Chapter 6Chapter 6

Modern EthernetModern EthernetUTPUTP and and Fiber Optic Cable-based EthernetFiber Optic Cable-based Ethernet

Problems with the “Problems with the “OldOld” Physical Bus, ” Physical Bus, Coaxial Cable Based EthernetCoaxial Cable Based Ethernet

Problem 1:Problem 1: The The long BUS cable long BUS cable getsgets damaged easily damaged easily

Problem 2:Problem 2: The The Coaxial Cable Coaxial Cable used for the BUS cable is used for the BUS cable is

relatively relatively expensive and difficult to expensive and difficult to install/replaceinstall/replace

The “The “NewNew” Ethernet” Ethernet

Solution to Problem 1:Solution to Problem 1: Star physical topology Star physical topology instead of bus instead of bus

physical topologyphysical topology

Solution to Problem 2:Solution to Problem 2: UTP cable UTP cable instead of coaxial cableinstead of coaxial cable

The “The “NewNew” Ethernet” Ethernet

UTP Cable-based EthernetUTP Cable-based Ethernet

Fiber Optic Cable-based EthernetFiber Optic Cable-based Ethernet

Wireless Ethernet Wireless Ethernet (Chapter 9)(Chapter 9)

10BaseT10BaseT

10BaseT = UTP cable (the “T”)10BaseT = UTP cable (the “T”) based Ethernet based Ethernet

SimilaritiesSimilarities between 10BaseT and the “Old” Coaxial Cable between 10BaseT and the “Old” Coaxial Cable based Ethernet:based Ethernet:

BUS logical topologyBUS logical topology Ethernet frameEthernet frame CSMA/CDCSMA/CD 10 Mbps10 Mbps BasebandBaseband

DifferencesDifferences between 10BaseT and the “Old” Coaxial Cable between 10BaseT and the “Old” Coaxial Cable based Ethernet:based Ethernet:

Star physical topologyStar physical topology (Star Bus topology) (Star Bus topology) instead of instead of bus physicalbus physical Ethernet Hub and UTP cable Ethernet Hub and UTP cable instead of coaxial cable businstead of coaxial cable bus

Older versus Newer EthernetOlder versus Newer Ethernet

Older: BUS Physical Topology Newer: STAR Physical Topology

Older: Coaxial Cable as the Bus Cable Newer: UTP Cable as the Patch Cable and the Horizontal Run

10BaseT: Segment and Ethernet Hub10BaseT: Segment and Ethernet Hub

In a BUS physical topology, a SEGMENT is In a BUS physical topology, a SEGMENT is a a singlesingle BUS cable BUS cable

In a STAR physical topology, a SEGMENT is In a STAR physical topology, a SEGMENT is a a singlesingle HUB HUB (Ethernet Hub)(Ethernet Hub)

Segment in the Older and Newer Segment in the Older and Newer EthernetEthernet

Newer Ethernet:

A segment is a SINGLE Ethernet hub

In this example, this network consists of 4 segments

Older Ethernet:

A segment is a SINGLE Ethernet bus

In this example, this network consists of 2 segments

10BaseT: Cabling10BaseT: Cabling

CAT3 or higherCAT3 or higher, , two pairstwo pairs, , UTP cableUTP cable

RJ-45 connectorsRJ-45 connectors Also known as CRIMPAlso known as CRIMP Connecting UTP cable to RJ-45 connector: CRIMPINGConnecting UTP cable to RJ-45 connector: CRIMPING

Crimping standard:Crimping standard: TIA/EIA 568 ATIA/EIA 568 A standard: see Figure 6.9 on Page standard: see Figure 6.9 on Page

103103 TIA/EIA 568 BTIA/EIA 568 B standard: see Figure 6.10 on Page standard: see Figure 6.10 on Page

103103

10BaseT: Specifications10BaseT: Specifications

10 Mbps10 Mbps

BasebandBaseband

Maximum distance between the hub and the node Maximum distance between the hub and the node (computer/NIC): (computer/NIC): 100 meters100 meters

Maximum number of nodes per hub: Maximum number of nodes per hub: 10241024

Network topology: Network topology: Star Bus Star Bus

Cable: Cable: UTP, CAT3 or higher, two pairs, RJ-45 connectorsUTP, CAT3 or higher, two pairs, RJ-45 connectors

10BaseFL/10BaseF: Specifications10BaseFL/10BaseF: Specifications 1010 Mbps Mbps

BasebandBaseband

Maximum distance between the hub and the node Maximum distance between the hub and the node (computer/NIC): (computer/NIC): 20002000 metersmeters (2 kilometers) (2 kilometers)

Network topology: Network topology: Star Bus Star Bus (Star physical topology (Star physical topology (using Ethernet hub); Bus logical topology)(using Ethernet hub); Bus logical topology)

Cable: Cable: Fiber OpticFiber Optic

Multiple Ethernet HubsMultiple Ethernet Hubs

Why using multiple Ethernet Hubs Why using multiple Ethernet Hubs (multiple segments)?(multiple segments)?

