chapter introduction section 1 india’s early civilizationsindia’s early civilizations section 2...

Chapter Introduction

Section 1 India’s Early Civilizations

Section 2 Hinduism and Buddhism

Section 3 India’s First Empires

Reading Review

Chapter Assessment

Early India

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Chapter Objectives

• Describe how climate and geography affected India, and how the Aryans changed India.

• Summarize the main tenets of Hinduism and Buddhism.

• Discuss the effects of the Mauryan and Gupta empires on India.

Early India

Early India

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThis section describes how geography and climate affected the Harappans and the changes to India’s civilization following the arrival of the Aryans.

India’s Early Civilizations

Get Ready to Read (cont.)

Focusing on the Main Ideas

• Climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilization.

• The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians into groups.

• The Aryans conquered India and introduced new ideas and technology.



Locating Places

• Himalaya (HIH·muh·LAY·uh)

• Ganges River (GAN·JEEZ)

• Indus River (IHN·duhs)

• Harappa (huh·RA·puh)

• Mohenjo-Daro (moh·HEHN·joh DAHR·oh)



Meeting People

• Aryans (AR·ee·uhnz)

• Brahmans (BRAH·muhns)

Building Your Vocabulary

• subcontinent (SUHB·KAHN·tuhn·uhnt)

• monsoon (mahn·SOON)

• Sanskrit (SAN·SKRIHT)



Building Your Vocabulary (cont.)

• raja (RAH·juh)

• caste (KAST)

• guru (GUR·oo)

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information Complete a diagram like the one on page 194 of your textbook showing how the Aryans changed India.


The Land of India

• India is a subcontinent because it is separated from the rest of Asia by the Himalayas, the highest mountains in the world.

• India has two fertile river valleys created by the Ganges River and the Indus River.

(pages 195–197)

• The Indian subcontinent contains five nations: India, Pakistan, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Nepal.


The Land of India (cont.)

• A monsoon is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer.

• The first urban civilization in India arose near the Indus River after the river flooded and left fertile soil behind.

• Monsoons bring rain in summer.

• This civilization started about 3000 B.C. and lasted until about 1500 B.C.

(pages 195–197)



• Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were large, well-planned cities in ancient India.

• The houses were made from baked mud bricks.

• The cities had wells, drains for wastewater, garbage chutes, and organized governments.

• Most people were farmers.

• They grew wheat, barley, peas, and cotton.

(pages 195–197)



• The Harappans traded their goods with people from other lands.

• City dwellers were artisans, who made jewelry, pottery, tools, and cloth.

(pages 195–197)


Why do archaeologists know little about Harappan society or government?

The Harappans used an undecipherable script on seals and stamps and left no other historical records.


The Aryans

• The Aryans were hunters who also raised and herded cattle.

(pages 198–199)

• The Aryans were also nomads and expert warriors.

• They had metal-tipped spears and wooden chariots.

• The Aryans left their home territory in Central Asia and began moving into the Indus River valley around 1500 B.C.


The Aryans Invade (cont.)

• The Aryans became farmers but continued to raise cattle.

• The cattle were so important, the Aryans eventually declared them sacred.

(pages 198–199)


• The Aryans invented an iron plow and built canals to improve farming.

The Aryans Invade (cont.)

• The Aryans developed a written language called Sanskrit.

• Aryan tribes were led by a raja, or prince.

(pages 198–199)


Why were nomads good warriors?

Because nomads traveled, they often met up with other people whom they considered enemies. They also came upon villages they needed to plunder for food.


Society in Ancient India

• A caste is a social group that someone is born into and cannot change. The Indian word for caste is jati.

(pages 199–201)

• The many jati are divided into four levels.

• The top two levels included priests and warriors.

• The next level was common people, such as merchants and farmers.


Society in Ancient India (cont.)

• The fourth level included laborers and servants.

• Untouchables were not part of any caste.

• These people did dirty work considered polluting, and they led difficult lives.

