chapter 5 the greek city-states. why study greece? “birthplace of western civilization” trial by...

Chapter 5The Greek City-States

Why study Greece?

“Birthplace of Western Civilization”Trial by Jury Greek Myths Democracy Tragedy and Comedy Theatre The Olympics

I. Early Greeks and the Rise of City States A. Geography – Makes for separate City-states

Balkan Peninsula Aegean Sea - East Ionian Sea - West Many islands Sea important - Fishers, traders/merchants,

sailors No sense of unity Mountains cut up Greece mainland

Kept villages apart Rivers didn’t help trade and/or travel (short) Farming – not enough to sustain

Differences: Egypt vs. Greece a) Egypt: desert Greece: little rainfall;

few fertile areas b) Egypt: flat Greece:

mountainous c) Egypt: one solid land Greece: peninisula;

many islands d) Egypt: Nile Greece: few rivers

The way the Greeks saw it:

I. Early Greeks and the Rise of I. Early Greeks and the Rise of City StatesCity States

Minoan CivilizationMinoan Civilization Island of Crete - 2,000 B.C.Island of Crete - 2,000 B.C. Arthur Evans (English Arthur Evans (English

Archaeologist) discoveredArchaeologist) discovered King of Crete – King of Crete – MinosMinos KnossosKnossos – Palace – Palace Palace and homes of nobles had Palace and homes of nobles had

running waterrunning waterFrescoesFrescoes (paintings made on (paintings made on

wet plaster walls)wet plaster walls)

Frescoe – The Toreador Frescoe

Map of Crete

Early GreeksEarly Greeks

Palace at Knossos – Palace at Knossos – 800 rooms800 rooms Catastrophic collapseCatastrophic collapse

1. Tsunami1. Tsunami 2. invasion and pillaging 2. invasion and pillaging

from mainland Greeks –from mainland Greeks –

MycenaeansMycenaeans

Palace at Knossos: Western Monumental Palace Entrance

Palace at Knossos:

Palace at Knossos:Excavations

showing channels for

running water

Palace at Knossos: “Throne Room”


Mycenaeans – 1400 BC – Mycenaeans – 1400 BC – conquered Creteconquered CreteMycenaean – derived from Mycenaean – derived from

MycenaeMycenaefirst excavated by the first excavated by the

amateur German amateur German archaeologist archaeologist Heinrich Heinrich SchliemannSchliemann

Early GreeksEarly Greeks Warrior peopleWarrior people

Pride in heroic deedsPride in heroic deedsFamous military adventureFamous military adventure

Epic by Homer – Illiad – Trojan Epic by Homer – Illiad – Trojan WarWar

Theories to collapse of Theories to collapse of Mycenaean GreeceMycenaean Greece

Invaded by Dorians from Invaded by Dorians from NorthNorth

Others believe that Conflicts Others believe that Conflicts among Kings and Natural among Kings and Natural disasters caused collapsedisasters caused collapse


TROJAN WARTROJAN WARPriam – King of TroyPriam – King of TroyParis and Hector - princes of TroyParis and Hector - princes of TroyHelen (wife of Spartan King Menelaus)Helen (wife of Spartan King Menelaus)““Face that launches a 1000 ships”Face that launches a 1000 ships”King King MenelausMenelaus and and AgamemnonAgamemnon of of

Mycenae - Mycenae - ten year warten year warMycenaeans Mycenaeans win win Infamous Trojan horseInfamous Trojan horse

Heinrich SchliemannHeinrich Schliemann – uncovers ruins – uncovers ruins of Troyof Troy

Helen of Troy

Mask of Agamemnon

Greek City-State

Polis (Poleis)– Greek word for city-state Small, autonomous political unit Political, social and religious activities

Populations fewer than 10,000 (Athens 40,000)

Acropolis, or hill, where fort was built Refuge from attacks, temples, and other

public buildings Agora – an open space that served both as a

place where citizens could assemble and as a market

Acropolis in Athens

Greek City-State Chora land outside the city walls Territory of Attica (peninsula) – 12 poleis

Combined to become Athens Community – citizens w/ political rights

(adult men)

