Chapter 6Chapter 6French Rule in LouisianaFrench Rule in Louisiana

Louisiana's French Colonial Louisiana's French Colonial Era: Struggle and SurvivalEra: Struggle and Survival

Important People of Chapter Important People of Chapter 66

Louis JolietLouis Joliet Rene’ Robert Cavalier Rene’ Robert Cavalier

Sieur de La SalleSieur de La Salle Henri de TontiHenri de Tonti Pierre Le MoynePierre Le Moyne Sieur d’IbbervilleSieur d’Ibberville Jean Baptiste Le MoyneJean Baptiste Le Moyne Sieur de BienvilleSieur de Bienville Antoine CrozatAntoine Crozat Antoine de LamontheAntoine de Lamonthe

Sieur de CadillacSieur de Cadillac Lois Juchereau de St. Lois Juchereau de St.

DenisDenis John LawJohn Law Etienne de PerierEtienne de Perier Pierre Francois de Pierre Francois de

RigaudRigaud Marquis de VaudreuailMarquis de Vaudreuail Louis BillouartLouis Billouart Chevalier de KerlerecChevalier de Kerlerec

Chapter 6Chapter 6 Section 1 Section 1

Section One - "Exploring the Mississippi" (pp 196-198) Section One - "Exploring the Mississippi" (pp 196-198)

Vocabulary Vocabulary 1. 1. New WorldNew World - - a way of referring to North Americaa way of referring to North America

2. 2. Northwest PassageNorthwest Passage - - a water route that early Europeans believed went through a water route that early Europeans believed went through the North American continent to Asia the North American continent to Asia

3. 3. expeditionexpedition - a journey for a specific purpose, such as exploration- a journey for a specific purpose, such as exploration

4. 4. colonycolony - - a group of people who settle in a distant land but who are still a group of people who settle in a distant land but who are still under the control of their native land under the control of their native land

Questions Questions 1. What was the purpose of the French trading posts in North America? 1. What was the purpose of the French trading posts in North America? - to take advantage of the profitable fur trade that would support the colony- to take advantage of the profitable fur trade that would support the colony

2. For whom was Louisiana named and what does Louisiana mean? 2. For whom was Louisiana named and what does Louisiana mean? - - Louisiana is named after King Louis XIV of France and it means "Land of Louis" or Louisiana is named after King Louis XIV of France and it means "Land of Louis" or “Louis' land". “Louis' land".

3. What interest did Catholic priests have in exploration in the Americas? 3. What interest did Catholic priests have in exploration in the Americas? - to bring Christianity to the Native Americans- to bring Christianity to the Native Americans

Exploring the MississippiExploring the Mississippi

French established French established their first trading their first trading posts in Canadaposts in Canada

They were fur They were fur traderstraders

Created such a rich Created such a rich economic venture economic venture for France it for France it became known as became known as New FranceNew France

Traders wanted to Traders wanted to expand their expand their trading area by trading area by finding a way to finding a way to China and IndiaChina and India

They talked of a They talked of a Northwest Passage-Northwest Passage-a mysterious water a mysterious water route across the route across the American continentAmerican continent

Joliet and MarquetteJoliet and Marquette 1663, French fur trader 1663, French fur trader

Louis Joliet and Jesuit Louis Joliet and Jesuit priest Marquette along priest Marquette along with an expedition team with an expedition team set out to explore this set out to explore this “Northwest Passage”“Northwest Passage”

Taught by the Native Taught by the Native Americans in the North Americans in the North the team built birchbark the team built birchbark canoes , gathered useful canoes , gathered useful food and set outfood and set out

Joliet and MarquetteJoliet and Marquette

From Canada the team From Canada the team made their way as far as made their way as far as the Mississippi River to the Mississippi River to the Mouth of the the Mouth of the Aransas RiverAransas River

Natives of the Quapaw Natives of the Quapaw tribe explained the tribe explained the dangers of going further dangers of going further down the river-The down the river-The Spanish had supplied Spanish had supplied southern tribes with southern tribes with guns and ammunition, guns and ammunition, leading them to go back leading them to go back NorthNorth

Rene’ Robert Cavalier Sieur de Rene’ Robert Cavalier Sieur de La SalleLa Salle

Dreamt of finding a Dreamt of finding a route to Chinaroute to China

Had a Canadian Had a Canadian trading post called trading post called LaChine (China) in LaChine (China) in which other traders which other traders just found funnyjust found funny

It too him many years It too him many years and struggles, but and struggles, but eventually he made eventually he made his trip to find China a his trip to find China a realityreality

Henri de TontiHenri de Tonti

La Salle chose Henri de La Salle chose Henri de Tonti as his lieutenant Tonti as his lieutenant for the trip. for the trip.

Tonti was known for his Tonti was known for his bravery in battlebravery in battle

Legend says in battle, Legend says in battle, Tonti amputated his Tonti amputated his own wounded hand own wounded hand and then continued and then continued fightingfighting

Nick named “Iron Hnd”Nick named “Iron Hnd”

La Salle’s Journey to China?La Salle’s Journey to China?

The team was made up The team was made up of La Salle, Tonti, of La Salle, Tonti, priests, Natives and priests, Natives and their familiestheir families

Feb. 1682, they enter Feb. 1682, they enter the upper Mississippi the upper Mississippi RiverRiver

April 1682, they April 1682, they reached the Mouth of reached the Mouth of the riverthe river

Never getting to China! Never getting to China!

