Chapter 8Chapter 8

World War IIWorld War II

1. Causes of the War1. Causes of the WarA.A. Spanish Civil WarSpanish Civil War - - During the 1930s, Spain experienced much politicalDuring the 1930s, Spain experienced much political unrestunrest - In 1936,Francisco Franco, a General in the Spanish - In 1936,Francisco Franco, a General in the Spanish

Army, led a revolt against the governmentArmy, led a revolt against the government -Franco and his supporters called for the creation of-Franco and his supporters called for the creation of a Fascist state in Spaina Fascist state in Spain -Mussolini and Hitler formed an alliance (Rome-Berlin -Mussolini and Hitler formed an alliance (Rome-Berlin

Axis) that sent supplies and troops to aid FrancoAxis) that sent supplies and troops to aid Franco -The Soviet Union sent weapons and supplies to aid the -The Soviet Union sent weapons and supplies to aid the

Spanish governmentSpanish government -The Spanish Civil War ended in 1939 with a victory by-The Spanish Civil War ended in 1939 with a victory by Franco, which turned Spain into a Fascist Dictatorship Franco, which turned Spain into a Fascist Dictatorship

B. German ExpansionB. German Expansion-In March 1935, Hitler decided to ignore the Versailles -In March 1935, Hitler decided to ignore the Versailles

Treaty and started to build up the German militaryTreaty and started to build up the German military

-Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland area, which was -Hitler sent troops into the Rhineland area, which was a neutral military free zone set up after WWI a neutral military free zone set up after WWI between France and Germanybetween France and Germany

-After not receiving any opposition from France, Hitler -After not receiving any opposition from France, Hitler took the area over and its reserves of coal and irontook the area over and its reserves of coal and iron

-In 1938, Hitler increased Germany’s size and power -In 1938, Hitler increased Germany’s size and power by annexing Austria, another action that was by annexing Austria, another action that was prohibited by Treaty of Versaillesprohibited by Treaty of Versailles

-Hitler, wanting to unite all former WWI German lands, -Hitler, wanting to unite all former WWI German lands, demanded Czechoslovakia give him Western lands demanded Czechoslovakia give him Western lands called the Sudetenland.called the Sudetenland.

-The Czechs refused and asked France for help-The Czechs refused and asked France for help

C. Italian AggressionC. Italian Aggression

-In October 1935, Mussolini invaded -In October 1935, Mussolini invaded Ethiopia, which is in Eastern AfricaEthiopia, which is in Eastern Africa

-The Ethiopian Emperor asked the -The Ethiopian Emperor asked the League of Nations to help them League of Nations to help them against the Italian takeoveragainst the Italian takeover

-The League of Nation only proposed a -The League of Nation only proposed a European boycott of German goods, European boycott of German goods, proving how ineffective and weak the proving how ineffective and weak the League wasLeague was

-In May 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia-In May 1936, Italy annexed Ethiopia

D. Preparing for WarD. Preparing for War-France and Great Britain, fearing another -France and Great Britain, fearing another

war, proposed a meeting with Germany war, proposed a meeting with Germany and Italy as a compromise to Germany’s and Italy as a compromise to Germany’s aggressive policiesaggressive policies

-In Sept 1938, French and British leaders -In Sept 1938, French and British leaders met with Hitler and Mussolini in met with Hitler and Mussolini in Munich, Germany to discuss mattersMunich, Germany to discuss matters

-Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of -Neville Chamberlain, Prime Minister of Great Britain, proposed a policy of Great Britain, proposed a policy of appeasement in order to maintain peace appeasement in order to maintain peace by giving into the demands of Germanyby giving into the demands of Germany

-At the meeting, Germany was given the -At the meeting, Germany was given the Sudetenland area in exchange for an end Sudetenland area in exchange for an end to any further Nazi aggression in Europeto any further Nazi aggression in Europe

2. Start of the War2. Start of the War-In March 1939, Hitler went against the Munich -In March 1939, Hitler went against the Munich