(pages 199–201)


Society in Ancient India (cont.)

• In most cases, only men could inherit property.

• Only men were allowed to go to school or become priests.

• Parents arranged marriages, and divorce was not allowed.

• Men’s lives were considered more important than women’s lives.

(pages 199–201)


Under the caste system in India, what aspects of life are affected by a person’s caste?

A caste affects what jobs people will have, who they can marry, and with whom they can eat or drink.


Describe the cities of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro were planned cities with wide main streets and a wall around each neighborhood. Each mud brick house had a flat roof and was laid out around a courtyard. Each city had public wells, a sewage system, and garbage disposal.


Why are monsoons important to Indian farmers?

They cause soil-enriching floods.


Cause and Effect What caused the collapse of Harappan civilization?

earthquakes, floods, the Indus River changing its course, and the Aryan invasions


Contrast How did the Aryan and Harappan lifestyles differ?

Harappans were city-dwellers; Aryans were war-like nomads.


Explain How did the Aryans control the people they conquered?

Possible answers: strong military, effects of caste system


Descriptive Writing Write a description of the city of Harappa or Mohenjo-Daro that could have been used to attract residents to that city in ancient India.

Answers should demonstrate understanding of the text.


Discuss the influence of geographic factors on the Harappans and the Aryans.


Hinduism and Buddhism

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThe religion of Hinduism is based on the beliefs of the Aryans. Buddhism, a new religion, was popular with many people in India and other areas of Asia.




• A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in India and other parts of Asia.

• Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans.


Locating Places

• Nepal (nuh·PAWL)

• Siddhartha Gautama (sih·DAHR·tuh GOW·tuh·muh)

Meeting People

• Tibet (tuh·BEHT)

• Dalai Lama (DAH·LY LAH·muh)



Building Your Vocabulary• Hinduism (HIHN·doo·IH·zuhm)

• Brahman (BRAH·muhn)

• reincarnation (REE·ihn·kahr·NAY·shuhn)

• karma (KAHR·muh)

• Buddhism (BOO·DIH·zuhm) • nirvana (nihr·VAH·nuh)

• theocracy (thee·AH·kruh·see)

• dharma (DAHR·muh)



Reading Strategy

Summarizing Information Create a web diagram like the one on page 202 of your textbook. In the ovals, identify major beliefs of Hinduism.


Hinduism

• Hinduism’s roots are in the Aryan religion, which changed after borrowing ideas from people encountered in India.

• The Brahman is the universal spirit made up of thousands of deities.

• Hinduism, the world’s third largest religion, is one of the oldest religions.

(pages 203–204)


Hinduism (cont.)

• Reincarnation is the idea of passing through many lives to reach the Brahman.

• Dharma is the divine law of Hindus.

• The Upanishads are ancient sacred texts that describe the search for Brahman.


(pages 203–204)

Hinduism (cont.)

• The consequences of how a person lives is called karma.

• This law states that Hindus must perform the duties of their caste.


(pages 203–204)

According to Hindus, what are the consequences of a good and a bad life?

Hindus believe if a person lives a good life, then that person might be reborn into a higher varna or jati. If the person lives a bad life, then the person might be reborn in a lower varna or jati.


Buddhism

• Buddhism is a religion founded by Siddhartha Gautama, the man who became known as the Buddha, or “Enlightened One.”

(pages 205–208)

• Siddhartha Gautama was a prince who left his family and wealth to travel.

• In his travels, he saw much suffering and questioned the need for suffering.


Buddhism (cont.)

• Legend tells he meditated under a tree for 49 days, and then he understood.

• For the rest of his life, Siddhartha traveled to tell people about his discovery.

• Nirvana, a state of wisdom, occurs when a person gives up all desires.


(pages 205–208)

Buddhism (cont.)

• The core of Buddha’s teaching is called the Four Noble Truths.

• The Eightfold Path describes the steps to eliminate suffering.

• Buddhism divided into Theravada Buddhism and Mahayana Buddhism.