La Salle chooses the Land of La Salle chooses the Land of Louis over China!Louis over China!

As the team reached As the team reached the mouth of the the mouth of the Mississippi River a Mississippi River a formal solemn formal solemn ceremony was held (in ceremony was held (in Plaquemines Parish)Plaquemines Parish)

La Salle, as any other La Salle, as any other good Frenchman, good Frenchman, claimed all the land claimed all the land drained by the drained by the Mississippi River for his Mississippi River for his king, King Louis XIVking, King Louis XIV

He honored the king by He honored the king by naming the land naming the land Louisiana, Louisiana, which means which means “LAND OF LOUIS”“LAND OF LOUIS”

Better let the king know!Better let the king know!

La Salle returned to La Salle returned to France to report his France to report his discovery to the kindiscovery to the kin

The king rewarded The king rewarded him with a small him with a small fleet of ships and fleet of ships and 30 colonists and 30 colonists and directed him to directed him to start a colonystart a colony

Louisiana is official!Louisiana is official!King Louis XIV ain’t he a cutie?

La Salle returns to Louisiana, La Salle returns to Louisiana, well maybe not…well maybe not…

La Salle began his trip La Salle began his trip to his new home after to his new home after meeting with the kingmeeting with the king

This trip was not This trip was not successful-he missed successful-he missed the Mississippi River!the Mississippi River!

He ended up at He ended up at Matagorda Bay in Matagorda Bay in TexasTexas

Frightened and Frightened and frustrated, the colonist frustrated, the colonist were not happywere not happy

Many died on the trip Many died on the trip there and were not there and were not supplied enough to supplied enough to last longer than the last longer than the trip to Louisianatrip to Louisiana

La Salle vowed to La Salle vowed to bring them back to bring them back to Canada by landCanada by land

Colonist men mutinied Colonist men mutinied and murdered La Salleand murdered La Salle

His dreams ended in His dreams ended in complete failurecomplete failure

Chapter 6 Section 2Chapter 6 Section 2Section Two - "Colonizing Louisiana" (pp. 200-204) Section Two - "Colonizing Louisiana" (pp. 200-204)

Questions Questions

1. Where was the first French fort established along the Gulf of Mexico? 1. Where was the first French fort established along the Gulf of Mexico? - - Fort Maurepas near the present-day city of Biloxi Fort Maurepas near the present-day city of Biloxi (They needed to build a fort to keep possession of their new colony.) (They needed to build a fort to keep possession of their new colony.) (They didn't build the first fort on the Mississippi River because the soil (They didn't build the first fort on the Mississippi River because the soil was too poor.) was too poor.)

2. Which countries tried to stop French efforts to colonize Louisiana? 2. Which countries tried to stop French efforts to colonize Louisiana? - - England and Spain England and Spain

3. How did Bienville keep the English away from the Mississippi River? 3. How did Bienville keep the English away from the Mississippi River? - - He bluffed his way out at a curve on the river now called English Turn.He bluffed his way out at a curve on the river now called English Turn.

Colonizing LouisianaColonizing Louisiana France colonizing and France colonizing and

claiming the claiming the Mississippi made other Mississippi made other countries nervouscountries nervous

Spain and Britain took Spain and Britain took this as a threatthis as a threat

Determined to protect Determined to protect its colonies, Spain its colonies, Spain built a fort on the Gulf built a fort on the Gulf of Mexico at Pensacola of Mexico at Pensacola BayBay

The British hoped for a The British hoped for a fort at the mouth of fort at the mouth of the Mississippithe Mississippi

Keeping up with the Jones’Keeping up with the Jones’ Louis XIV heard the Louis XIV heard the

rumblings of other countries rumblings of other countries and knew France had to and knew France had to build a fort immediatelybuild a fort immediately

First he had to chose a good First he had to chose a good leader to take on the taskleader to take on the task

Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d’Iberville, a Canadian d’Iberville, a Canadian commander was chosen to commander was chosen to lead the effort to build a lead the effort to build a French fort French fort

Iberville chose his war Iberville chose his war hardened 18 year old hardened 18 year old brother Jean Baptiste Le brother Jean Baptiste Le Moyne, Sieur de Bienville to Moyne, Sieur de Bienville to accompany him.accompany him.

A new fort for FranceA new fort for France Iberville was charged Iberville was charged

with establishing a base with establishing a base from which to control from which to control the mouth of the the mouth of the Mississippi RiverMississippi River

The site must be a good The site must be a good location for a colonylocation for a colony

More importantly, the More importantly, the site must provide France site must provide France with raw materials with raw materials (Mercantilism) for (Mercantilism) for manufacturers in Francemanufacturers in France

The MississippiThe Mississippi

As they came to the As they came to the mouth of the mouth of the Mississippi, Iberville Mississippi, Iberville described the day, described the day, “March 3, Mardi “March 3, Mardi Gras Day…I went Gras Day…I went up this river…two up this river…two leagues and a half leagues and a half above the mouth it above the mouth it forks into three forks into three branches”branches”

Is it really the MississippiIs it really the Mississippi To make sure that this was To make sure that this was

the Mississippi, Iberville and the Mississippi, Iberville and Bienville questioned the local Bienville questioned the local nativesnatives