- citizens w/ no political rights

(women and children)

- non-citizens (slaves and resident aliens)

Polis – give identity and believe they owe loyalty to the city-state Hubris – sin or excessive pride in ancient Greece

Greek City-state

Citizens possess fundamental rights, had responsibilities Aristotle, “we must rather regard every

citizen as belonging to the state” Distrust among city-states New military system

7th century – Hoplite Infantry formation

the Phalanx (rectangular formation) Had to provide own armor, men of property (aristocrats and small farmers)

Macedonian Phalanx Formation

II. Greek City-states: GovernmentGovernment Monarchy - An undivided rule or absolute power

by a single person. First began as tribes with chiefs. Poor and farmers were unhappy Looked for new government

Aristocracy / Oligarchy rule by (few) nobles with power who over

throw the king, (originally meant rule by best) the merchant class will demand a greater say

Greek City-States: Government Tyrants – someone who illegally took power but

had the people’s support Seize power by force and promise better life Tyrants ruled well then unjust Overthrow tyrants

Democracy – Some city-states, Athens – (government in which citizens take part) Popular governmentidea that people can and should rule themselves

Greek Unification

Factors of UnificationFactors that may have led to unification

Same LanguageCommon ancestorsCommon ReligionCommon Festivals – OlympicsGreeks considered all non-Greeks barbarians

Greek Unification continued…

Factors that kept them apart (1) Geography-mountains and islands

- barriers (2) spirit of independence and

pride among city states – valued freedom

(3) lacked trust in each other (4) each had own laws, gov't,

calendar, money, etc.

III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology• Not concerned with the afterlife – Not concerned with the afterlife –

often crematedoften cremated• Not a traditional religionNot a traditional religion

– No clergyNo clergy– No clear doctrine, written code/sacred bookNo clear doctrine, written code/sacred book– No church structure/church governmentNo church structure/church government

• What did they have?What did they have?– Jumble of myths, ideasJumble of myths, ideas

and superstitionsand superstitions

III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology

• Greeks wanted 3 things from Greeks wanted 3 things from ReligionReligion– 1. Explanation of certain 1. Explanation of certain

mysteries - thunder, lightning, mysteries - thunder, lightning, change of season, etc.change of season, etc.

– 2. Explanation of emotions - lose 2. Explanation of emotions - lose self-controlself-control

– 3. A way to gain benefits - good 3. A way to gain benefits - good harvests, long life, good fortuneharvests, long life, good fortune

III. Greek MythologyIII. Greek Mythology• Pantheon (group of Deities)Pantheon (group of Deities)

– Mt. Olympus was homeMt. Olympus was home• Each City had patron deityEach City had patron deity

– Athens Athens Athena Athena – Sparta Sparta Artemis Artemis

• Greek mythologyGreek mythology

emphasizes weakness emphasizes weakness

of humansof humans

IV. THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSIV. THE ANCIENT OLYMPICS

THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICS

Early HistoryEarly History

11stst Olympic Games – 776 BC in Greece Olympic Games – 776 BC in Greece

OlympiaOlympia

Athletic contests and other types of public Athletic contests and other types of public spectacle spectacle

Sport Sport training for being soldier training for being soldier

““Truce of Zeus”Truce of Zeus”


Ancient remains Ancient remains from the from the

Olympia site in Olympia site in Greece, where Greece, where

the Olympic the Olympic Games first Games first

began.began.


Reasons for the GamesReasons for the Games– Served at first as an element Served at first as an element

in various religious in various religious observancesobservances

– Held in honor of Gods (Zeus)Held in honor of Gods (Zeus)


C.C. Early CompetitionEarly CompetitionThe events included…The events included…

footraces; race with full armorfootraces; race with full armorwrestlingwrestlingboxingboxinghorse & chariot racinghorse & chariot racinglong jumplong jumpdiscusdiscusjavelin throwjavelin throwPankration -a mix of wrestling and Pankration -a mix of wrestling and boxing with very few rulesboxing with very few rules


