Chapter 5 SemanticChapter 5 Semanticss Chapter 5 SemanticChapter 5 Semanticss

ContentsContentsWhat is SemanticsWhat is Semantics1

2 Meanings of MEANINGMeanings of MEANING

3 Sence and ReferenceSence and Reference

4Major semantic relations among wordsMajor semantic relations among words

5Major semantic relations among sentencesMajor semantic relations among sentences

6 Analysis of MeaningAnalysis of Meaning

5.1 What is Semantics?5.1 What is Semantics?The definition of The definition of semanticssemantics

5.1 What is Semantics?5.1 What is Semantics?The definition of The definition of semanticssemantics

• Semantics can be simply defined Semantics can be simply defined as the study of as the study of meaningmeaning..

• Semantics is the study of the Semantics is the study of the meaningmeaning of linguistic units, of linguistic units, words and sentences in words and sentences in particular.particular.

What is the What is the “MEANING”?“MEANING”?Meanings “of meaning”Meanings “of meaning”

What is the What is the “MEANING”?“MEANING”?Meanings “of meaning”Meanings “of meaning”• One difficulty in the study of One difficulty in the study of

MEANING is that the word MEANING is that the word “meaning” itself has different “meaning” itself has different meanings.meanings.

• Seven types of meaning Seven types of meaning recognized by G. Leech in his recognized by G. Leech in his Semantics Semantics (1974, p.23)(1974, p.23)

Conceptual Conceptual meaningmeaningConnotativeConnotative meaning meaningSocial Social meaningmeaningAffectiveAffective meaning meaningReflectedReflected meaning meaningCollocativeCollocative meaning meaningThematicThematic meaning meaning

概念意义概念意义内涵意义内涵意义社会意义社会意义感情意义感情意义反映意义反映意义搭配意义搭配意义主题意义主题意义

Conceptual meaningConceptual meaningConceptual meaningConceptual meaning• According to Leech, conceptual According to Leech, conceptual

meaning refers to logical ,cognimeaning refers to logical ,cognitive or tive or denotativedenotative content. Conc content. Conceptual meaning is denotative.eptual meaning is denotative.

• 逻辑认知外延的东西逻辑认知外延的东西 , , 概念意义相概念意义相当于当于外延外延意义意义

• When the word “root” means “part of plant that keeps it firmly in the soil and absorbs water and food from the soil", the meaning is conceptual meaning.

• Leech says the first type of meaning –conceLeech says the first type of meaning –conceptual meaning –makes up the ptual meaning –makes up the centralcentral meani meaning. ng.

• It is “ denotative” in that it is concerned wIt is “ denotative” in that it is concerned with the ith the relationship relationship between a word and the between a word and the things it denotes.things it denotes.

• 利奇认为，第一种意义是概念意义，它是词义的利奇认为，第一种意义是概念意义，它是词义的核心核心。这种意义是指“外延意义”，因为它表示。这种意义是指“外延意义”，因为它表示词和它所指事物之间的关系。词和它所指事物之间的关系。

• In this sense, conceptual meaning oveIn this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion rlaps to a large extent with the notion of of REFERENCEREFERENCE..

• 从这种意义上说，概念意义在很大程度上从这种意义上说，概念意义在很大程度上与指称意义相交叉。与指称意义相交叉。

• Leech’s conceptual meaning has Leech’s conceptual meaning has two sides: two sides: sensesense and and referencereference. .

• The distinction between sense and The distinction between sense and reference is similar to that reference is similar to that between between connotationconnotation and and denotationdenotation. .

• The former refers to the The former refers to the abstract abstract propertiesproperties of an entity, while the of an entity, while the latter refers to the latter refers to the concrete concrete entitiesentities having these having these propertiesproperties..

• To some extent, every word has a To some extent, every word has a sensesense, i.e. some , i.e. some conceptual conceptual contentcontent; other wise it cannot be ; other wise it cannot be used or understood. But not every used or understood. But not every word has a reference.word has a reference.

