasteries and abbeys in the country, monasteries and abbeys in the country, confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself confiscated their lands and proclaimed himself head of ____. ( King Henry VIII, the church of head of ____. ( King Henry VIII, the church of England )England )

4. The old English aristocracy having 4. The old English aristocracy having exterminated in the course of exterminated in the course of _________, a new nobility, totally _________, a new nobility, totally dependent on the king’s power, came dependent on the king’s power, came to the fore. (the war of Roses )to the fore. (the war of Roses )5. Absolute monarchy in England 5. Absolute monarchy in England reached its summit during the reign of reached its summit during the reign of ___________. ( Queen Elizabeth )___________. ( Queen Elizabeth )

6. The progress of bourgeois economy made 6. The progress of bourgeois economy made England a powerful state and enabled her in England a powerful state and enabled her in _______ to inflict a defeat on the _______ to inflict a defeat on the _____________ Invincible Armada. ( 1588, _____________ Invincible Armada. ( 1588, Spanish) Spanish)

7. Together with the development of bourgeois 7. Together with the development of bourgeois relationships and formation of the English relationships and formation of the English national state this period is marked by a national state this period is marked by a flourishing of national culture known as the flourishing of national culture known as the __________. ( Renaissance)__________. ( Renaissance)

8. At the beginning of the 16th century the 8. At the beginning of the 16th century the outstanding humanist _____wrote his Utopia in outstanding humanist _____wrote his Utopia in which he gave a profound and truthful picture which he gave a profound and truthful picture of the people’s sufferings and put forward his of the people’s sufferings and put forward his ideal of a future happy society. ( Thomas ideal of a future happy society. ( Thomas More )More )

9. At the end of the 16th century the great English scien9. At the end of the 16th century the great English scientist and philosopher _________ wrote his famous phtist and philosopher _________ wrote his famous philosophical and literary works. ( Francis Bacon ) ilosophical and literary works. ( Francis Bacon )

10. _________ was the first to introduce the sonnet into 10. _________ was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature. ( Wyatt [waiet] )English literature. ( Wyatt [waiet] )

11. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was _11. The greatest of the pioneers of English drama was __________ who reformed that genre in England and _________ who reformed that genre in England and perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. perfected the language and verse of dramatic works. ( Christopher Marlowe) ( Christopher Marlowe)

12. William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, 12. William Shakespeare was born on the 23rd of April, ____________, in _____________, Warwickshire. ( 1____________, in _____________, Warwickshire. ( 1564, Stratford-on-Avon) 564, Stratford-on-Avon)

13. Shakespeare’s first original play written in about 1513. Shakespeare’s first original play written in about 1590 was ____________. (King Henry VI )90 was ____________. (King Henry VI )

14. During the 22 years of his literary work Shakespeare 14. During the 22 years of his literary work Shakespeare produced ___________ plays, ________ narrative poems and produced ___________ plays, ________ narrative poems and ________ sonnets. (37, 2, 154)________ sonnets. (37, 2, 154)

15. _________ described Bacon as “the wisest , brightest, meanest 15. _________ described Bacon as “the wisest , brightest, meanest of mankind. “(Pope )of mankind. “(Pope )

16. Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the 16. Bacon’s works may be divided into three classes, the __________, the ____________ , and the ___________ works. __________, the ____________ , and the ___________ works. (. philosophical , literary, professional )(. philosophical , literary, professional )

17. Of Bacon’s literary works, the most important are the 17. Of Bacon’s literary works, the most important are the ____________. (essays )____________. (essays )

18. 18.

The final edition of Essays contains __________ essays. (58 )The final edition of Essays contains __________ essays. (58 )

The keys to the questions:The keys to the questions: 1. feudal capitalism 2. sheep devoured men 3. Ki1. feudal capitalism 2. sheep devoured men 3. Ki

ng Henry VIII, the church of England ng Henry VIII, the church of England 4. the war of Roses 5. Queen Elizabeth 6. 1588,4. the war of Roses 5. Queen Elizabeth 6. 1588,

Spanish 7, Renaissance Spanish 7, Renaissance 8. Thomas More 9. Francis Bacon 10 wyatt 8. Thomas More 9. Francis Bacon 10 wyatt

[waiet] 11, Christopher Marlowe 12. 1564, Str[waiet] 11, Christopher Marlowe 12. 1564, Stratford-on-Avon 13. King Henry VI 14. 37, atford-on-Avon 13. King Henry VI 14. 37, 2, 1542, 154

15. Pope 16. philosophical , literary, professional 15. Pope 16. philosophical , literary, professional 17. essays 18. 58 17. essays 18. 58