Soon they found a chief who Soon they found a chief who brought a letter from Henri brought a letter from Henri de Tonti written in 1699 (13 de Tonti written in 1699 (13 years after La Salle’s death)years after La Salle’s death)

The letter was from Tonti to The letter was from Tonti to La Salle was an encouraging La Salle was an encouraging message of the colonymessage of the colony

Iberville and Bienville found Iberville and Bienville found the Mississippi river and the Mississippi river and began building the fortbegan building the fort

This was a very poor place This was a very poor place for a fort so they moved for a fort so they moved east along the coast to east along the coast to present day Ocean Springs, present day Ocean Springs, MS (next to Biloxi) and built MS (next to Biloxi) and built the first French fort, Fort the first French fort, Fort MaurapasMaurapas

Uneasy times at the French Uneasy times at the French SettlementSettlement

When finished, When finished, Iberville returned to Iberville returned to France for supplies, France for supplies, soldiers and settlerssoldiers and settlers

While gone the fort While gone the fort suffered food shortage suffered food shortage and lack of suppliesand lack of supplies

The men at the fort The men at the fort were also being were also being attacked by the attacked by the Chickasaw, friends of Chickasaw, friends of the Britishthe British

Rebuilt Ft. Maurapas after Katrina

Rebuilt Ft. Maurapas

Turn for the better?Turn for the better? Bienville spent time Bienville spent time

exploring the riverexploring the river On one exploration, On one exploration,

Bienville, in a very small Bienville, in a very small boat went down river and boat went down river and came across a 12 gun came across a 12 gun British shipBritish ship

Pretending he had more Pretending he had more ships, Bienville told the ships, Bienville told the British that just up river British that just up river were many French vessels were many French vessels and troops and that the and troops and that the river was controlled by the river was controlled by the FrenchFrench

HE hinted of an attack if the HE hinted of an attack if the British did not leaveBritish did not leave

Believing Bienville, the Believing Bienville, the British turned around and British turned around and sailed awaysailed away

The place where this The place where this occurred is on maps today, occurred is on maps today, it is called English Turnit is called English Turn

Restless natives…or rude Restless natives…or rude FrenchFrench

The local natives were very The local natives were very helpful in the beginnings of helpful in the beginnings of the colonythe colony

They shared food and They shared food and supplies with the needy supplies with the needy French settlersFrench settlers

The soldiers were even The soldiers were even invited to live with the invited to live with the nativesnatives

To repay the great To repay the great hospitality of the natives, hospitality of the natives, the French settlers treated the French settlers treated them as conquered people them as conquered people and took them as slaves and took them as slaves and purposely stared and purposely stared conflicts with in tribesconflicts with in tribes

Expanding-More Forts for Expanding-More Forts for FranceFrance

After the English Turn After the English Turn incident, Iberville felt a incident, Iberville felt a fort at the mouth of the fort at the mouth of the Mississippi was neededMississippi was needed

Fort Maurapas needed Fort Maurapas needed to be moved, which to be moved, which was normal for first was normal for first time fortstime forts– The first site flooded and The first site flooded and

the soil was too sandy to the soil was too sandy to grow food grow food

– The new fort, Fort Louis, The new fort, Fort Louis, was located where it was located where it would keep the English would keep the English out of Mobile Bay out of Mobile Bay (Alabama)(Alabama)

Forget about the FortsForget about the Forts In Europe the War for In Europe the War for

Spanish Succession was Spanish Succession was happeninghappening

The war created unrest The war created unrest throughout Europethroughout Europe

French supply ships French supply ships sailed to places sailed to places considered more considered more important to the war important to the war efforteffort

Abandoned, the colony Abandoned, the colony was left without proper was left without proper defense or assistance defense or assistance at a time when it was at a time when it was still very shakystill very shaky

Chapter 6 Section 3Chapter 6 Section 3Section Three - "Louisiana as a Proprietorship" (pp. 205-212)Section Three - "Louisiana as a Proprietorship" (pp. 205-212) VocabularyVocabulary 11. proprietorship. proprietorship - - a system that gave an individual a charter (or contract) to operate a colony as a business a system that gave an individual a charter (or contract) to operate a colony as a business

2. 2. Superior CouncilSuperior Council - - a group existing during the French colonial period that was in charge of judicial matters and a group existing during the French colonial period that was in charge of judicial matters and was presided over by the commissary commissioner was presided over by the commissary commissioner (It was the government for French Louisiana.) (It was the government for French Louisiana.)

3. 3. cash cropcash crop - a crop that is raised to make a profit- a crop that is raised to make a profit

Questions Questions 1. Why did the French government try a proprietorship for the Louisiana colony/ 1. Why did the French government try a proprietorship for the Louisiana colony/ - It was broke and couldn't afford to run Louisiana. - It was broke and couldn't afford to run Louisiana.

(Crozat was the first proprietor of Louisiana. He failed because he was only (Crozat was the first proprietor of Louisiana. He failed because he was only interested in making a profit for himself.) interested in making a profit for himself.)

2. Why did the structure of the French colonial government cause problems in the Louisiana 2. Why did the structure of the French colonial government cause problems in the Louisiana colony?colony?- - The governor of the colony didn't have full control since the money was controlled by someone The governor of the colony didn't have full control since the money was controlled by someone called the commissary commissioner.called the commissary commissioner.

