Chapter 9

• Drugs

• Narcotics

• Classifications

• Effects on human systems

NarcoticsSchedule I

• Produce sleep and lethargy

• Opium: derivative of poppy plant

• Morphine: extracted from opium

• Product of heroin metabolism

Morphine is a controlled substanceused as a pain reducer/killer

Morphine was widely used in WW II for pain relief; lightweight,Easy to carry, VERY effective

Numerous soldiers became addicted but not publicized.

Barney Ross/boxer

heroin derived from morphinepopular as a drug easily dissolved in water for injection ( highly soluble) ‘good’ for street sales

•heroin on street is higher % today compared with 60’s

•laced with quinine and /or starch, even Novocain

Codeine- another derivative of opiumpreparation more involved synthetic, not a naturally occurring derivative cough suppressant- controlled substance

Non-opium derivatives are called opiates. Similar physiological effects of opium and its derivatives.

OxyContinPercosset, Hydrocodone used for pain

managementMethadone- used as treatment for

heroin addicts•heroin need diminished

•minimal side effects with the methadone

Hallucinogens

Marijuana- Cannabis sativa

Hashish is the resin produced by plant

Hemp- plant used to produce

natural rope materials

History to Chinese in 2000’s BC

Napoleon credited /blamed for bringing marijuana to the west. Central, South Americas have

moderate temperatures and climate,

with much rain, favorable for the growth of marijuana- smuggling!

Dicot- 5-9 leaves,branching veins on leaves

Produces seeds, flower, stem , leaves all used in preparation

of drugs

• THC= tetrahydrocannabinol • isolated in 1964

• THC also sold illegally as hallucinogen- inhalant; crystalline form

• Resin has highest concentration of THC- hashish- stronger effects than leaves, stem, etc.

• Hashish oil highest concentration

• Read National Report: p. 243

• Legal uses today- relieves pressure associated with glaucoma

• -relieves nausea for patients on chemo

Marijuana Dispensary

• Montclair, NJ

• 1st dispensary since law changed last year for medical marijuana.

Mycology

• Fungi, mushroom, mold, mildews

slime molds, yeasts

• Fungi: Kingdom

• fungi organisms,

• No ‘J’ sound but G

(guh)

Lysergic acid diethylmide-

LSD- synthesized from ergot fungus

Salem witch trials

Hallucinogens

• Hallucinogenic mushrooms, fungi can be deadly in shamanistic ceremony

• Gut contents examined reveal fungi

Some laws do not keep up with hallucinogenic mushrooms found• Stopharia aeruginos not illegal• Psylocibin; class A drug; illegal Some mushrooms not knownor have no regulation/legality

• Long lasting effects-

• Phenylcyclidine with LSD= angel dust-

• detachment- strength- inhibitions gone

• Violence, depression suicide possible

Mescaline, phenylcyclidine, PCP and psilocybin (fungus)AKA mushrooms

methylenedioxymethamphetamine = ecstasy

Depressants

• Alcohol(not a

true drug)

• Barbituates:produce sleep

• suppress CNS

Source- barbituric acidYellow jackets, blue devils

and reds are slang for barbitol drugs

pheno, seconal, pento, buto, etc

Tranquilizers

• Depressants but do not induce sleep nor do they directly depress CNS

• Valium and Librium are commonly

prescribed tranquilizers

Inhalants

• Volatile substances, usually solvents that are CNS depressants

• Airplane glue, freon, naptha, methyl ethyl ketone, gasoline, white-out!

• Liver, heart, may suffer from

chemicals inhaled.

Amphetamines

• Stimulants of CNS

• Speed

• Stimulation then depression

• Increased heart rate

• hyperactivity

• euphoria

A false sense of energy

• Injection common but also taken

in pill form

• Benzedrine, hexadine

• Ice= solidified form of methamphetamine smoked

• long hours of effects

• Cocaine• In a chemical class by itself• From Erythroxylon coca- plant

originally grown in Andes Mt. • South America & Southern Asia

http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/pdf/street_terms.pdf

• Freud used cocaine

• Wrote of euphoric sensation

• Pain killer or anesthetic used in past

for medicinal purposes- no longer

• Euphoria, energy, alertness

• Low appetite (weight loss)

• Crack smoked ; inhaled and absorbed

through mucus membranes in sinus

• Cocaine, inhaled, injected (free-base)

or smoked (diffused in lung tissue to blood stream)

• Death possible- heart failure

Club Drugs

EcstasyMethylenedioxymethamphetamine

Aka; MDMAPatented as appetite suppressant

Rohpynol AKARoofies CNS depressant

GHB gamma hydroxybutyrate

CNS depressant

Club Drugs + -OH

• If combined with alcohol

• intense depressant combination

• Roofies; date rape drug

• These two usually in concert

Steroids

• Anabolic- similar to testosterone• Androgenic effects- male• Enhanced strength- promotes

muscular development• Liver problems, thyroid • and kidney difficulties• 1991 classified as controlled, dangerous

substances• Now on schedule III

Schedules II-V? which drugs?In textbook…read

Laws- see p. 251

• Controlled Substances Act p. 251 in 1970• Schedules 1-5- based on potential for abuse,

dependence and medical value.• Schedule I; heroin, LSD, marijuana• II: barbs and amphetamines• III: steroids, codeine• IV: valium, librium• V: non-narcotic medicines

Drug TestsDaubert accepted

• Cocaine: Scott test – blue to pink w/HCl • Barbituates:Dillie-Koppanyi-violet blue• Heroin, Morphine: Marquis-purple, orange

brown for amphetamines• Duquenois-Levine: marijuana, THC,purple

again!• Van Urk: LSD-blue- purple• Reagents used are HCl, chloroform

ionization potential is great

• Crystalline tests useful tool• Identify the crystalline geometry of a

particular drug using the same reagents under the microscope

• Small quantities? • P. 257 heroin under scope, b image with

mercuric iodine most useful• Also, infrared tests and spectrophotometry

can identify substance

• Drug ID in crime labs

• Drug ID with chromatography and

mass spectrometry

from urine, blood and other tissues noted in toxicology ppt.

Reading to do…

• Tests for drugs- see 255-256.

• Do review questions p. 261-263