Conference and took over the rest of CzechConference and took over the rest of Czech-In 1939, Hitler signed a nonaggression pact -In 1939, Hitler signed a nonaggression pact

with the Soviet Union (pledged not to attack with the Soviet Union (pledged not to attack each other) in dealing with Eastern Europeeach other) in dealing with Eastern Europe

-On Sept 1, 1939, German forces attacked -On Sept 1, 1939, German forces attacked Poland from the western sidePoland from the western side

-When, Hitler refused to stop his attack, France -When, Hitler refused to stop his attack, France and Britain declared war on Germanyand Britain declared war on Germany

-Meanwhile, Soviet Union attacked Poland from -Meanwhile, Soviet Union attacked Poland from the Eastern Sidethe Eastern Side

-In less than one month, Germany and the -In less than one month, Germany and the Soviet Union took over Poland divided it Soviet Union took over Poland divided it between thembetween them

A. A. Takeover of FranceTakeover of France- Using a new style of warfare strategy called - Using a new style of warfare strategy called

Blitzkrieg (lightning war) by using a combination of Blitzkrieg (lightning war) by using a combination of planes, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry in planes, tanks, artillery, and mechanized infantry in quick fashion, Germany began to takeover Europequick fashion, Germany began to takeover Europe

-Germany invaded Belgium to mobilize their troops -Germany invaded Belgium to mobilize their troops along the French border.along the French border.

-While Germany invaded Northern France, Italy -While Germany invaded Northern France, Italy invaded southern France.invaded southern France.

-On June 22, 1940 France surrendered. In the peace -On June 22, 1940 France surrendered. In the peace agreement, Germany occupied and governed agreement, Germany occupied and governed Northern France directly.Northern France directly.

-In Southern France Germany set up a puppet regime -In Southern France Germany set up a puppet regime known as Vichy France, due to their capital in the known as Vichy France, due to their capital in the city of Vichy.city of Vichy.

B. Stalin Fears GermanyB. Stalin Fears Germany

--Because Stalin feared that Hitler would Because Stalin feared that Hitler would eventually break the Nazi-Soviet Pact eventually break the Nazi-Soviet Pact and attack the Soviet Union, Stalin and attack the Soviet Union, Stalin moved to strengthen his defenses.moved to strengthen his defenses.

-Stalin attacked and took over the small -Stalin attacked and took over the small countries of Estonia, Latvia, countries of Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, and took over some Lithuania, and took over some territories of Finland.territories of Finland.

C. Battle of BritainC. Battle of Britain After the surrender of France, Great Britain After the surrender of France, Great Britain

stood alone against Germany. Neville stood alone against Germany. Neville Chamberlain resigned due to the failure of his Chamberlain resigned due to the failure of his appeasement policy.appeasement policy.

The new prime minister became Winston The new prime minister became Winston Churchill.Churchill.

The British rallied around Churchill’s The British rallied around Churchill’s determination, courage and inspirational determination, courage and inspirational speeches.speeches.

Hitler’s goal was to invade and take over the Hitler’s goal was to invade and take over the island nation of Great Britain.island nation of Great Britain.

Hitler planned to weaken the British forces by Hitler planned to weaken the British forces by having German planes bomb British cities and having German planes bomb British cities and defense installations.defense installations.

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

This punishing bombardment lasted nearly three This punishing bombardment lasted nearly three months.months.

These brutal attacks by Germany, only These brutal attacks by Germany, only strengthened British morale rather than strengthened British morale rather than destroying it.destroying it.

Britain’s royal air force attacked German planes. Britain’s royal air force attacked German planes. British pilots were aided by radar, a recent British pilots were aided by radar, a recent

British invention.British invention. By late 1940, Hitler cancelled plans for an By late 1940, Hitler cancelled plans for an

invasion of Britain, although the bombing invasion of Britain, although the bombing continued off and on for several years.continued off and on for several years.