3. What was the purpose of a trip by St. Denis to Texas? 3. What was the purpose of a trip by St. Denis to Texas? - St. Denis went to build up trade with the Spanish in Texas. He ended up establishing the town of - St. Denis went to build up trade with the Spanish in Texas. He ended up establishing the town of Natchitoches. Natchitoches.

(Natchitoches is the oldest town in Louisiana and the area known as the Louisiana Purchase, (Natchitoches is the oldest town in Louisiana and the area known as the Louisiana Purchase, founded in 1714.) founded in 1714.)

Louisiana as a Louisiana as a ProprietorshipProprietorship

1701 Bienville became 1701 Bienville became the leader of the the leader of the colonycolony

The colony was so bad The colony was so bad off the Bienville had to off the Bienville had to beg for food from the beg for food from the Spanish in PensacolaSpanish in Pensacola

Iberville never Iberville never returned to the returned to the colony, he left Europe colony, he left Europe for Louisiana but died for Louisiana but died of Yellow Fever before of Yellow Fever before he reached the colonyhe reached the colony

Problems during the French Problems during the French PeriodPeriod

Colonial officials quarreled Colonial officials quarreled because of the structure of because of the structure of the governmentthe government

The governor was usually a The governor was usually a naval officer who was in naval officer who was in charge of both military and charge of both military and general administrationgeneral administration

The colony had a business The colony had a business manager called the manager called the Commissionary Commissionary CommissionerCommissioner who was in who was in charge of the budget and charge of the budget and certain parts of the judicial certain parts of the judicial systemsystem

The power structure was not The power structure was not clear and required two clear and required two officials to supervise each officials to supervise each other which cause trouble other which cause trouble between the twobetween the two

After the War of Spanish After the War of Spanish SuccessionSuccession

After the War of Spanish After the War of Spanish Succession, France put its Succession, France put its attention back on its attention back on its abandoned colonyabandoned colony

The French joined in the The French joined in the war and were just about war and were just about bankrupt and Louisiana bankrupt and Louisiana was too expensive to was too expensive to maintainmaintain

France needed Louisiana France needed Louisiana though as a buffer against though as a buffer against BritainBritain

British colonies were British colonies were expanding South and West expanding South and West making the French uneasymaking the French uneasy

How can France Afford How can France Afford Louisiana?Louisiana?

France needs a new France needs a new source of fundingsource of funding

King Louis decided to try King Louis decided to try a proprietorship to give a proprietorship to give a contract to operate the a contract to operate the colony as a businesscolony as a business

The proprietor was given The proprietor was given almost total control but almost total control but had to meet certain had to meet certain requirementsrequirements– Send supplies and settlers Send supplies and settlers

to the colony regularlyto the colony regularly– Follow the French lawsFollow the French laws

Antoine CrozatAntoine Crozat 1712, the French 1712, the French

government gave the first government gave the first proprietorship to Antoine proprietorship to Antoine CrozatCrozat

Chosen because he loaned Chosen because he loaned huge amounts of money to huge amounts of money to the French government for the French government for the war effort-Louis felt the war effort-Louis felt this man would be a good this man would be a good choice being how he choice being how he helped during the warhelped during the war

A businessman that had A businessman that had little interest in a colony or little interest in a colony or settler, rather he was settler, rather he was driven by the possibility of driven by the possibility of finding gold in the colonyfinding gold in the colony

Crozat chooses a governor for Crozat chooses a governor for his colonyhis colony

Antoine de Lamothe, Sieur Antoine de Lamothe, Sieur de Cadillac was chosen to de Cadillac was chosen to lead the colonylead the colony

Had trouble as a leader Had trouble as a leader first by refusing to smoke first by refusing to smoke te calumet with river tribes te calumet with river tribes which was more than an which was more than an insult, but to Native insult, but to Native Americans it was a threat Americans it was a threat of warof war

He also had a very He also had a very unpleasant personality unpleasant personality which many settlers and which many settlers and government officials of the government officials of the colony did not likecolony did not like

Cadillac’s good ideasCadillac’s good ideas 1712 Cadillac 1712 Cadillac

established a established a Superior Council to Superior Council to help govern the help govern the colony colony

This council was in This council was in charge of judicial charge of judicial matters matters

Suggested and Suggested and implemented cash implemented cash crops, such as indigo crops, such as indigo and tobacco and tobacco

Fort St. Jean BaptisteFort St. Jean Baptiste Cadillac chose Louis Cadillac chose Louis

Juchereau de St. Denis to Juchereau de St. Denis to establish a fort at present establish a fort at present day Natchitoches (named day Natchitoches (named for the Native American for the Native American tribe)tribe)

St. Denis was familiar with St. Denis was familiar with the natives and the land, the natives and the land, he was also skilled in he was also skilled in diplomacy and explorationdiplomacy and exploration

Crozat and Cadillac were Crozat and Cadillac were interested in a fort in interested in a fort in Natchitoches to build a Natchitoches to build a trade relationship with the trade relationship with the Spanish that were close bySpanish that were close by

Built at present day Built at present day Natchitoches on the banks Natchitoches on the banks of the Red River in 1714of the Red River in 1714

French and Spanish Friends?French and Spanish Friends?