If one hub is down, the other hub(s) still If one hub is down, the other hub(s) still works works → → NO SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE NO SINGLE POINT OF FAILURE IN THE HUBIN THE HUB

Multiple Ethernet HubsMultiple Ethernet Hubs How to connect multiple Ethernet Hubs?How to connect multiple Ethernet Hubs?

Coaxial cableCoaxial cable

Crossover cableCrossover cable (UTP, two pairs, CAT3 or higher): reversing the (UTP, two pairs, CAT3 or higher): reversing the sending and receiving pairs on the end of the cable (see page 105, sending and receiving pairs on the end of the cable (see page 105, figure 6.15)figure 6.15)

• One end of a cable is connected to the One end of a cable is connected to the regular portregular port, the other end is , the other end is connected to the connected to the regular port regular port at the other hubat the other hub

Crossover PortCrossover Port (also called (also called Crossover, Uplink, In-port, Out-portCrossover, Uplink, In-port, Out-port):):• Use Use regular cableregular cable, NOT crossover cable, NOT crossover cable• One end of the regular cable (One end of the regular cable (NOT crossover cableNOT crossover cable) is connected to the ) is connected to the

Crossover PortCrossover Port, the other end is connected to the , the other end is connected to the regular port regular port at the other at the other hubhub

Autosensing PortAutosensing Port (a regular port that can turn to be Crossover Port (a regular port that can turn to be Crossover Port automatically whenever necessary)automatically whenever necessary)

• One end of a regular cable is connected to the One end of a regular cable is connected to the Autosensing PortAutosensing Port, the other , the other end is connected to the end is connected to the regular port regular port at the other hubat the other hub

Connecting Ethernet SegmentsConnecting Ethernet Segments

Connecting Ethernet SegmentsConnecting Ethernet Segments

The coaxial cable connectorThe coaxial cable connector on Ethernet on Ethernet hub can also be used to connect the hub hub can also be used to connect the hub with with the “older” Ethernet bus the “older” Ethernet bus (see page (see page 105 figure 6.14)105 figure 6.14)

10BaseT: Segment and Ethernet Hub10BaseT: Segment and Ethernet Hub

In a In a BUS physical topologyBUS physical topology, a SEGMENT is simply a , a SEGMENT is simply a BUS cableBUS cable

In a In a STAR physical topologySTAR physical topology, a SEGMENT is a , a SEGMENT is a HUBHUB (Ethernet (Ethernet Hub)Hub)

See Figure 6.17 and Figure 6.18See Figure 6.17 and Figure 6.18 Why are there Why are there THREETHREE segments in these figures? segments in these figures?

What What Ethernet technologyEthernet technology is used in is used in Segment ASegment A (“Old” or “New” (“Old” or “New” Ethernet)? Ethernet)?

What What Ethernet technologyEthernet technology is used in is used in Segment BSegment B (“Old” or “New” (“Old” or “New” Ethernet)? Ethernet)?

What What Ethernet technologyEthernet technology is used in is used in Segment CSegment C (“Old” or “New” (“Old” or “New” Ethernet)? Ethernet)?

High Speed EthernetHigh Speed Ethernet

> 10 Mbps> 10 Mbps

Examples:Examples:

Fast EthernetFast Ethernet: : 100100 Mbps Mbps

Gigabit Ethernet: 1000Gigabit Ethernet: 1000 Mbps Mbps

10 Gigabit Ethernet: 10,00010 Gigabit Ethernet: 10,000 Mbps Mbps

Fast EthernetFast Ethernet

100100 Mbps Mbps

Also known as Also known as 100Base100Base Ethernet Ethernet

Includes:Includes: 100BaseTX100BaseTX 100BaseT4100BaseT4 100BaseFX100BaseFX

100BaseTX100BaseTX versus versus 100BaseT4100BaseT4 versus versus 100BaseFX100BaseFX

SimilaritiesSimilarities:: Star-Bus technology, Star-Bus technology, CSMA/CD, CSMA/CD, Ethernet frame, Ethernet frame, 100 Mbps100 Mbps BasebandBaseband

DifferencesDifferences:: 100Base100BaseTXTX uses uses UTP cable, UTP cable, twotwo pairs, pairs, CAT5CAT5 or higher, or higher, maximum maximum

length of cable from a node to a hub: length of cable from a node to a hub: 100100 meters meters

100Base100BaseT4T4 uses uses UTP cable, UTP cable, fourfour pairs, pairs, CAT3CAT3 or higher, or higher, maximum maximum length of cable from a node to a hub: length of cable from a node to a hub: 100100 meters meters