• G.Leech G.Leech 的的概念意义概念意义包括两个方面：包括两个方面：涵义涵义和和指称指称。。

• 涵义和指称的区别类类似涵义和指称的区别类类似内涵内涵和和外延外延：：• 前者指的是一个前者指的是一个实体实体的的抽象意义抽象意义，后者指，后者指的是拥有这些的是拥有这些属性属性的的具体实体具体实体。。

• 每个单词都有涵义，即每个单词都有涵义，即概念意义概念意义，否则它，否则它无法被使用或理解，但无法被使用或理解，但并非每个并非每个单词都有单词都有指称指称。。

• 17

Sense and referenceSense and referenceSense and referenceSense and reference

• Sense is concerned with the Sense is concerned with the inherent meaninherent meaninging of of linguistic formlinguistic form, the , the collectioncollection of all it of all its features, it is s features, it is abstractabstract and and de-contextualide-contextualizedzed. .

• It is the aspect of meaning dictionary compIt is the aspect of meaning dictionary compilers are interested in .ilers are interested in .

• 意义指的是意义指的是语言形式语言形式的的内在意义内在意义。它是语言形式。它是语言形式所有特征的所有特征的集合集合，是，是抽象抽象的，而且与的，而且与语境无关语境无关，，

• 是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面是词典编纂者所感兴趣的方面

• Reference means a Reference means a linguistic formlinguistic form refe refers to in the rs to in the real physicalreal physical world; it deals world; it deals with the relationship between the with the relationship between the linglinguistic elementuistic element and and non-linguistic non-linguistic worlworld of experience.d of experience.

• 指称意指指称意指语言形式语言形式在在现实现实的的物质物质世界中的世界中的所指的事物，它涉及的是所指的事物，它涉及的是语言成分语言成分和非语和非语言的经验世界之间的关系。言的经验世界之间的关系。

• Leech also uses Leech also uses sensesense as a briefer as a briefer term for his term for his conceptual meaningconceptual meaning . .

• It may refer to the properties an It may refer to the properties an entity has. entity has.

• In this sense, “In this sense, “sensesense” is ” is equivalent to “equivalent to “conceptconcept”.”.

• The definition of “desk” as “a The definition of “desk” as “a piece of furniture with a flat top piece of furniture with a flat top and four legs, at which one reads and four legs, at which one reads and writes” may also called the and writes” may also called the sensesense of the desk. of the desk.

A word having A word having reference must have reference must have sensesense..

A word having A word having reference must have reference must have sensesense..• Explain the difference between sense Explain the difference between sense

and reference from the following four and reference from the following four aspects:aspects:

• 幻灯片 9• To some extent, Every word has a sensTo some extent, Every word has a sens

e, i.e. some conceptual content; other e, i.e. some conceptual content; other wise it cannot be used or understood. wise it cannot be used or understood.

•And the words likeAnd the words like God, ghost and dragon refer to theGod, ghost and dragon refer to the imaginaryimaginary things, which do things, which do not exist in realitynot exist in reality..•And the words likeAnd the words like God, ghost and dragon refer to theGod, ghost and dragon refer to the imaginaryimaginary things, which do things, which do not exist in realitynot exist in reality..

A word having sense A word having sense might not have might not have referencereference..

A word having sense A word having sense might not have might not have referencereference..• But But not everynot every word has a word has a referencereference. .

There are linguistic expressions which There are linguistic expressions which can never be used to refer, for can never be used to refer, for example, the words example, the words so, very ,maybe, so, very ,maybe, if, not and allif, not and all. These words do of . These words do of course contribute meaning to the course contribute meaning to the sentences they occur in and thus help sentences they occur in and thus help sentences denote, but they do sentences denote, but they do notnot themselves themselves identify entitiesidentify entities in the in the world. They are intrinsically non-world. They are intrinsically non-referring items.referring items.

A certain sense can be A certain sense can be realized by more than realized by more than one referenceone reference..

A certain sense can be A certain sense can be realized by more than realized by more than one referenceone reference..

• Some expressions will have the Some expressions will have the same same referentreferent across a range of utterances, across a range of utterances, e.g. e.g. The Eiffel Towel The Eiffel Towel or or the Pacific the Pacific OceanOcean,, suchsuch expressions are expressions are sometimes described as having sometimes described as having constant referenceconstant reference..

• Others have their reference totally Others have their reference totally dependent on contextdependent on context, expressions , expressions like like I I , , youyou,, she she, etc. are said to have , etc. are said to have variable reference.variable reference.

A certain A certain reference can be reference can be expressed by expressed by more than one more than one sensesense..