St. Denis asked to have a St. Denis asked to have a trade relationship with the trade relationship with the Spanish colonies in Texas, Spanish colonies in Texas, but was told it was not but was told it was not allowed allowed

Spanish colonists traded, Spanish colonists traded, though they could have though they could have been jailed for thisbeen jailed for this

The French brought guns, The French brought guns, ammunition, gun powder, ammunition, gun powder, work animals and liquor to work animals and liquor to tradetrade

The Spanish were interested The Spanish were interested mostly in medicine and the mostly in medicine and the French were interested in French were interested in getting to Spanish silvergetting to Spanish silver

A Struggling ColonyA Struggling Colony Louis XIV dies in 1712 Louis XIV dies in 1712

and government and government support for the colony support for the colony died with himdied with him

Problems began to Problems began to overwhelm the colonyoverwhelm the colony– Colonist not interested Colonist not interested

in agriculturein agriculture– Only trade was Only trade was

smuggling goods to the smuggling goods to the SpanishSpanish

– Colonists were not Colonists were not encouraged to make encouraged to make friends with the nativesfriends with the natives

Crozat’s FailureCrozat’s Failure No profit was made from No profit was made from

the colony more expenses the colony more expenses than anythingthan anything

Never sent supplies to the Never sent supplies to the colonists in the required colonists in the required amounts stated in the amounts stated in the proprietorship contractproprietorship contract

Never found gold or silver Never found gold or silver in the colony, so his in the colony, so his promised riches did not promised riches did not exist.exist.

1717 Crozat surrendered 1717 Crozat surrendered his proprietorship charter his proprietorship charter back to the French back to the French governmentgovernment

Chapter 6: Section 4Chapter 6: Section 4VocabularyVocabulary Speculator: one who buys items (such as land) hoping they will increase in value and, when sold, Speculator: one who buys items (such as land) hoping they will increase in value and, when sold,

provide a profitprovide a profit Land Grants: a parcel of land given to the directors of the Company of the West under the condition that Land Grants: a parcel of land given to the directors of the Company of the West under the condition that

they would bring settlers to the colonythey would bring settlers to the colony Cote Des AllemadesCote Des Allemades: German Coast: German Coast Mississippi Bubble: the collapse of the French investment company, the Company of the WestMississippi Bubble: the collapse of the French investment company, the Company of the West Slave: a person who is bound to a life of service to others and is considered propertySlave: a person who is bound to a life of service to others and is considered property Plantations: a large estate or farmPlantations: a large estate or farm Code Noir: a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial periodCode Noir: a set of laws governing the conduct of the slaves during the French colonial periodQuestionsQuestions What was the purpose of the Company of the West? To make money for the investors as well as What was the purpose of the Company of the West? To make money for the investors as well as

increase income for the French government and improve the French economy by taking over the increase income for the French government and improve the French economy by taking over the proprietorship of the Louisiana colonyproprietorship of the Louisiana colony

How did the German settlers help save the colony? They produced enough food to keep the people from How did the German settlers help save the colony? They produced enough food to keep the people from starvingstarving

Why did the Natchez Indians finally attack the French? Captain Chepart wanted the Natchez to move Why did the Natchez Indians finally attack the French? Captain Chepart wanted the Natchez to move immediately off their sacred land so that they could use the good land for crops.immediately off their sacred land so that they could use the good land for crops.

John LawJohn Law

Had organized the Bank of Had organized the Bank of FranceFrance

Considered a brilliant Considered a brilliant financerfinancer

He was a speculator, He was a speculator, which meant he would by which meant he would by items hoping they will items hoping they will increase in valueincrease in value

John Law: Company of the WestJohn Law: Company of the West John Law created the Company of John Law created the Company of

the West, an investment company, the West, an investment company, to take over the proprietorship of to take over the proprietorship of the Louisiana colonythe Louisiana colony

Law’s goal: to make money for the Law’s goal: to make money for the investors as well as to increase investors as well as to increase income for the French government income for the French government and improve the French economy.and improve the French economy.

Later expanded-buying other Later expanded-buying other trading companies- became the trading companies- became the Company of the IndiesCompany of the Indies

John Law: Company of the IndiesJohn Law: Company of the Indies In 1719 the company was In 1719 the company was

given the right to coin money given the right to coin money and collect all taxesand collect all taxes

Law convinced people that Law convinced people that there would be profit in the there would be profit in the venture causing the value of venture causing the value of the Company to rise.the Company to rise.

He made plans to operate the He made plans to operate the colony by bringing back colony by bringing back Bienville as governor.Bienville as governor.

John Law: The New ColonyJohn Law: The New Colony

Bienville had long wanted Bienville had long wanted to build a town that would to build a town that would serve as a commercial serve as a commercial center of the Mississippi.center of the Mississippi.

Bienville and the king’s Bienville and the king’s engineers designed and engineers designed and laid out the city of New laid out the city of New OrleansOrleans

John Law: The new ColonyJohn Law: The new Colony NEED FOR COLONIST!!NEED FOR COLONIST!! All of the directors of the All of the directors of the

company were given large land company were given large land grants as long as they brought grants as long as they brought settlers to the colony.settlers to the colony.

SCARY stories kept French SCARY stories kept French peasants from leaving France peasants from leaving France for harder times in the New for harder times in the New WorldWorld

The Search is ON!The Search is ON! To change Louisiana’s bad To change Louisiana’s bad

image, Law launched one of the image, Law launched one of the earliest real estate ad earliest real estate ad campaigns.campaigns.