100Base100BaseFXFX uses uses fiber optic cable, fiber optic cable, maximum length of cable from a node maximum length of cable from a node to a hub: to a hub: 20002000 meters, no EMI, no wire tap (more secured) meters, no EMI, no wire tap (more secured)

Gigabit EthernetGigabit Ethernet

1000BaseX1000BaseX

10001000 MbpsMbps ( (1 Gbps1 Gbps))

The most popular Gigabit Ethernet: The most popular Gigabit Ethernet: 1000BaseT1000BaseT::

Four pairs of CAT5 or better UTP cableFour pairs of CAT5 or better UTP cableMaximum length of cable from a node to a hub: Maximum length of cable from a node to a hub: 100100

metersmeters

1000BaseF1000BaseF::Fiber optic cables Fiber optic cables Maximum length of cable from a node to a hub: Maximum length of cable from a node to a hub: 20002000

metersmeters

10/100BaseT Devices10/100BaseT Devices

10/100BaseT10/100BaseT Devices: Devices:

Networking devices (e.g., NIC, hub, UTP Networking devices (e.g., NIC, hub, UTP

cable) that can work in cable) that can work in BOTH 10BaseT and BOTH 10BaseT and 100BaseT networks100BaseT networks

What are What are 10/100/1000BaseT 10/100/1000BaseT Devices?Devices?What is What is 10/100/1000BaseT Switch10/100/1000BaseT Switch??What is What is 10/100/1000BaseT NIC10/100/1000BaseT NIC??

Multi_speed Multi_speed SwitchSwitch

• Multi-speed switch:•http://www.superwarehouse.com/Linksys_Etherfast_10_100_8_Port_Auto-Sensing_Switch/EZXS88W/ps/117963

Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet Multi-speed Ethernet Multi-speed Ethernet

To break a network into To break a network into multiple segments multiple segments that that have have different data transmission speed different data transmission speed (throughputs)(throughputs)

High-traffic segment (e.g., backbone) High-traffic segment (e.g., backbone) has has high data high data transmission speed technologytransmission speed technology, ,

low-traffic segment low-traffic segment has has low data transmission speed low data transmission speed technologytechnology, ,

in order in order not to waste resources (max performance & min not to waste resources (max performance & min cost)cost)

BackboneBackbone A segment that connects other segmentsA segment that connects other segments

Switched EthernetSwitched Ethernet

10Base

(10 Mbps)

segment

100Base

(100 Mbps)

segment

Full-Duplex EthernetFull-Duplex Ethernet

Normally, Ethernet works in Normally, Ethernet works in HALF-DUPLEX modeHALF-DUPLEX mode: : One frame can travel over the network at any timeOne frame can travel over the network at any time

Ethernet switch Ethernet switch and and Ethernet NICs that can run in Full-Duplex Ethernet NICs that can run in Full-Duplex mode mode enable Ethernet network to run in a enable Ethernet network to run in a FULL-DUPLEX modeFULL-DUPLEX mode At any time, multiple computers can send frames to the At any time, multiple computers can send frames to the

network (in other words, multiple frames can travel over the network (in other words, multiple frames can travel over the network at any time)network at any time)

By running in a Full-Duplex mode, the network operates more By running in a Full-Duplex mode, the network operates more efficiently by efficiently by minimizing the waiting time minimizing the waiting time andand removing the removing the possibility of collisionpossibility of collision By running in a Full Duplex mode, By running in a Full Duplex mode, the data transmission rate the data transmission rate

can be twice as fastcan be twice as fast as the one in a Half Duplex modeas the one in a Half Duplex mode

Switch (Bridge) to Enable Full Duplex Switch (Bridge) to Enable Full Duplex ModeMode

BridgeComputer

1

Computer

2

Frame For Computer 2

Frame For Computer 1

No Collision

Collision Domain 1 Collision Domain 2

Full-Duplex Full-Duplex SwitchSwitch

•10/100BaseT switch:• http://www.superwarehouse.com/

Linksys_Etherfast_10_100_8_Port_Auto-Sensing_Switch/EZXS88W/ps/117963

•Check the “Features” of this switch. One of them indicates that this switch can run at 10, 20, 100, 200 Mbps. Explain how this 10/100BaseT switch can run at 20 and 200 Mbps

Assignment 1:Assignment 1:10 Gigabit Ethernet10 Gigabit Ethernet

•Compare the competing varieties of 10 Gigabit Ethernet:

• Task 1: Find at least 3 examples of fiber optic-based 10 Gigabit Ethernet and report their characteristics (the type of fiber optic used, the maximum length of cable)

• Task 2: Find at least 2 examples of copper-based 10 Gigabit Ethernet and report their characteristics (the type of copper cable used, the maximum length of cable)

Assignment 1:Assignment 1:10 Gigabit Ethernet10 Gigabit Ethernet

•How to submit?

• Type your report (hand written report WILL NOT be accepted/grade)

• You have to submit your report in the beginning of the class on Monday, September 21, 2009