A certain A certain reference can be reference can be expressed by expressed by more than one more than one sensesense..• There are cases when a reference can There are cases when a reference can

be expressed by more than one sense. be expressed by more than one sense. Evening star Evening star ((a planet -usually Venus- seen at a planet -usually Venus- seen at sunset in the western sky)sunset in the western sky) and and morning star morning star ((a a planet - usually Venus- seen just before sunrise in the eastern planet - usually Venus- seen just before sunrise in the eastern

skysky) nearly always refers to Venus.nearly always refers to Venus.• But each of them presents a particular But each of them presents a particular

emotional temperament and a emotional temperament and a particular sense of values , meaning , particular sense of values , meaning , ideals and appreciations.ideals and appreciations.

Conceptualist/ MentalisConceptualist/ Mentalism View(m View( 概念论概念论 ))Conceptualist/ MentalisConceptualist/ Mentalism View(m View( 概念论概念论 ))

• Conceptualist view holds that Conceptualist view holds that there is there is no directno direct link between a link between a linguistic form and what it refers linguistic form and what it refers to (i.e. between language and to (i.e. between language and the real world; rather, in the the real world; rather, in the interpretation of meaning they interpretation of meaning they are linkedare linked through through the the mediationmediation of of concepts concepts in our mind.in our mind.

• Mentalism or Conceptualism follows SMentalism or Conceptualism follows Saussure’s “sign ” theory ,and consiaussure’s “sign ” theory ,and considers the linguistic sign to consist of a sders the linguistic sign to consist of a signifier and signified, i.e., a sound imaignifier and signified, i.e., a sound image and a concept ,linked by a psychologe and a concept ,linked by a psychological “associative” bondgical “associative” bond

ConceptConcept

Signifier signifiedSignifier signified

• This is best illustrated by the classic seThis is best illustrated by the classic semantic triangle or triangle of significamantic triangle or triangle of significance)nce)

• A theory which explicitly employs the A theory which explicitly employs the notion “notion “conceptconcept” is the semantic tri” is the semantic triangle proposed by Ogden and Richardangle proposed by Ogden and Richards in s in The Meaning of MeaningThe Meaning of Meaning..

• According to the “semantic triangle” According to the “semantic triangle” theory, the relation between a word atheory, the relation between a word and a thing it refers to is not direct .It is nd a thing it refers to is not direct .It is mediated by concept.mediated by concept.

THOUGHT/REFERENCETHOUGHT/REFERENCE

SYMBOL/FROM REFERENTSYMBOL/FROM REFERENT

A certain concept in our mindA certain concept in our mind

DOG particular dogDOG particular dog• (The dog over there looks unfriendly)(The dog over there looks unfriendly)

Contexualism Contexualism 语境论语境论Contexualism Contexualism 语境论语境论

• They hold that meaning should They hold that meaning should be studied in terms of situation, be studied in terms of situation, use, context-elements closely use, context-elements closely linked with language behavior.linked with language behavior.

• A representative of this A representative of this approach is J.R. Firth, the approach is J.R. Firth, the leading British linguist of the leading British linguist of the period.period.

• The contextualist view of meaning is bThe contextualist view of meaning is based on the presumption that one can ased on the presumption that one can derive meaning from or reduce meaniderive meaning from or reduce meaning to observable contexts.ng to observable contexts.

• Two kinds of context are recognized: tTwo kinds of context are recognized: the situational context and the linguistihe situational context and the linguistic context.c context.

BehaviorismBehaviorismBehaviorismBehaviorism

• Behaviorist attempted to define the mBehaviorist attempted to define the meaning of a language from as “the siteaning of a language from as “the situation in which the speaker utters it auation in which the speaker utters it and the response it calls forth in the hend the response it calls forth in the hearer.” arer.”

• This theory ,somewhat close to the coThis theory ,somewhat close to the contextualism, is linked with psychologintextualism, is linked with psychological interest cal interest

• This view of meaning proposed by BloThis view of meaning proposed by Bloomfield is illustrated by his story abouomfield is illustrated by his story about Jack and Jill.t Jack and Jill.