Hopeless German farmers Hopeless German farmers upset with their current upset with their current conditions read these ads and conditions read these ads and were swayed to move.were swayed to move.– They settled in the land above They settled in the land above

New Orleans which became New Orleans which became known as known as Cote Des AllemandesCote Des Allemandes, , the German coast.the German coast.

– Credited with saving the colony Credited with saving the colony because they were willing to work.because they were willing to work.

The Search is ON!The Search is ON! No more volunteers so No more volunteers so

prisoners were sent to the prisoners were sent to the colony instead of jail.colony instead of jail.– At first they were the “non At first they were the “non

dangerous” criminals like debtors dangerous” criminals like debtors and smugglersand smugglers

– Then they started sending in the Then they started sending in the riff-raff. riff-raff.

A “finder’s fee” for locating A “finder’s fee” for locating potential colonists led to potential colonists led to families being kidnappedfamilies being kidnapped

The Collapse of the Mississippi BubbleThe Collapse of the Mississippi Bubble Law’s publicity promised huge Law’s publicity promised huge

profits, but when the hardships profits, but when the hardships caused the investors to caused the investors to question their investment the question their investment the “bubble burst”“bubble burst”

The company collapsed The company collapsed because it did not have enough because it did not have enough money to pay the investorsmoney to pay the investors

The end had come for the huge The end had come for the huge risk called the Mississippi risk called the Mississippi BubbleBubble

Another one bites the dust: Another one bites the dust: after the financial disaster, Law after the financial disaster, Law had to flee Paris in disgrace.had to flee Paris in disgrace.

The Company still controlled The Company still controlled the colony, but a few things the colony, but a few things had to be addressed by the had to be addressed by the French government:French government:– Needed an adequate armyNeeded an adequate army– More dependable settlersMore dependable settlers– Good export cropGood export crop

The Code NoirThe Code Noir Shiploads of slaves were first brought Shiploads of slaves were first brought

to the colony in 1716 and the to the colony in 1716 and the numbers continued to increasenumbers continued to increase

Came from West Africa, where their Came from West Africa, where their cultures long harvested rice and cultures long harvested rice and indigoindigo

Their knowledge of cultivating indigo Their knowledge of cultivating indigo and tobacco led to LA’s first cash and tobacco led to LA’s first cash cropscrops

A plantation agriculture system grew A plantation agriculture system grew from thisfrom this

These slaves were an essential part These slaves were an essential part in building New Orleansin building New Orleans

Code NoirCode Noir Bienville established the Code Bienville established the Code

Noir to help manage the large Noir to help manage the large numbers of slavesnumbers of slaves

The Code Noir was a set of The Code Noir was a set of laws that governed the conduct laws that governed the conduct of slaves (also expelled Jewish of slaves (also expelled Jewish people from the area)people from the area)

Purpose was to protect slaves Purpose was to protect slaves as propertyas property

The Collapse of the Mississippi BubbleThe Collapse of the Mississippi Bubble Law’s publicity promised huge Law’s publicity promised huge

profits, but when the hardships profits, but when the hardships caused the investors to caused the investors to question their investment the question their investment the “bubble burst”“bubble burst”

The company collapsed The company collapsed because it did not have enough because it did not have enough money to pay the investorsmoney to pay the investors

The end had come for the huge The end had come for the huge risk called the Mississippi risk called the Mississippi BubbleBubble

Another one bites the dust: Another one bites the dust: after the financial disaster, Law after the financial disaster, Law had to flee Paris in disgrace.had to flee Paris in disgrace.

The Company still controlled The Company still controlled the colony, but a few things the colony, but a few things had to be addressed by the had to be addressed by the French government:French government:– Needed an adequate armyNeeded an adequate army– More dependable settlersMore dependable settlers– Good export cropGood export crop

The Code NoirThe Code Noir Shiploads of slaves were first brought Shiploads of slaves were first brought

to the colony in 1716 and the to the colony in 1716 and the numbers continued to increasenumbers continued to increase

Came from West Africa, where their Came from West Africa, where their cultures long harvested rice and cultures long harvested rice and indigoindigo

Their knowledge of cultivating indigo Their knowledge of cultivating indigo and tobacco led to LA’s first cash and tobacco led to LA’s first cash cropscrops

A plantation agriculture system grew A plantation agriculture system grew from thisfrom this

These slaves were an essential part These slaves were an essential part in building New Orleansin building New Orleans

Code NoirCode Noir Bienville established the Code Bienville established the Code

Noir to help manage the large Noir to help manage the large numbers of slavesnumbers of slaves

The Code Noir was a set of The Code Noir was a set of laws that governed the conduct laws that governed the conduct of slaves (also expelled Jewish of slaves (also expelled Jewish people from the area)people from the area)

Purpose was to protect slaves Purpose was to protect slaves as propertyas property

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

The Slave TradeThe Slave Trade

Code NoirCode Noir Rules were established for Rules were established for

food, clothing, and health carefood, clothing, and health care Slaves were instructed to the Slaves were instructed to the

catholic faithcatholic faith Slaves were not allowed to Slaves were not allowed to

carry weapons unless they carry weapons unless they were huntingwere hunting

Could not assemble in crowdsCould not assemble in crowds Laws set out harsh penalties Laws set out harsh penalties

for runaway slavesfor runaway slaves

A New GovernorA New Governor Beinville faced critism and Beinville faced critism and

complaints because he was complaints because he was governor the settlers blamed governor the settlers blamed him when things went wronghim when things went wrong

The Company and king blamed The Company and king blamed him because the colony was him because the colony was not profitablenot profitable

He was ordered back to France He was ordered back to France to explain his decisions for the to explain his decisions for the colonycolony

A New GovernorA New Governor The Company chose a The Company chose a

dependable, highly respected dependable, highly respected employee as the next employee as the next governor- Etienne de Periergovernor- Etienne de Perier– Well respected in the French Well respected in the French

navynavy– Sent to bring harmonySent to bring harmony

Even though he had very little Even though he had very little knowledge of the colony, his knowledge of the colony, his fairness helped him deal with fairness helped him deal with problems.problems.

