Chapter 45:Hormones and the Endocrine System

By: Taylor Schwanzer

What is the Endocrine System? Hormone - Secreted chemicals that are

formed in specialized cells, travel in body fluids, and act on specific target cells in other parts of the body to change their functioning

Endocrine System - The internal system of communication involving hormones, the ductless glands that secrete hormones, and the molecular receptors on or in target cells that respond to hormones

Target Cells are those cells equipped to respond to hormones

Endocrine glands which are hormone-secreting organs

Neurosecretory cells secrete hormones into the blood

Signaling Molecules Hormones: send regulatory messages

throughout the body in extracellular fluid Endocrine signaling

Local Regulators - cells adjacent to or near point of secretion

Neurotransmitters Cytokines and growth factors Nitric oxide Prostaglandins - help regulate

the aggregation of platelets Paracrine Signaling Autocrine Signaling

Neurotransmitters and Neurohormones Neuroendocrine Signaling Synaptic Signaling

Pheromones

Chemical Classes of Hormones

Cellular Response Pathways Water-Soluble

Hormones Lipid-Soluble

Hormones Multiple Effects

of Hormones on target cells that have: Different

receptors for the hormone

Different signal transduction pathways

Different proteins for carrying out the response

Simple Hormone Pathways

Insulin and Glucagon: Control of Blood Glucose

Diabetes MellitusType 1

(Insulin-Dependent)

Type 2 (Non-Insulin-Dependent)

Posi

tive

Fee

dbac

k

Simple Endocrine Pathway

Coordination of the Endocrine and Nervous Systems

Invertebrates Vertebrates Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Oxytocin Antideuretic hormone (ADH)

Anterior Pituitary Hormones Each hypothalamic hormone

is either a releasing or inhibiting hormone

Hormone Cascade Pathway Tropic Hormones

Follicle-stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Adrenocorticotropic

hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating

hormone (TSH) Nontropic Hormones

Prolactin (PRL) Melanocyte-stimulating

hormone (MSH) Growth Hormones (GH)

Hormone Cascade Pathway

Endocrine Glands Thyroid Gland

Control of Metabolism and Development and Homeostasis

Thyroid Hormone: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

Parathyroid Gland and Vitamin D Control of Blood Calcium Parathyroid Hormone

(PTH)

Endocrine Glands Cont. Adrenal Gland

Response to Stress Adrenal Medulla

Catecholamines: Epinephrine and Norpinephrine

Adrenal Cortex Corticosteroids: Glucocorticoids

and Mineralocorticoids Pineal Gland

Melatonin Biorhythms

Gonads Sex Hormones

Androgens Testosterone

Estrogens Estradiol

Progestins Progesterone

Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones

Major Human Endocrine Glands and Some of Their Hormones Cont.

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