C. Battle of Britain Pg.2

D. Further AttacksD. Further Attacks After gaining control of most of western Europe, After gaining control of most of western Europe,

the Axis leaders turned their attention to the the Axis leaders turned their attention to the Balkans (eastern Europe) and north Africa.Balkans (eastern Europe) and north Africa.

The Italians attacked the British in north Africa by The Italians attacked the British in north Africa by invading Egypt. invading Egypt.

Fighting in north Africa continued for many years. Fighting in north Africa continued for many years. Also, Hitler turned against Stalin and the Nazi-Also, Hitler turned against Stalin and the Nazi-

Soviet Pact and attacked the Soviet Union in June Soviet Pact and attacked the Soviet Union in June 1941.1941.

Hitler needed the Soviet’s rich farmland and oil Hitler needed the Soviet’s rich farmland and oil fields to supply his troops and military equipment.fields to supply his troops and military equipment.

Around 3 million German soldiers invaded the Around 3 million German soldiers invaded the Soviet Union.Soviet Union.

The Soviets resisted but were forced to retreat. The Soviets resisted but were forced to retreat. As the Soviets retreated, they destroyed the As the Soviets retreated, they destroyed the farm equipment and burned crops. farm equipment and burned crops.

This “Scorched Earth” policy kept much needed This “Scorched Earth” policy kept much needed supplies out of enemy hands.supplies out of enemy hands.

However, the Soviet winter and a strengthening However, the Soviet winter and a strengthening defense kept the Germans from advancing defense kept the Germans from advancing further. further.

The German siege of Leningrad, a Soviet city, The German siege of Leningrad, a Soviet city, lasted for two years.lasted for two years.

D. Further Attacks Pg.2

E. Sides of The WarE. Sides of The War The alliance between Italy and Germany became known The alliance between Italy and Germany became known

as the Axis Powers.as the Axis Powers. Spain, though technically neutral, was pro-axis due to Spain, though technically neutral, was pro-axis due to

their fascist government led by Franco.their fascist government led by Franco. Spain allowed Germany to use their ports.Spain allowed Germany to use their ports. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Romania, Bulgaria,

and Western Poland also joined the axis powers.and Western Poland also joined the axis powers. The Nazi’s exploited the occupied areas of France, The Nazi’s exploited the occupied areas of France,

Denmark, Belgium, and the Netherlands.Denmark, Belgium, and the Netherlands. Germany imposed heavy taxes in these areas and sent Germany imposed heavy taxes in these areas and sent

men and women as slave labor to work in German men and women as slave labor to work in German factories. factories. Great Britain Great Britain and the and the Soviet Union Soviet Union were were the main the main Allied ForcesAllied Forces. In March 1941, the United . In March 1941, the United States passed the States passed the Lend-Lease ActLend-Lease Act that furnished that furnished military supplies to Great Britain and the Soviet Union.military supplies to Great Britain and the Soviet Union.

3. War In The Pacific3. War In The Pacific A. Japanese ExpansionA. Japanese Expansion In 1937, Japan launched a full-scale war against

China. In December of 1937, Japan had taken over Nanking,

the former capital of the Republic of China. During this take over the Japanese military

murdered hundreds of thousands unarmed Chinese soldiers and civilians. This mass act of genocide is referred to as the “Rape of Nanking” as well as the “Nanking Massacre”.

The Chinese resisted but by 1938, Japan controlled northern and central China.

Japan announced the creation of a “New Order in East Asia”.

When World War II broke out, Japan signed an alliance with the Axis powers creating the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis.

Japan took advantage of their alliance with the axis powers and took control of many territories that were controlled by Western powers but were defeated by the Axis Powers.

3. War In The Pacific Pg.2

B. U.S InvolvementB. U.S Involvement

The United States took an aggressive stance The United States took an aggressive stance against Japanese expansionism. When Japan against Japanese expansionism. When Japan attacked China, the U.S cancelled their attacked China, the U.S cancelled their commercial treaties with Japan.commercial treaties with Japan.

The U.S stopped exporting oil and scrap The U.S stopped exporting oil and scrap metal to Japan. metal to Japan.