• Theravada Buddhists believe the Buddha was a great teacher, not a god.


(pages 205–208)

Buddhism (cont.)

• Mahayana Buddhists believe the Buddha was a god who came to save people.

• Tibet is a country in central Asia where Mahayana Buddhism mixed with traditional Tibetan religion and Hinduism to create a special kind of Mahayana Buddhism.

• In Tibet, religious leaders, called lamas, headed the government.


(pages 205–208)

Buddhism (cont.)

• The Dalai Lama was the government leader, and the Panchen Lama was the religious leader.

• A theocracy is a form of government in which religious leaders head the government.


(pages 205–208)

Why was Buddhism popular with people of lower castes?

The Buddha taught that a person’s life depended on the person, not the caste into which the person was born. He believed that a person could stop being reborn by following the Eightfold Path. This gave lower caste people hope.


What are the Upanishads?

The Upanishads are ancient religious writings that describe the search for a universal spirit.


Reincarnation is a religious belief that a soul is reborn many times.

What is reincarnation?


Describe Explain the concept of karma.

Karma is the consequences a soul faces in its next life for its actions in this life.


Explain What is the importance of the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path?

The Four Noble Truths explain why people suffer. The Eightfold Path describes behaviors that will end suffering.


Analyze How did the belief in reincarnation both strengthen the divisions in Indian society and provide hope for the lower classes?

One’s position in society results from past acts. Lower classes hoped to improve their position in a future life.


Expository Writing Write a short essay describing Siddhartha Guatama’s journey to enlightenment.

Answers should be based on the text.


Hinduism is more than a religion; it is a whole way of life.

Identify facts that support this statement.


India’s First Empires

Get Ready to Read

Section OverviewThe Mauryan and Gupta dynasties built empires in India, and they contributed greatly to literature, mathematics, and science.




• The Mauryan dynasty built India’s first great empire.

• The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India and became wealthy through trade.

• The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important contributions in literature, mathematics, and science.


Locating Places

• Pataliputra (PAH·tuh·lih·POO·truh)

Meeting People• Chandragupta Maurya

(CHUHN·druh·GUP·tuh MAH·oor·yuh)

• Asoka (uh·SOH·kuh)

• Kalidasa (KAH·lih·DAH·suh)



Building Your Vocabulary• dynasty (DY·nuh·stee)

• stupa (STOO·puh)

• pilgrim (PIHL·gruhm)

Reading StrategyCategorizing Information Complete a chart like the one on page 209 of your textbook identifying the important dates, capital city, and government of the Mauryan empire.


The Mauryan Dynasty

• Chandragupta Maurya, an Indian prince, founded India’s first empire after Alexander the Great left India.

• This empire was called the Mauryan dynasty.

• A dynasty is a series of rulers from the same family.

(pages 210–211)

• Chandragupta controlled his dynasty by retaining a strong army and using spies.


The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.)

• Many historians consider Asoka the Mauryan dynasty’s greatest king.

• After he was a strong military leader, Asoka turned away from violence.

• He made a vow to live a peaceful life and follow Buddhism.

• Asoka did many great things for his people.


(pages 210–211)

The Mauryan Dynasty (cont.)

• For example, he built hospitals and new roads and sent teachers throughout India to teach Buddhism.

• The empire grew weak after Asoka’s death.

• The kings made poor decisions, and the Mauryan Empire fell.


(pages 210–211)

What happened as a result of Alexander the Great’s invasion of northern India?

Alexander the Great’s army weakened the many small kingdoms of India. After Alexander the Great and his men left, the people could not resist Chandragupta.


The Gupta Empire

• After Chandragupta died, his son, Samudragupta, took over and expanded the empire.

• After 500 years of fighting, another Chandragupta took power and founded the Gupta dynasty.

(page 213)

• The Guptas ruled for about 200 years.

• They grew wealthy from trade with China and kingdoms in southeast Asia and the Mediterranean.


The Gupta Empire (cont.)

