Chapter 9

Flashcards

citation

citationa legal document roughly equivalent to a traffic ticket

commutation of sentence

commutation of sentence action by the executive branch of government; legally means exchanging one

punishment for another less severe one

consolidated parole boards

consolidated parole boards autonomous panels within the government department responsible for administering

correctional institutions or community corrections

discretionary release

discretionary release initiated by correctional authorities when they believe an inmate is ready for life on

the outside

expiration release

expiration release an unconditional release from prison when the offender’s sentence, minus any good

time credits, ends

false negatives

false negatives inmate who would have made a success of their parole, but is denied parole

false positives

false positives parolees who looked to be good risks, but later committed a crime

good-time laws

good-time laws passed in 1817 allowed prison officials to shorten an inmate’s prison term in exchange

for good behavior

guardians

guardianscitizen volunteers who supervised parolees in New York State during the 1800s

hearing officer

hearing officer typically a supervisory-level or senior member of the parole agency staff who conducts

the preliminary parole hearing

independent parole boards

independent parole boards parole board model free from any other state agency’s control and generally reports

directly to the governor

inspector of released prisoners

inspector of released prisoners the first parole officer

institutional model

institutional model a model of the composition of the consolidated parole board that typically employs

full-time corrections professionals

Irish ticket-of-leave system

Irish ticket-of-leave system

created by Crofton in 1854 as a way of releasing ex-convicts into the community

iron law of imprisonment

iron law of imprisonment except for those that die in prison, the rest eventually return to free society

iron law of prison populations

iron law of prison populations prison populations are determined by the number of people sent to prison and by the

amount of time the prisoners reside in them

mandatory release

mandatory release today many inmates serve a statutorily defined minimum length of time and their

release is automatic

pardon

pardonexecutive clemency or mercy; a unique and rare event

parole

parolea conditional release from prison

parole agents

parole agents parole officers; state-level civil service employees

parole agreement

parole agreement standard conditions of parole

parole eligibility date

parole eligibility date the earliest point at which the inmate can leave prison

parole officers

parole officers parole agents who are state-level civil service employees

prisoner reentry

prisoner reentry release from prison and adjustment into the free society

summary arrest

summary arrest when a parole officer observes a violation of parole in person, they can immediately

take the parolee into custody

supervised release

supervised release largely indistinguishable from parole with supervision of ex-inmates by US probation

officers