Major semantic relations Major semantic relations among words-certain among words-certain relations between relations between lexical itemslexical items

Major semantic relations Major semantic relations among words-certain among words-certain relations between relations between lexical itemslexical items

• SynonymySynonymy• AntonymyAntonymy• PolysemyPolysemy• HomonymyHomonymy• HoponymyHoponymy

SynonymySynonymySynonymySynonymyrefers to the refers to the samenesssameness or close or close similaritysimilarity of mea of mea

ning.ning. DialectalDialectal synonyms-synonyms used in differen synonyms-synonyms used in differen

t regional dialects (BrE & AmE)t regional dialects (BrE & AmE) StylisticStylistic synonyms-synonyms different in style synonyms-synonyms different in style

, or degree of formality, or degree of formality Synonyms that differ in their Synonyms that differ in their emotiveemotive or or evaluevalu

ativeative meaning meaning CollocationalCollocational synonyms synonyms Semantically differentSemantically different synonyms synonyms

• 2. 6.The sense relationship between 2. 6.The sense relationship between KidKid, , childchild and and ooffspringffspring ________. ________.

• 6.The sense relationship between 6.The sense relationship between buybuy and and purchasepurchase isis ________ ________

• 10. The sense relationship between 10. The sense relationship between autumnautumn and and fallfall isis _________________ . _________________ .

• 23.The sense relationship between 23.The sense relationship between thriftythrifty and and stingy stingy isis _________________ . _________________ .

• P3 310) P3 310) bootboot//trunktrunk mercurymercury/ / quick silver quick silver ((水银水银 ))

• P4 4 3) “P4 4 3) “KidsKids” and “” and “childrenchildren” are synonyms desp” are synonyms despite their stylistic differenceite their stylistic difference

stylisticstylistic (casual ,neutral, formal )(casual ,neutral, formal )stylisticstylistic (casual ,neutral, formal )(casual ,neutral, formal )

synonymysynonymysynonymysynonymy

dialectal synonymydialectal synonymydialectal synonymydialectal synonymy

emotive synonymyemotive synonymyemotive synonymyemotive synonymy

(T)(T)(T)(T)

AntonymyAntonymyAntonymyAntonymy• The term antonymy is used for oppositeness of meaThe term antonymy is used for oppositeness of mea

ning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonning; words that are opposite in meaning are antonyms.yms.

Gradable Gradable antonyms (antonyms (两极之间两极之间 ):some antonyms are ):some antonyms are gradable because there are often gradable because there are often intermediateintermediate for forms between the two members of a pair. it is the mams between the two members of a pair. it is the matter of the tter of the degreedegree of the of the two extremestwo extremes..

ComplementaryComplementary antonyms antonyms（非此即彼）（非此即彼） ; A pair of c; A pair of complementary antonyms is characterized by the feomplementary antonyms is characterized by the feature that the ature that the denialdenial of of oneone member of the pair imp member of the pair implies the lies the assertionassertion of of the otherthe other. It is the matter of . It is the matter of eiteitherher one one oror the other. the other.

Relational Relational oppositesopposites（关系颠倒）：（关系颠倒）： Pair of words thPair of words that exhibit the at exhibit the rehearsal rehearsal of the of the relationshiprelationship between between the two items called relational opposites.the two items called relational opposites.

• 10/22/(P3 2 5):10/22/(P3 2 5):• The sense relationship between The sense relationship between • ((bigbig and and smallsmall) /() /(longlong and and shortshort) / () / (widewide and and narronarro

ww) )

• 12/19 /(P3 3 10) 12/19 /(P3 3 10) • The sense relationship between The sense relationship between • ((husbandhusband and and wifewife)/()/(teacherteacher and and studentsstudents))• ((borrowborrow and and lendlend) /() /(over over and and underunder) )

• 7/13/20/21 /(P3 3 10)7/13/20/21 /(P3 3 10)• The sense relationship between The sense relationship between • ((deaddead and and alivealive) /() /(malemale and and femalefemale))• ((before before and and afterafter)/()/(relinquishrelinquish and and retainretain) ) （放弃（放弃 //保存）保存）

Gradable antonyms /opposites- gradabilityGradable antonyms /opposites- gradabilityGradable antonyms /opposites- gradabilityGradable antonyms /opposites- gradability

Converse antonyms (relational opposites)Converse antonyms (relational opposites) Converse antonyms (relational opposites)Converse antonyms (relational opposites)

Complementary antonyms -complementarityComplementary antonyms -complementarityComplementary antonyms -complementarityComplementary antonyms -complementarity

PolysemyPolysemyPolysemyPolysemy• The same one word may have more thThe same one word may have more th

an one than one meaningan one than one meaning• Such word is called a polysemic or polSuch word is called a polysemic or pol

ysemous word. ysemous word.