Perier’s priority was the Perier’s priority was the recruitment of new settlersrecruitment of new settlers

He was also expected to find He was also expected to find more raw materials for exportmore raw materials for export

Wanted to improve trade with Wanted to improve trade with the West Indies and asked the West Indies and asked French government for helpFrench government for help

The Natchez UprisingThe Natchez Uprising 1729, Captain Chepart was 1729, Captain Chepart was

commander at Fort Rosalie (fort commander at Fort Rosalie (fort built by Bienville at present-day built by Bienville at present-day Natchez)Natchez)

A tobacco plantation had grown A tobacco plantation had grown up around the fortup around the fort

Chepart wanted the good land on Chepart wanted the good land on which a sacred village of the which a sacred village of the Natchez stood.Natchez stood.

When Chepart demanded they When Chepart demanded they move at once, the once hospitable move at once, the once hospitable Natchez Indians attacked without Natchez Indians attacked without warning.warning.

The Natchez UprisingThe Natchez Uprising

250 French colonists were 250 French colonists were killedkilled

Saw it as a deceitful Saw it as a deceitful massacre because of the massacre because of the different kind of fightingdifferent kind of fighting

Perier retaliated by Perier retaliated by destroying the tribe and destroying the tribe and scattering the survivorsscattering the survivors

The Natchez Uprising: AftermathThe Natchez Uprising: Aftermath

French lost their most French lost their most successful agricultural successful agricultural venture because they were venture because they were stubbornstubborn

Loss of moraleLoss of morale 1731, the Company 1731, the Company

handed the colony back handed the colony back over to the kingover to the king

Chapter 6: Section 5Chapter 6: Section 5VocabularyVocabulary Specie: Gold or silverSpecie: Gold or silver Casket girls: young women who came to LA in 1728 to become wives of the Casket girls: young women who came to LA in 1728 to become wives of the

settlers; the young women brought their trousseaus in a casket, or barrel-like chestsettlers; the young women brought their trousseaus in a casket, or barrel-like chestQuestionsQuestions What mistake did Perier make with the Indians? Creating “metal chiefs” that did not What mistake did Perier make with the Indians? Creating “metal chiefs” that did not

follow the tribal traditions creating tensionsfollow the tribal traditions creating tensions What actions by the Chickasaw led to Bienville’s attack? Refusing to give up the What actions by the Chickasaw led to Bienville’s attack? Refusing to give up the

Natchez survivors seeking haven with the ChickasawNatchez survivors seeking haven with the Chickasaw Who was the last royal governor? Louis Billouart, Chavalier de KerlerecWho was the last royal governor? Louis Billouart, Chavalier de Kerlerec Why did the casket girls come to Louisiana?to become wives for the colonists and Why did the casket girls come to Louisiana?to become wives for the colonists and

create more stabilitycreate more stability

Louisiana as a Royal ColonyLouisiana as a Royal Colony1732, Louisiana was turned back over to 1732, Louisiana was turned back over to

the king and France would have the the king and France would have the colony for another 30 troublesome years.colony for another 30 troublesome years.

He’s BackHe’s Back Bienville was put in charge Bienville was put in charge

once moreonce more His goals were to settle His goals were to settle

down the colonists and down the colonists and restore alliances with the restore alliances with the IndiansIndians

Realized that a thriving Realized that a thriving agricultural society would agricultural society would allow the colony to be allow the colony to be successfulsuccessful

Problems for BienvilleProblems for Bienville ProblemsProblems

– Livestock created hardships Livestock created hardships and the colonists didn’t and the colonists didn’t have much needed tools for have much needed tools for farmingfarming

– Inadequate supply of Inadequate supply of moneymoney

– Not developed a stable Not developed a stable cash cropcash crop

– Few ships to export their Few ships to export their forest productsforest products

War with the ChickasawWar with the Chickasaw Both the French and the British Both the French and the British

would create hostilities or would create hostilities or escalate hostilities between escalate hostilities between tribes for their own benefit.tribes for their own benefit.

The Native Americans realized The Native Americans realized that their lifestyle was under that their lifestyle was under attackattack

Chief of the NatchezChief of the Natchez– ““Before the arrival of the French Before the arrival of the French

we lived like men who could be we lived like men who could be satisfied with what they have…satisfied with what they have…now we are like slaves who are now we are like slaves who are not allowed to do as they please.”not allowed to do as they please.”

War With the ChickasawWar With the Chickasaw Choctaw perferred the French, Choctaw perferred the French,

although the British trade although the British trade goods were of better quality goods were of better quality and more dependable.and more dependable.

