chapter 4 tolerancing
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 4 Tolerancing. Topics Exercises. Tolerancing: Topics. Summary 4.1) Tolerancing and Interchangeability 4.2) Tolerance Types 4.3) General Definitions 4.4) Tolerancing Standards 4.5) Inch Tolerances 4.6) Metric Tolerances 4.7) Selecting Tolerances - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 4Tolerancing
Topics
Exercises
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Tolerancing: Topics
Summary
4.1) Tolerancing and Interchangeability
4.2) Tolerance Types
4.3) General Definitions
4.4) Tolerancing Standards
4.5) Inch Tolerances
4.6) Metric Tolerances
4.7) Selecting Tolerances
4.8) Tolerance Accumulation
4.9) Formatting Tolerances
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Tolerancing: Exercises
Exercise 4-1: General definitions
Exercise 4-2: Inch tolerance definitions
Exercise 4-3: Types of fit
Exercise 4-4: Determining fit type
Exercise 4-5: Limits and fits
Exercise 4-6: Milling jack assembly tolerances
Exercise 4-7: Millimeter tolerance definitions
Exercise 4-8: Metric fit designation
Exercise 4-9: Systems
Exercise 4-10: Metric limits and fits
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Tolerancing: Exercises
Exercise 4-11: Tolerance accumulation
Exercise 4-12: Over dimensioning
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Tolerancing
Summary
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Summary
What will we learn in Chapter 4?→ We will learn about tolerancing and how
important this technique is to mass production.
Key points→ If a feature’s size is toleranced, it is allowed
to vary within a range of values or limits.→ Tolerancing enables an engineer to design
interchangeable or replacement parts.
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Tolerancing
4.1) Tolerancing for Interchangeability
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Tolerancing is dimensioning for interchangeability.
What is interchangeability?
An interchangeable part is simply a mass produced part (a replacement part).
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
How is a feature on an interchangeable part dimensioned?
→ The feature is not dimensioned using a single value, but a range of values.
1.00 →1.005
.994
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
A tolerance is the amount of size variation permitted.→ You can choose a tolerance that specifies a
large or small variation.
1.005
.994
Tolerance = 1.005 - .994 = .011
Size limits =
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Why do we want a part’s size to be controlled by two limits?
It is necessary because it is impossible to manufacture parts without some variation.
The stated limits are a form of quality control.
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing a tolerance for your design.
→ Specify a tolerance with whatever degree of accuracy that is required for the design to work properly.
→ Choose a tolerance that is not unnecessarily accurate or excessively inaccurate.
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Tolerancing / Interchangeability
Choosing the correct tolerance for a particular application depends on:
→ the design intent (end use) of the part→ cost→ how it is manufactured→ experience
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Tolerancing
4.2) Tolerance Types
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Tolerance Types
The tolerancing methods presented are:→ Limit dimensions → Plus or minus tolerances → Page or block tolerances
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1. Limit Dimensions
Limits are the maximum and minimum size that a part can obtain and still pass inspection.
→ For example, the diameter of a shaft might be specified as follows.
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1. Limit Dimension Order
External dimensions: → The larger dimension is first or on top and
the smaller dimension is last or on the bottom.
Internal dimensions: → The smaller dimension is first and the larger
dimension is last.
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1. Limit Dimension Order
Why? Does the order matter?
This convention is used to avoid machining mistakes.
Shaft
Is the following dimension for a shaft or hole?
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2. Plus or Minus Tolerances
Plus or minus tolerances give a basic size and the variation that can occur around that basic size.
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3. Page or Block Tolerances
A page tolerance is actually a general note that applies to all dimensions not covered by some other tolerancing type.
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Tolerancing
4.3) General Definitions
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General Definitions
What are the limits, tolerance and allowance for the following shaft/hole system? Are they the same or different?
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General Definitions
Limits: The maximum and minimum diameters.
Tolerance: The difference between two limits.
Allowance: (Minimum Clearance) The difference between the largest shaft diameter and the smallest hole diameter.
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Exercise 4-1
General definitions
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Exercise 4-1
What are the limits of the shaft and the hole?→ Shaft: → Hole:
Dshaft - dshaft dhole - Dhole
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Exercise 4-1
What is the tolerance for the shaft and the hole?→ Shaft: → Hole:
Dshaft – dshaft = Dhole – dhole =
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Exercise 4-1
What is the minimum clearance (allowance)?
dhole – Dshaft =
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Exercise 4-1
What is the maximum clearance? Dhole – dshaft =
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Tolerancing
4.4) Tolerancing Standards
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Tolerancing Standards
Standards are needed to;
→ make it possible to manufacture parts at different times and in different places that still assemble properly.
→ establish dimensional limits for parts that are to be interchangeable.
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Tolerancing Standards
The two most common standards agencies are;
→ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) / (ASME)
→ International Standards Organization (ISO).
