Chapter 41: Animal Nutrition

Vocabulary

Herbivores Mainly eat plants

Carnivores Mainly eat meat

Omnivores Eats both plant and meat

Essential nutrients

Essential amino acids

Animals require 20 amino acids, but can synthesize approximately half of theses, as long as diet includes nitrogen

Human adults need 8 amino acids in their diet

Deficient in essential amino acids is called a protein deficiency

Essential fatty acids

Animals cannot make certain unsaturated fatty acids, and must obtain them through diet

Deficiencies are rare

Vitamins

Organic molecules required in the diet in amounts that are smaller compared with the relatively large quantities required of essential amino acid and essential fatty acids

Divide in fat-soluble and water-soluble

Minerals

nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning

Ingestion

Heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces

Digestion

Process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb

Absorption

Ingested dietary substance must cross cell membranes to be used by the body

large surface area in the gut directly facilitates

Elimination

Passin of undigested material out of the digestive compartment

Gastrovascular Cavity

Extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passage watto disperse materials throughout most of an animal’s body

Alimentary Canal

Complete digestive tract, consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus

Peristalsis Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract

Sphincters Ringlike valve consisting of modified muscles in a muscular tube, such as digestive tract; closes off the tube like a

drawstring

Oral cavity Mouth f an animal

Salivary glands Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of this contain substances to lubricate food, adhere

together chewed pieces into a bolus, and deign the process of chemical digestion

Bulk feeders Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food, adaptations include diverse utensils

An animal that eats relatively large pieces of food

Bolus Lubricated ball of chew food

Pharynx Area in the vertebrate throst where air and food passages cross; in flatworms, the muscular tube that protrudes from the ventral side of the

worm and ends in the mouth

Esophagus Channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach

Stomach Digestive secretions with a pH of 2 are characteristic

Gastric juice Digestive fluid secreted by the stomach

Chyme Mixture of partially digested food and digestive juices formed in the stomach

Pepsin Enzyme with high activity in an acidic environment

Pepsinogen

Inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized cells located on gastric pits f the stomach

Small intestine

Longest section of the alimentary canal; the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients

Bile

Mixture of substances that is produced in the liver and stored in the gallbladder; enables formation of fat droplets in water as an aid in the digestion and absorption fats

Duodenum

First section of the small intestine, where acid chime from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wall

Liver

Large internal organ in vertebrates that performs diverse functions

Gallbladder

Organ that stores bile and release it as needed into the small intestine

Villi

Fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine

Microvilli

Oner of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area

Hepatic portal vein

Large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood’s nutrient content

Chylomirons

Lipid transport globule composed of fats mixed with cholesterol and coated with proteins

Lacteal

Tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons

Colon

Large section of the vertebrate large intestine; functions in water absorption and formation of feces

Cecum

Blind pouch forming one branch of the large intesne

Fluid Feeder Animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism

Fats Animals that migrate great distances would obtain the greatest energetic benefit of storing

chemical energy

Leptin Hormone produced by adipose (fat) cells that acts as a satiety factor in regulating appetite

Explain the basic body of organization of animals:

Most animals have 4 types of tissues organized organs & organ system

Exctracellular fluid serves as the body’s internal environment

Animal development produces cells of many types

Cell of different types with extracellular matrix from tissues

Cell junctions connected the cells of a fissure hold cells in place & allow them to cooperate in a specific tasks

Define what tissue is and 4 main types of tisses in vertebrates

Tissues is community of cells and intercellular substances that interact n one or more tasks

4 main tissue types in vertebrates are epithelium connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.

Epithelium tissue line the body’s surface cavities ducts and tubes, Its job is to exposed to a body fluid or the environment.

Connective tissue are cells that have a considerable amount of intercellular material between them. Their function is to organize, strengthen, support and insulate. Located below the epithelium tissue.

Muscle tissue helps the movement of the body or a specific part of the body, Does this by contract in response to a stimulus; relax passively; and works in pairs. Located in muscles attached to the bones. Muscle tissue function is to maintain posture.

Nervous tissue is the main component of the nervous system. The tissue is found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activist.

Different types of cell junction and their purpose:

There are 3 times of cell junction. They are tight junction, adhering junction. And gap junction.

Tight junction job is to prevent leaking.

Gap junction helps pass information along.

Adhering junction locks cells together.

What is cartilage and where is itfoundin vertebrates:

Cartilage is cells and elastic/collogen fibers inside a pliable, solid ground substance.

It is found in ears, nose, protects joints, and bones.

He function of he cartilage is to support, flexion, and joint movement.

Adipose tissue

Cells with many stored fat droplets Connective tissue specializing in fat storage

Little extracellular matrix but lots of blood vessels

Is located under the skin, around the heart and kidneys

Energy storage, insulation padding

Two types of blood & marrow

The two types of blood is compact bone and spongy bone Compact bine : resist mechanical stock

Spongy bone: gives strength without weight

The two types of bone marrow is yellow marrow and red marrow. Yellow marrow: fat found in the central cavity

Red marrow: site of blood cell information

Difference between the axial and appendicular skeleton

Axial Skeleton Skull bones

Rib cage

Vertebral column

Appendicular Skeleton Prectoral girdle and upper limb

Pelvic girdle and lower limb bone

Define blood and what it is made of

Derived from stern cells and marrow in boned , a connective tissue

Blood is made of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

Define what neuron is and function

Neurons: nervous system communication lines

Function: relay information from sense organs

3 different types of neurons and function

3 different types of neurons are sensory neurons, motor neurons, and interneurons

Sensory neurons are excited by specific stimuli, such as light or pressure

Motor neurons relay commands from the brain and spinal cord to glands and muscle cells

Endothermic and Ectoherm

Endothermic: Maintains an internal temperature due to a high metabolic rate

Ectotherm: Maintains body Temperature based on the external enviroment