The French alliance had been The French alliance had been weakened by Governor Perier weakened by Governor Perier who would try to award metals who would try to award metals to cheifs for alliances- these to cheifs for alliances- these “metal chiefs” were not always “metal chiefs” were not always the tribal leaders which this the tribal leaders which this disrupted traditional tribal ways.disrupted traditional tribal ways.

War With the ChickasawWar With the Chickasaw Chickasaw occupied the Chickasaw occupied the

important heart of the important heart of the Mississippi ValleyMississippi Valley

They were trading partners and They were trading partners and allies to the british and enemies allies to the british and enemies of the French and the Choctaw.of the French and the Choctaw.

Bienville was accustomed to Bienville was accustomed to respectful relations with the respectful relations with the Natives.Natives.

The Natchez survivors took The Natchez survivors took refuge with the Chickasaw after refuge with the Chickasaw after the uprisingthe uprising

Bienville wanted to show his Bienville wanted to show his power by demanding that the power by demanding that the Chickasaw give up the Natchez Chickasaw give up the Natchez to the French.to the French.

The Chicksaw refused and this The Chicksaw refused and this was taken as an insult and was taken as an insult and Bienville planned an attack.Bienville planned an attack.

War With the ChickasawWar With the Chickasaw French commander led the French commander led the

Choctaw force against the Choctaw force against the ChickasawChickasaw

The two tribes were The two tribes were encouraged by the encouraged by the Europeans:Europeans:– The English supplied the The English supplied the

Chickasaw with guns and Chickasaw with guns and ammunitionammunition

– The French paid the The French paid the Choctaw for Chickasaw Choctaw for Chickasaw scalps.scalps.

At the same time as the war At the same time as the war the British were promoting the British were promoting peace hoping to eventually peace hoping to eventually gain trade control over the gain trade control over the ChoctawChoctaw

War With the ChickasawWar With the Chickasaw Bienville received orders from Bienville received orders from

France that declred that he France that declred that he must defeat the Chickasaw or must defeat the Chickasaw or sign a peace treaty (fast) for sign a peace treaty (fast) for the glory of France.the glory of France.

Bienville with so few soldiers Bienville with so few soldiers asked for help from Pierre asked for help from Pierre d’Artaguette- they both were d’Artaguette- they both were captured and defeated by the captured and defeated by the Chickasaw.Chickasaw.

Not only had they lost lives but Not only had they lost lives but they lost standing with other tribesthey lost standing with other tribes

The French sent troops from The French sent troops from Canada and the war went on Canada and the war went on for more than four years.for more than four years.

The Chickasaw asked for a The Chickasaw asked for a peace treaty.peace treaty.

Bienville saw the war as a total Bienville saw the war as a total failure and retired as governor failure and retired as governor in 1742in 1742

A Different Kind of GovernorA Different Kind of Governor Pierre Francois de Rigaud, Marquis Pierre Francois de Rigaud, Marquis

de Vaudreuil became the next de Vaudreuil became the next governorgovernor

His kindness and dignity calmed the His kindness and dignity calmed the internal conflicts among the many internal conflicts among the many factionsfactions

Used troops aggressively to halt Used troops aggressively to halt Indian raids – After a major assault on Indian raids – After a major assault on the Chickasaw he negotiated a final the Chickasaw he negotiated a final peacepeace

With Indian Threat diminished, the With Indian Threat diminished, the colony grew fairly prosperous and colony grew fairly prosperous and living conditions improved in New living conditions improved in New OrleansOrleans

He created a social life like that of the court of Versailles and was credited for having the first Mardi Gras Ball

The Last Royal GovernorThe Last Royal Governor

After Vaudreuil was After Vaudreuil was appointed governor of appointed governor of Canada, Louis Billouart, Canada, Louis Billouart, Chevalier de Kerlerec was Chevalier de Kerlerec was appointed.appointed.

Tensions between the Tensions between the French and the British French and the British were rising were rising

He was a blunt military He was a blunt military man that created frictions man that created frictions with the colonistswith the colonists

He struggled with the fact He struggled with the fact that he did not have that he did not have authority over the authority over the commissary commissionercommissary commissioner

The Struggle to SurviveThe Struggle to Survive The early French colonists The early French colonists

lacked the skills and drive lacked the skills and drive needed to survive in the harsh needed to survive in the harsh environment of LAenvironment of LA

Many were preoccupied with Many were preoccupied with thoughts of gold and silver thoughts of gold and silver

They relied on the Germans to They relied on the Germans to save them and the slaves for save them and the slaves for economic help.economic help.

Women were scarce and their Women were scarce and their absence caused instability.absence caused instability.

1712 Madame Cadillac 1712 Madame Cadillac chaperoned a group of girls to chaperoned a group of girls to the colony that were to become the colony that were to become bridesbrides

Casket girls were better known Casket girls were better known for bringing household goods in for bringing household goods in a barrel-like chest.a barrel-like chest.

The Struggle to SurviveThe Struggle to Survive

The French government The French government was also to blamewas also to blame– Trade restrictionsTrade restrictions– Lack of adequate funding Lack of adequate funding

and suppliesand supplies– No policy makers had ever No policy makers had ever

been to LA: Louis XIV, the been to LA: Louis XIV, the royal advisors, Crozat, or royal advisors, Crozat, or John LawJohn Law