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Tolerancing
4.5) Inch Tolerances
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Inch Tolerances Definitions
Limits: The limits are the maximum and minimum size that the part is allowed to be.
Basic Size: The basic size is the size from which the limits are calculated. → It is common for both the hole and the shaft
and is usually the closest fraction.
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Inch Tolerances Definitions
Tolerance: The tolerance is the total amount a specific dimension is permitted to vary.
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Exercise 4-2
Inch tolerance definitions
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Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.
Skip to next part of the exercise
Shaft Hole
Limits
Basic Size
Tolerance
.51 - .47 .49 - .50
.5 or 1/2
.04 .01
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Inch Tolerances Definitions
Maximum Material Condition (MMC): The MMC is the size of the part when it consists of the most material.
Least Material Condition (LMC): The LMC is the size of the part when it consists of the least material.
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Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.
Skip to next part of the exercise
Shaft Hole
MMC
LMC
.51 .49
.47 .50
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Inch Tolerances Definitions
Maximum Clearance: The maximum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.
→ Max. Clearance = LMChole – LMCshaft
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Inch Tolerances Definitions
Minimum Clearance (Allowance): The minimum amount of space that can exist between the hole and the shaft.
→ Min. Clearance = MMChole – MMCshaft
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Exercise 4-2
Fill in the following table.
Max. Clearance
Min. Clearance
.50 - .47 = .03
.49 - .51 = -.02
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Exercise 4-2
What does a negative clearance mean?
Max. Clearance
Min. Clearance
.50 - .47 = .03
.49 - .51 = -.02
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Types of Fits
There are four major types of fits. → Clearance Fit→ Interference Fit→ Transition Fit→ Line Fit
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Types of Fits
What is a clearance fit?
There is always a space.
Min. Clearance > 0
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Types of Fits
What is an interference fit?
There is never a space.
Max. Clearance 0
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Types of Fits
What is a transition fit?Depending on the sizes of the shaft and hole there could be a space or no space.
Max. Clearance > 0
Min. Clearance < 0
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Types of Fits
What is a line fit?There is a space or a contact (hole dia = shaft dia)
Max. Clearance > 0
Min. Clearance = 0
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Exercise 4-3
Types of fits
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Exercise 4-3
From everyday life, list some examples of clearance and interference fits.
Fit Example
Clearance
Interference
Lock and KeyDoor and Door frameCoin and Coin slot
Pin in a bicycle chain
Hinge pin
Wooden peg and hammer toy
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Exercise 4-4
Determining fit type
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Exercise 4-4
Determine the basic size and type of fit given the limits for the shaft and hole.
Shaft Limits Hole Limits Basic Size
Type of fit
1.500 – 1.498 1.503 – 1.505
.755 - .751 .747 - .750
.378 - .373 .371 - .375
.250 - .247 .250 - .255
1.5 Clearance
.75 Interference
.375 Transition
.25 Line
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits
The following fit types and classes are in accordance with the ANSI B4.1-1967 (R1994) standard.
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits
RC: Running or Sliding Clearance fit. → Intended to provide running performance
with suitable lubrication. • See table 4-2 for a more detailed description.
→ RC9 (loosest) – RC1 (tightest)
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits
Locational fits (LC, LT, LN). → Locational fits are intended to determine
only the location of the mating parts. • See table 4-3 for a more detailed description.
• LC = Locational clearance fits
• LT = Locational transition fits
• LN = Locational interference fits
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits
FN: Force Fits. → Force fits provide a constant bore pressure
throughout the range of sizes. • See table 4-4 for a more detailed description.
→ FN1 – FN5 (tightest)
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Exercise 4-5
Limits and fits
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Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft. → Use the ANSI limits and fit tables given in
Appendix D.
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Page D-2
Basic size = .5
Fit = RC8
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Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.
→ Standard Limits Hole = +2.8 0→ Standard Limits Shaft = -3.5 -5.1
These are the values that we add/subtract from the basic size to obtain the limits.
What are the units?
See page D-1.
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Exercise 4-5
Given a basic size of .50 inches and a fit of RC8, calculate the limits for both the hole and the shaft.
→ Hole Limts = .50 - 0 = .5000
.50 + .0028 = .5028
→ Shaft Limits = .50 - .0035 = .4965
.50 - .0051 = .4949
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Exercise 4-6
Milling Jack assembly tolerances
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Exercise 4-6
Consider the Milling Jack assembly shown. → Notice that there are
many parts that fit into or around other parts.
→ Each of these parts is toleranced to ensure proper fit and function.
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The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). Determine the limits for both parts.
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The V-Anvil fits into the Sliding Screw with a RC4 fit. The basic size is .375 (3/8). Determine the limits for both parts.
.3750 - .3759
.3745 - .3739
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The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). Determine the limits for both parts.
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The Sliding Screw fits into the Base with a RC5 fit. The basic size is .625 (5/8). Determine the limits for both parts.