Games every 4 yearsGames every 4 years Olympic winners = national heroes Olympic winners = national heroes

music and poetrymusic and poetryolive wreatholive wreath

Flame – Zeus and PrometheusFlame – Zeus and Prometheus

fire kept burning fire kept burning

Relay of torch introduced byRelay of torch introduced by

Adolf Hitler - 1928Adolf Hitler - 1928

THE ANCIENT OLYMPICSTHE ANCIENT OLYMPICSWomen and the Olympics

No Women ParticipantsMarried – not allowed to watch

If married and found watching executed

Why???Reason – all male participants were

nakedRunning events for women were held

every four years in honor of Hera

V. Sparta1) Sparta 1100 BC invaders from North conquer

people to work for them Helot Settled in Sparta Peloponnesus isolated Sparta – located in

valley – mountainous Completely different from Athens

V. Sparta Militaristic state Sparta – military ideal

Boastful, proud Felt that militaristically they were superior to all

Social Groups A. Equals – descended from the invaders –

Dorians Controlled the City-state

B. ½ Citizens – free, paid taxes, served in the army, some farmed No political power

V. Sparta

C. Helots – lowest class in Sparta Slaves of the city-state Spartans decided how they

should work and live Masters could allow them

freedom Terrorized stop rebelling

V. Sparta Spartan Government

2 kings (checks and balance) Council of Elders – (28) each elected by all citizens General Assembly of Citizens – (all males over 30)

Had 5 Ephors – “overseers” Had unlimited power Forbade gold and silver usage (luxuries make

weak and evil) Forbade traveling and mixing with other people

(ideas would weaken discipline) Culturally stagnate

V. Sparta Sparta controlled lives of citizens (birth to

death) GOAL: make all male citizens part of

military machine Military will control the helots and expand

the empire Men and Women were equally strong Babies were examine

IV. Sparta

Apothetae – Place of Rejection Maintain high physical standard Boys were educated at home until age 7 Taught to fight – went to the barracks Age 13 – boys sent to countryside w/

nothing – had to survive on wits and cunning

Receiving no education after age 7 Agoge

IV. Sparta 20yrs old – entered military 60 yrs old Could marry but could not live at home until 30 Could not engage in trade or business – money

interferes with military discipline Spartan Women – did not go through same military

training Education of women – physical and grueling

Infant baby girls killed if weak Strong women = strong babies Lives dedicated to the state

VI. AthensVI. Athens

Located on the Attic Peninsula – one of Located on the Attic Peninsula – one of

least fertile areas in Greeceleast fertile areas in Greece A. Social StructureA. Social Structure

– CitizensCitizens:: Could be rich aristocrats or poor Could be rich aristocrats or poor

farmersfarmers Own land and Athenian bornOwn land and Athenian born

– Metics:Metics: Non-Athenians; middle classNon-Athenians; middle class Free but could not own landFree but could not own land Could not take part in governmentCould not take part in government


– Slaves:Slaves: Considered slavery as natural and Considered slavery as natural and

necessarynecessary Captured in warCaptured in war Could be freed Could be freed became metics became metics More than ½ population was metic or More than ½ population was metic or

slavesslaves


B. Early GovernmentB. Early Government– Monarchy Monarchy Aristocracy Aristocracy– Elected 9 Elected 9 ArchonsArchons – rulers who – rulers who

served 1 yr. termsserved 1 yr. terms Laws not written down Laws not written down 600’s BC - 600’s BC -

archon archon DracoDraco codified Athens’s 1 codified Athens’s 1stst written law codewritten law code

Today called Today called Draconian LawDraconian Law – very – very harshharsh

VI. AthensVI. Athens SolonSolon – archon in 594 BC– archon in 594 BC

- Repealed most of the laws from - Repealed most of the laws from DracoDraco

- Introduced - Introduced TimokratiaTimokratia (Timocracy) (Timocracy)– – an oligarchy with a sliding scale of an oligarchy with a sliding scale of rights determined by property and rights determined by property and productive capabilityproductive capability Re-wrote constitution Re-wrote constitution Solonian Solonian