The U.S moved their fleet from the West The U.S moved their fleet from the West Coast of the United States to Pearl Harbor Coast of the United States to Pearl Harbor in Hawaii to show its military readiness in Hawaii to show its military readiness against Japan. against Japan.

Even after the U.S relocated their fleet, Japan began Even after the U.S relocated their fleet, Japan began pushing farther into Southeast Asia. pushing farther into Southeast Asia.

General Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan, wanted General Hideki Tojo, Prime Minister of Japan, wanted to negotiate new treaties with the U.S but negotiations to negotiate new treaties with the U.S but negotiations ended when Japan insisted on occupying China. ended when Japan insisted on occupying China.

On December 7, 1941, In the early morning, Japanese On December 7, 1941, In the early morning, Japanese planes bombed Pearl Harbor for nearly two hours.planes bombed Pearl Harbor for nearly two hours.

In this attack the Japanese sank 8 American In this attack the Japanese sank 8 American battleships, 188 planes, and killed over 2,500 battleships, 188 planes, and killed over 2,500 Americans. Americans.

The following day the U.S declared war on Japan.The following day the U.S declared war on Japan. Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on Three days later, Germany and Italy declared war on

the U.S.the U.S.

B. U.S Involvement Pg.2

3. Japanese Victories3. Japanese Victories The Japanese followed their successful attack on The Japanese followed their successful attack on

Pearl Harbor with numerous assaults across the Pearl Harbor with numerous assaults across the Pacific.Pacific.

Within months Japan had captured Guam, Wake Within months Japan had captured Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong and the Philippines. Island, Hong Kong and the Philippines.

Great Britain was too involved with the war in Great Britain was too involved with the war in Europe to spare resources while France was Europe to spare resources while France was defeated early and could not help defend their defeated early and could not help defend their territories.territories.

After the Philippines were lost, the U.S set up a After the Philippines were lost, the U.S set up a headquarters in Australia to manage the war in the headquarters in Australia to manage the war in the Pacific. Pacific.

Japan was able to gain resources through their Japan was able to gain resources through their conquests which helped supply their troops.conquests which helped supply their troops.

4. Turning Points In The 4. Turning Points In The WarWar After months of axis triumphs, two allied victories offered After months of axis triumphs, two allied victories offered

hope.hope. The first took place in North Africa when the allies were able The first took place in North Africa when the allies were able

to force Germans back to Tunisia and ultimately forcing them to force Germans back to Tunisia and ultimately forcing them to surrender in May 1943.to surrender in May 1943.

The second took place on the Russian front. In the fall of The second took place on the Russian front. In the fall of 1942, Hitler launched a massive attack on the city of 1942, Hitler launched a massive attack on the city of StalingradStalingrad, In southern part of the Soviet Union., In southern part of the Soviet Union.

After a fierce two month battle, Soviet forces won and forced After a fierce two month battle, Soviet forces won and forced the Germans out of the Soviet territory.the Germans out of the Soviet territory.

Stalingrad

5. Allied Offensives5. Allied Offensives Two events in Europe changed the face of Two events in Europe changed the face of

World War II. The first event was the invasion World War II. The first event was the invasion of Italy. of Italy.

After a month of fighting allied troops took After a month of fighting allied troops took control of Sicily and moved into mainland Italy.control of Sicily and moved into mainland Italy.

During this time Mussolini was forced out of During this time Mussolini was forced out of power, there were still thousands of German power, there were still thousands of German troops in Italy. troops in Italy.

Eventually allied forces pushed northward and Eventually allied forces pushed northward and in June 1944, they took control of Rome. in June 1944, they took control of Rome.

By early 1945, members of the Italian By early 1945, members of the Italian resistance captured Mussolini and killed him.resistance captured Mussolini and killed him.

The second event was the allied landing in The second event was the allied landing in Normandy, France on June 6, 1944. Normandy, France on June 6, 1944.