24.The word screen has many 24.The word screen has many different meanings such as in a different meanings such as in a fire screen ,a television screen. fire screen ,a television screen. This is called________.This is called________.

P3 3 P3 3 10).boot/trunk_________________.10).boot/trunk_________________.

polysemypolysemypolysemypolysemy

polysemous wordspolysemous wordspolysemous wordspolysemous words

HomonymyHomonymy 同音异义同音异义HomonymyHomonymy 同音异义同音异义

• Homonymy refers to the phenomenon Homonymy refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings that words having different meanings have the same form ,i.e. different have the same form ,i.e. different words are identical in sound or words are identical in sound or spelling, or in both.spelling, or in both.

• Homophones Homophones (identical (identical soundsound))• HomographsHomographs (identical (identical spellingspelling))• Complete homonymsComplete homonyms (identical (identical soundsound

and and spellingspelling))

• 4.The phenomenon that words 4.The phenomenon that words having different meanings have having different meanings have the same form is called________. the same form is called________.

• 14.The sense relationship 14.The sense relationship between see and sea is_________. between see and sea is_________.

• P3 3 10)tale/tail:_________.P3 3 10)tale/tail:_________.• P4 5 1) flour-flower:________.P4 5 1) flour-flower:________.

homonymyhomonymyhomonymyhomonymy

homonymyhomonymyhomonymyhomonymy

homonymshomonymshomonymshomonyms

homonymyhomonymyhomonymyhomonymy

HyponymyHyponymyHyponymyHyponymy

• Hyponymy refers to the sense relationHyponymy refers to the sense relations between a more general ,more incluss between a more general ,more inclusive and a more specific word.ive and a more specific word.

• The word which is The word which is more general more general in mein meaning is called the aning is called the superordinatesuperordinate (( 上坐上坐标词标词 ), and the ), and the more specificmore specific words are words are called its called its hyponymshyponyms(( 下位词下位词 ).).

• 5.The sense relationship between 5.The sense relationship between furniturefurniture and and deskdesk is________. is________.

• 15. The sense relationship between 15. The sense relationship between colorcolor a and nd yellowyellow is _________. is _________.

• P3 3 5) Terms like “P3 3 5) Terms like “deskdesk” and “” and “stoolstool” (” (凳子凳子 )are ________ of the term “)are ________ of the term “furniturefurniture””

• P3 3 10) P3 3 10) satellitesatellite//moonmoon fabricfabric//rayonrayon :_____ :___________

• P4 4 1)The meaning relationship between P4 4 1)The meaning relationship between MAN and GROWN-UP hyponymous because MAN and GROWN-UP hyponymous because the semantic features of MAN are included ithe semantic features of MAN are included in those of GROWN-UP. n those of GROWN-UP.

hyponymyhyponymyhyponymyhyponymy

hyponymyhyponymyhyponymyhyponymy

hyponymshyponymshyponymshyponyms

hyponymyhyponymyhyponymyhyponymy

(T)(T)(T)(T)

• P4 4 2) Semantically ,BEEF is excluded in P4 4 2) Semantically ,BEEF is excluded in MEAT. MEAT.

• P4 4 9) “Tulip”, “rose”, and “violet P4 4 9) “Tulip”, “rose”, and “violet ”are all included in the notion of “flow”are all included in the notion of “flower” , therefore they are superordinates oer” , therefore they are superordinates of “ flowers”. f “ flowers”.

• P4 5 1) tree-maple, birch:_________P4 5 1) tree-maple, birch:_________

(F)(F)(F)(F)

hyponymyhyponymyhyponymyhyponymy(F)(F)(F)(F)

Major semantic relations among Major semantic relations among sentences(sentences(certain relationships between certain relationships between sentences and also the constituents of the sasentences and also the constituents of the same sentence)me sentence)

Major semantic relations among Major semantic relations among sentences(sentences(certain relationships between certain relationships between sentences and also the constituents of the sasentences and also the constituents of the same sentence)me sentence)• Of the five semantic relations among sOf the five semantic relations among s

entences: paraphrase ;entailment; conentences: paraphrase ;entailment; contradiction; presupposition ;and tautoltradiction; presupposition ;and tautology.ogy.