• Visiting pilgrims helped make cities wealthy just as tourists make cities wealthy today.

• Pilgrims were people who often used the trade routes to travel to a religious shrine or site.

(page 213)

• The Guptas were Hindus, and they gave their full support to Hinduism.

• The golden age of art and learning in India was during the Gupta empire.


What advantage did the Gupta rulers have that the Mauryan rulers did not?

The kingdom had gotten smaller before the Gupta rulers took power. The smaller kingdom was easier to rule.


Indian Literature and Science

• The Vedas were recorded in Sanskrit after the Aryan people came to India.

• The Vedas of India are an ancient collection of sacred verses, hymns, and prayers.

(pages 214–216)

• The Mahabharata and Ramayana are two sacred texts that are still famous in India today.

• Both tell about warriors and their brave deeds.


Indian Literature and Science (cont.)

• His poem The Cloud Messenger is one of the most popular Sanskrit poems.

• Kalidasa was a writer who lived during the Gupta dynasty.

• Aryabhata was a mathematician who lived during the Gupta dynasty.

• He was one of the first scientists to use algebra.


(pages 214–216)

Indian Literature and Science (cont.)

• They also invented algorithms and the idea of zero.

• Mathematicians in the Gupta empire developed the symbols for the numbers 1 to 9 that we use today.

• Indians also developed ideas in astronomy and medicine.


(pages 214–216)

What kinds of medical advances were made by Gupta doctors?

Gupta doctors could set broken bones and perform surgeries. They also developed medical tools. One doctor even carried out an early form of plastic surgery.



Describe trade during the Gupta empire?

Indians traded salt, cloth, and iron with China, Southeast Asia, and the Mediterranean.


What is the message of the Bhagavad Gita?

It taught people to do their duty even when it was painful.

Analyze How were Asoka’s Buddhist beliefs reflected in his accomplishments as king?

His improvements were for the overall good. He built hospitals, roads, and rest stops for travelers; sent missionaries throughout India and Asia; carved Buddha’s principles on pillars; built stupas; and practiced religious tolerance.


Expository Writing Which of the Indian emperors described in this section do you think was the greatest ruler? Write a short essay explaining your choice.

Be sure to provide reasons for your choice of ruler.


Math Link Why would the development of a number system be important in a civilization that depended on trade?

to keep records of transactions and to monitor the exchange of money


Summarize how religion affected the Gupta empire.


Section 1: India’s First CivilizationsFocusing on the Main Ideas

Early India

• Climate and geography influenced the rise of India’s first civilization.

• The Aryans conquered India and introduced new ideas and technology.

• The Aryans created a caste system that separated Indians into groups.

• Hinduism grew out of the ancient beliefs of the Aryans.

• A new religion, Buddhism, appealed to many people in India and other parts of Asia.

Early India

Section 2: Hinduism and BuddhismFocusing on the Main Ideas

• The Mauryan dynasty built India’s first great empire.

• The Gupta empire reunited much of northern India and became wealthy through trade.

• The Mauryan and Gupta empires made important contributions in literature, mathematics, and science.

Early India

Section 3: India’s First EmpiresFocusing on the Main Ideas

__ 1. Each Aryan tribe was led by a ____.

__ 2. In a ____, government is led by religious leaders.

__ 3. A ____ is a line of rulers who belong to the same family.

__ 4. A ____ travels to religious places.

Review Vocabulary

A. stupaB. guruC. casteD. rajaE. pilgrimF. theocracyG. monsoonH. dynasty

F

Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.

D

H

E

Early India

__ 5. A ____ is a strong wind that blows one direction in winter and the opposite direction in summer.

__ 6. A ____, is a teacher.__ 7. A ____ is a social group

that someone is born into and cannot change.

__ 8. ____ are Buddhist shrines that have the shape of a dome or mound.

Review Vocabulary

A. stupaB. guruC. casteD. rajaE. pilgrimF. theocracyG. monsoonH. dynasty

B

Define Match the vocabulary word that completes each sentence.