Which became known as D-Day, 120,000 Which became known as D-Day, 120,000 allied troops crossed the English channel into allied troops crossed the English channel into France. France.

Another 800,000 allied troops joined the fight Another 800,000 allied troops joined the fight for control of France. Meanwhile, other allied for control of France. Meanwhile, other allied forces moved into southern France pushing forces moved into southern France pushing northward. northward.

On August 25, 1944, allied troops marched On August 25, 1944, allied troops marched into Paris.into Paris.

5. Allied Offensives Pg.2

6. March Into Germany6. March Into Germany After the invasion of Normandy, the allied had After the invasion of Normandy, the allied had

begun heavy bombings of all major cities in begun heavy bombings of all major cities in Germany. Germany.

By April 1945, allied forces began pushing By April 1945, allied forces began pushing eastward into Germany, while Soviet forces eastward into Germany, while Soviet forces began pushing westward.began pushing westward.

As allied troops approached Berlin and As allied troops approached Berlin and realizing that defeat was near, Hitler realizing that defeat was near, Hitler committed suicide in an underground bunker.committed suicide in an underground bunker.

A week later, Germany surrendered. World A week later, Germany surrendered. World War II in Europe was over.War II in Europe was over.

7. 7. The End of The War In The The End of The War In The PacificPacific The Americans began using a military campaign known as The Americans began using a military campaign known as

Island HoppingIsland Hopping to defeat the Japanese forces in the Pacific. to defeat the Japanese forces in the Pacific. The U.S would attack some Japanese-held islands but would The U.S would attack some Japanese-held islands but would

bypass others. The captured islands would serve as stepping-bypass others. The captured islands would serve as stepping-stones to their next objectives. stones to their next objectives.

The bypassed islands would have their supply lines cut off The bypassed islands would have their supply lines cut off and would eventually be defeated easily.and would eventually be defeated easily.

On the Asian mainland, the allied forces supported local On the Asian mainland, the allied forces supported local nationalist forces and began overthrowing Japanese forces.nationalist forces and began overthrowing Japanese forces.

In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, a small In April 1945, American forces landed on Okinawa, a small Japanese island about 1000 miles away from Tokyo.Japanese island about 1000 miles away from Tokyo.

American casualties were especially heavy due to American casualties were especially heavy due to KamikazeKamikaze attacks. Japanese suicide missions in which they crashed attacks. Japanese suicide missions in which they crashed planes loaded with explosives into American ships.planes loaded with explosives into American ships.

8. Defeat of Japan8. Defeat of Japan After the allied forces took on Okinawa, allied After the allied forces took on Okinawa, allied

bombers began bombing mainland Japan causing bombers began bombing mainland Japan causing heavy damage to major cities. Still, the Japanese heavy damage to major cities. Still, the Japanese would not give up.would not give up.

In the U.S, president Franklin Roosevelt died and In the U.S, president Franklin Roosevelt died and vice-president Harry Truman succeeded him. vice-president Harry Truman succeeded him. Truman’s military advisers warned him that the Truman’s military advisers warned him that the only way to make Japan surrender was to invade only way to make Japan surrender was to invade mainland Japan.mainland Japan.

The problem was that many more troops would be The problem was that many more troops would be killed in the invasion. Instead president Truman killed in the invasion. Instead president Truman decided to use the newly invented Atomic Bomb.decided to use the newly invented Atomic Bomb.

On August 6, 1945, the United States On August 6, 1945, the United States dropped the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima.dropped the Atomic Bomb on Hiroshima.

The blast leveled 42 square miles of the The blast leveled 42 square miles of the city and killed 80,000 people instantly. city and killed 80,000 people instantly.

Three days later, a second bomb was Three days later, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki, killing at least dropped on Nagasaki, killing at least 40,000 people instantly.40,000 people instantly.

Thousands died afterward due to Thousands died afterward due to radiation sickness and other injuries. radiation sickness and other injuries.

On August 14, Japan surrendered.On August 14, Japan surrendered.

8. Defeat of Japan Pg.2