• The meaning of a sentence is the resulThe meaning of a sentence is the result of the meanings of the words used in t of the meanings of the words used in it and its syntactic structure.it and its syntactic structure.

• 句子意义是词语意义和句子结构共同作用句子意义是词语意义和句子结构共同作用的结果的结果

• Logical semantics studies how the trutLogical semantics studies how the truth of a composite proposition is determh of a composite proposition is determined by the truth value of its constitueined by the truth value of its constituent propositions and the connections bnt propositions and the connections between them.etween them.

• 逻辑语义学研究成分命题真值及成分命题逻辑语义学研究成分命题真值及成分命题之间的关系如何决定复合命题真值。之间的关系如何决定复合命题真值。

Paraphrase (Paraphrase ( 真真假假真真假假 ))Paraphrase (Paraphrase ( 真真假假真真假假 ))• 1)X is synonymous with Y1)X is synonymous with Y• In terms of truth condition, if X is In terms of truth condition, if X is

true, Y is true, and if X is false, Y is true, Y is true, and if X is false, Y is false. (two sentences mutually false. (two sentences mutually entail each other)entail each other)Entailment is an Entailment is an

entailment of X)entailment of X)Entailment is an Entailment is an entailment of X)entailment of X)

• In terms of truth condition, if X In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y is necessarily trueis true, Y is necessarily true

• If X is false, Y may be true or If X is false, Y may be true or falsefalse

Presupposition (Y is a Presupposition (Y is a prerequisite of X)prerequisite of X)Presupposition (Y is a Presupposition (Y is a prerequisite of X)prerequisite of X)

• In terms of truth condition, if X In terms of truth condition, if X is true, Y must be trueis true, Y must be true

• if X is false, Y is still true.if X is false, Y is still true.Contradiction Contradiction /tautology/tautologyContradiction Contradiction /tautology/tautology• If two sentences can not be true If two sentences can not be true at the same time and in the at the same time and in the same situation, they can be same situation, they can be contradictory of each other.contradictory of each other.• The unnecessary and usually The unnecessary and usually unintentional use ofunintentional use of two words two words to express one meaningto express one meaning

• P3 2 1)The sense relationship P3 2 1)The sense relationship between “John plays the violin” and between “John plays the violin” and “John plays a musical instrument” “John plays a musical instrument” is_________ .is_________ .

• 2) “Semantics is the scientific study 2) “Semantics is the scientific study of meaning” is a _________ .of meaning” is a _________ .

• P4 4 4)In the following pair of P4 4 4)In the following pair of sentences, Sentence (b) presupposes sentences, Sentence (b) presupposes Sentence (a): John managed to finish Sentence (a): John managed to finish in time. (b) John tried to finish it in in time. (b) John tried to finish it in time. time.

entailmenentailmenttentailmenentailmentt

tautologytautologytautologytautology

(T)(T)(T)(T)

• P4 5 3 Of the five relations among P4 5 3 Of the five relations among sentences : paraphrase, entailment, sentences : paraphrase, entailment, contradiction, presupposition, and contradiction, presupposition, and tautology, which of these relations is tautology, which of these relations is exemplified in each of the following exemplified in each of the following pairs of the sentences or sentences?pairs of the sentences or sentences?

• A.I saw Timothy at the anniversary party.A.I saw Timothy at the anniversary party.

It was Timothy that I saw at the It was Timothy that I saw at the anniversary party.anniversary party.

• B. The orphan has no father.B. The orphan has no father.• C. Jules is Mary’s husband. Mary is C. Jules is Mary’s husband. Mary is

married.married.• D. Vera is an only child. Olga is Vera’s D. Vera is an only child. Olga is Vera’s

sister.sister.• E. The mayor of Manchester is a woman.E. The mayor of Manchester is a woman.

There is s mayor in Manchester.There is s mayor in Manchester.

• A. A. paraphraseparaphrase• B. B. tautologytautology• C. C. entailmententailment• D. D. contradictioncontradiction• E. E. presuppositionpresupposition

Analysis of MeaningAnalysis of Meaning

• Componetial Analysis-a way to analyzComponetial Analysis-a way to analyze lexical meaninge lexical meaning

• Predication Analysis-a way analyze sePredication Analysis-a way analyze sentence meaningntence meaning