ConstitutionConstitution- Introduced Trial by Jury- Introduced Trial by Jury- Erased all debts; freed those who - Erased all debts; freed those who

became slaves because of the debtsbecame slaves because of the debts

VI. AthensVI. Athens Aristocrats will attempt to end Solon’s reforms Aristocrats will attempt to end Solon’s reforms

Anarchy (w/out archons) or period of no gov’t Anarchy (w/out archons) or period of no gov’t Peisistratus / PisistratusPeisistratus / Pisistratus (Py-sis-truh-tus) 560 (Py-sis-truh-tus) 560

BCBC– Tyrant – came to power during anarchyTyrant – came to power during anarchy– Abolished landowning requirement for being a Abolished landowning requirement for being a

citizencitizen– Although improved the economyAlthough improved the economy– Credited w/ development of 1Credited w/ development of 1stst welfare state welfare state

land loan to underprivileged land loan to underprivileged


– Land loan was to encourage Land loan was to encourage autarky autarky – economy that does – economy that does not trade with outside world, relies not trade with outside world, relies entirely on own resourcesentirely on own resources

Cleisthenes Cleisthenes (Klys–thuh–neez) 507 BC(Klys–thuh–neez) 507 BC– Seized power in Athens Seized power in Athens turned turned

into democracy into democracy based on wealth based on wealth– Divided citizens of Athens into 10 Divided citizens of Athens into 10

tribestribes Each tribe chose 50 men (30yrs or Each tribe chose 50 men (30yrs or

older)older) formed formed Council of 500Council of 500

VI. AthensVI. Athens– Under Cleisthenes Under Cleisthenes Direct Direct

DemocracyDemocracy All citizens participated directly in All citizens participated directly in

making decisionsmaking decisions The United States uses The United States uses

Representative DemocracyRepresentative Democracy Pericles (The Age of Pericles)Pericles (The Age of Pericles)

– ““Father of Democracy”Father of Democracy”– Instituted the democratic government Instituted the democratic government

based on merit not wealthbased on merit not wealth– Athens at its peak of power and wealthAthens at its peak of power and wealth– Paid officeholdersPaid officeholders

VI. AthensVI. Athens FamilyFamily

– Valued strong family life and educationValued strong family life and education– Valued marriage (girls: 13/14 men: 30ish)Valued marriage (girls: 13/14 men: 30ish)

Main purpose – to have kidsMain purpose – to have kids If can’t afford child – left to dieIf can’t afford child – left to die

– Women had few legal rightsWomen had few legal rights Bear and rear kidsBear and rear kids Legally and socially inferior to men, Legally and socially inferior to men,

couldn’t inherit propertycouldn’t inherit property– Mother took care of child until age 6Mother took care of child until age 6

Boys then came under care of Boys then came under care of pedagoguepedagogue (male slave who taught the (male slave who taught the boy manners)boy manners)

Girls learned to run householdGirls learned to run household– Wealthy girls learned to read and writeWealthy girls learned to read and write


Education: Valued EducationEducation: Valued Education– Most boys Most boys elementary education elementary education

grammar, reading, poetry, music, and grammar, reading, poetry, music, and gymnasticsgymnastics

– Sound mind (reading, writing, music) and sound Sound mind (reading, writing, music) and sound body (gymnastics, boxing, discus)body (gymnastics, boxing, discus)

– SophistsSophists – men who taught older boys (higher – men who taught older boys (higher education)education) Study govt, math, ethics, and rhetoricStudy govt, math, ethics, and rhetoric Rhetoric – study of oratory, or public Rhetoric – study of oratory, or public

speaking and debatingspeaking and debating– Age 18 entered military for a yr Age 18 entered military for a yr

VII. Expansion of Greece VII. Expansion of Greece A. PERSIAN WARSA. PERSIAN WARS

– Persia and Greece clash over control of colonies in Persia and Greece clash over control of colonies in Asia MinorAsia Minor

– CyrusCyrus – conquer Greek city-states on shores of Asia – conquer Greek city-states on shores of Asia Minor (546 BC)Minor (546 BC) Greeks revolt against (499-479 BC)Greeks revolt against (499-479 BC)

– Conflicts called Conflicts called Persian WarsPersian Wars– Darius IDarius I – wants to capture Athens (to rub in) – wants to capture Athens (to rub in)