G

C

A

Early India

Section 1 India’s First Civilizations

What influenced the rise of India’s first civilizations?

Geography and climate influenced the first civilizations.

Early India

Review Main Ideas

What was the purpose of the caste system?

No one is sure, but possibly to help Aryans stay in control.

Early India

Section 1 India’s First Civilizations

Review Main Ideas


From what did Hinduism form?

Hinduism formed from the ancient beliefs of the Aryans.

Early India

Review Main Ideas

Which religion appealed to people in India and other parts of Asia?

Buddhism

Early India


Review Main Ideas


Which dynasty built India’s first great empire?

the Mauryan dynasty

Early India

Review Main Ideas

Why was the Gupta empire important?

It reunited much of India and became wealthy through trade.

Early India


Review Main Ideas

Compare How do you think the Eightfold Path is similar to the Ten Commandments of Judaism?

They both describe behaviors that believers must try to follow.

Early India

Analyze How does the Mahabharata reflect the ideals of ancient India?

It stresses the importance of doing one’s duty.

Early India

Explain How did the monsoons affect the development of India’s first civilizations?

The summer monsoon made the Indus River flood, fertilizing the soil and leading to good farming. Surplus food led to specialization and civilization.

Early India

Predict What do you think might have happened if Asoka had approved of the slaughter on the battlefield during his wars of conquest?

Answers might include that wars might have continued during the Mauryan empire; the empire might have been larger; Buddhism may not have spread so quickly.

Early India

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Maps

Geography of India

Aryan Migration 2000–500 B.C.

Mauryan Empire c. 250 B.C.

Gupta Empire c. A.D. 600

Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding slides.

Charts

Early India’s Social System

Major Hindu Gods and Goddesses

Click the map to view an interactive version.

As dangerous as monsoon flooding can be, drought is much more devastating to the people of India. In 1770, the rains did not come, and a famine occurred because of the drought. About 10 million people died in Bengal, an Indian state.


In 1949, the country of Tibet was invaded by China. China still occupies Tibet and tries to expel Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetans who fail to denounce their religion or who possess an image of the Dalai Lama, their religious leader, are punished.


Following Buddhist ways, Asoka respected all life and even created hospitals for animals.



Learn It!

Reading Social Studies

What do you do when you are reading and come to a word you do not know? Here are some hints:

• Use clues in the sentence (called context clues) to help you define it.

• Look for prefixes, suffixes, or root words that you already know.

• Look it up in the glossary or a dictionary.


Learn It!

What do you do when you are reading and come to a word you do not know? Here are some hints:

• Write it down and ask for help with the meaning.

• Guess at its meaning.

Look at the word Untouchables in the paragraph on the next slide.


Context The “Untouchables” were a “group.” They had a “low” rank in society.

There was one group so low that it was not even part of the caste system. Its members were called Pariahs, or the Untouchables. They performed work other Indians thought was too dirty, such as collecting trash, skinning animals, or handling dead bodies.

Context If you know what the caste system is, it will help you figure out the meaning of Untouchables.

—from page 200



Context The fact that they performed the “dirty” work indicates how they were viewed by others in Indian society.

—from page 200

Prefixes and Suffixes You might know that the prefix un-means “not” and the suffix –able means “to be able to.” You might guess that the meaning of Untouchable is an Indian who was not to be touched by others.



—from page 200


Defining Words

Practice It!

Read the paragraph from Chapter 6 on page 193 of your textbook.

• What are three things you could do to help you understand the meaning of the word subcontinent in this paragraph?


Early India Introduction

India’s First Civilizations

Morality in the Eightfold Path

The Bhagavad Gita

563–483 B.C.The Buddha

Sculpture of the Buddha sitting on a cobra. The Buddha

Emperor Asoka

Carving from top of pillar created under Asoka. Asoka

Chapter 6

Daily Focus Skills Transparency 6–1


Chapter 6

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fertile river valleys

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