492 BC invasion fails due to inclement weather492 BC invasion fails due to inclement weather 490 BC lands 26 miles from Athens on coast490 BC lands 26 miles from Athens on coast

– Set up camp on plain of Marathon (Battle of Set up camp on plain of Marathon (Battle of Marathon)Marathon)

– Greeks outnumbered 10-1Greeks outnumbered 10-1– 6,400 Persians died6,400 Persians died– 192 Athenians192 Athenians

VII. The Expansion of VII. The Expansion of GreeceGreece

480 BC – Darius’s son – 480 BC – Darius’s son – XerxesXerxes (Zerk-zees) (Zerk-zees) swore to avenge fathers defeatswore to avenge fathers defeat– Led fleet to GreeceLed fleet to Greece– Spartan king Spartan king LeonidasLeonidas sent 300 men to sent 300 men to

meet the Persians at the mountain pass of meet the Persians at the mountain pass of ThermopylaeThermopylae

– Greeks held them for 3 daysGreeks held them for 3 days– Persians found way through mountains Persians found way through mountains

Battle of ThermopylaeBattle of Thermopylae– Spartans were all killed Spartans were all killed gave other city- gave other city-

states time to assemblestates time to assemble

VII. The Exapansion of VII. The Exapansion of GreeceGreece

2 other major battles2 other major battles– 1) Sea battle – 1) Sea battle – Battle of SalamisBattle of Salamis

700 to 300 ship Persian 700 to 300 ship Persian advantageadvantage

Greeks out maneuverGreeks out maneuver– 2) Land battle – 2) Land battle – Battle of PlataeaBattle of Plataea

Another Persian lossAnother Persian loss Xerxes withdrew from Greece Xerxes withdrew from Greece


B. Delian LeagueB. Delian League– After Persian Wars – Greeks realize they After Persian Wars – Greeks realize they

need to unifyneed to unify– Sparta wanted to be in chargeSparta wanted to be in charge– Athens established the defensive league Athens established the defensive league

called the called the Delian LeagueDelian League (an alliance (an alliance of city-states with Athens as the leader)of city-states with Athens as the leader) 140 city-states will join140 city-states will join All contributing money, ships and All contributing money, ships and

their alliancetheir alliance


The Age of Pericles – ruled from 461-429BCThe Age of Pericles – ruled from 461-429BC– Democracy grew and Greece flourishedDemocracy grew and Greece flourished– Rebuilt Acropolis at Athens after its Rebuilt Acropolis at Athens after its

destruction during the Persian warsdestruction during the Persian wars– Brought stability and prosperityBrought stability and prosperity– Navy to keep out Persians in the AegeanNavy to keep out Persians in the Aegean

Athens will make all decisionsAthens will make all decisionsin Delian Leaguein Delian League Pericles will use the moneyPericles will use the money

for the good of Athensfor the good of Athens


C. Peloponnesian WarC. Peloponnesian War– Many city-states will revolt against AthensMany city-states will revolt against Athens– Tensions between Sparta and Athens Tensions between Sparta and Athens

Peloponnesian WarPeloponnesian War– Spartans had stronger armySpartans had stronger army– Fighting started by invading Attic peninsulaFighting started by invading Attic peninsula– Athenians took refuge behind the city walls of Athenians took refuge behind the city walls of

AthensAthens Athens had better navy Athens had better navy siege went on for siege went on for

yrsyrs Plague will break out killing many Athenians Plague will break out killing many Athenians

including Periclesincluding Pericles War goes on for 27 yrsWar goes on for 27 yrs


Athenians will surrenderAthenians will surrender Spartan victory meant end to political Spartan victory meant end to political

power of Athenspower of Athens Greece was politically unstable after Greece was politically unstable after

warwar tyranny, to monarchy, to aristocracy to tyranny, to monarchy, to aristocracy to

democracy and back againdemocracy and back again Only a foreign power could unite Only a foreign power could unite

GreeceGreece

chapter 5 the greek city-states. why study greece? “birthplace of western civilization” trial by...

Documents

rise of city statesa

citystatehubris sin

desert greece

flat greece

nile greece

solid land greece

political rights women

fundamental rights