.6238 - .6231
.625 - .626
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Tolerancing
4.6) Metric Tolerances
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
Limits, Basic Size, Tolerance, MMC and LMC have the same definition as in the inch tolerance section.
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Exercise 4-7
Millimeter tolerance definitions
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Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.
Skip to next part of the exercise
Shaft Hole
Limits
Basic Size
Tolerance
2.2 – 2.1 1.8 – 2.0
2
0.1 0.2
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
Upper deviation: The upper deviation is the difference between the basic size and the permitted maximum size of the part.
→ UD = |basic size – Dmax|
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
Lower deviation: The lower deviation is the difference between the basic size and the minimum permitted size of the part.
→ LD = |basic size – Dmin|
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
Fundamental deviation: The fundamental deviation is the closest deviation to the basic size. → The fundamental deviation is the smaller of
the UD and the LD. → A letter in the fit specification represents the
fundamental deviation.
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.
Shaft Hole
UD
LD
FD
0.2 0
0.1 0.2
0.1 0
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Exercise 4-7
Fill in the following table.
Type of fit Interference
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
International tolerance grade number (IT#): The IT#’s are a set of tolerances that vary according to the basic size and provide the same relative level of accuracy within a given grade. → The number in the fit specification
represents the IT#. → A smaller number provides a smaller
tolerance.
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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Metric Tolerances Definitions
Tolerance zone: The fundamental deviation in combination with the IT# defines the tolerance zone. → The IT# establishes the magnitude of the
tolerance zone or the amount that the dimension can vary.
→ The fundamental deviation establishes the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size.
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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ANSI Standard Limits and Fits
The following fit types are in accordance with the ANSI B4.2-1978 (R1994) standard.
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Available Metric Fits
Hole Basis Shaft Basis Fit
H11/c11 C11/h11 Loose running
H9/d9 D9/h9 Free running
H8/f7 F8/h7 Close running
H7/g6 G7/h6 Sliding
H7/h6 H7/h6 Locational clearance
H7/k6 or H7/n6
K7/h6 or N7/h6
Locational transition
H7/p6 P7/h6 Locational interference
H7/s6 S7/h6 Medium drive
H7/u6 U7/h6 Force
The difference between Hole and Shaft Basis Fits will be discussed in an upcoming section.
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Tolerance Designation
A Metric fit is specified by stating the fundamental deviation and the IT#.
Remember!→ IT# = the amount that the dimension can
vary (tolerance zone size). → Fundamental deviation (letter) = establishes
the position of the tolerance zone with respect to the basic size. • Hole = upper case
• Shaft = lower case
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Tolerance Designation
Fits are specified by using the:→fundamental deviation (letter) →IT# (International Tolerance Grade #).
When specifying the fit:→The hole = upper case letter →The shaft = lower case letter
Ex: Metric Fit = H11/c11
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Exercise 4-8
Metric fit designation
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Fill in the appropriate name for the fit component.
Basic size
Fundamental Deviation IT#
Hole Tolerance ZoneShaft Tolerance Zone
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Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems
Metric limits and fits are divided into two different systems; the basic hole system and the basic shaft system.
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Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems
Basic hole system: The basic hole system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the hole dimension.
→ For example, if you want to tolerance a shaft based on a hole produced by a standard drill, reamer, broach, or another standard tool.
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Basic Hole / Basic Shaft Systems
Basic shaft system: The basic shaft system is used when you want the basic size to be attached to the shaft dimension.
→ For example, if you want to tolerance a hole based on the size of a purchased a standard drill rod.
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Exercise 4-9
Systems
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Exercise 4-9
Identify the type of fit and the system used to determine the limits of the following shaft and hole pairs
Shaft Hole Type of Fit System
9.987 – 9.972 10.000 – 10.022
60.021 – 60.002 60.000 – 60.030
40.000 – 39.984 39.924 – 39.949
Clearance Hole
Transition Hole
Interference Shaft
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Exercise 4-10
Metric limits and fits
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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit. → Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix
D.
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Page D-8
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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 H11/c11 fit.
Shaft Hole
Limits 29.890 – 29.760 30.000 – 30.130
Tolerance
System
Fit
0.13 0.13
Hole
Clearance – Loose Running
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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit. → Use the tolerance tables given in Appendix
D.
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Page D-11
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Exercise 4-10
Find the limits, tolerance, type of fit, and type of system for a n30 P7/h6 fit.
Shaft Hole
Limits 30.000 – 29.987 29.965 – 29.986
Tolerance
System
Fit
0.013 0.021
Shaft
Locational Interference
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Tolerancing
4.7) Selecting Tolerances
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Selecting Tolerances
Tolerances will govern the method of manufacturing. → When the tolerances are reduced, the cost
of manufacturing rises very rapidly.
→ Specify as generous a tolerance as possible without interfering with the function of the part.
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Selecting Tolerances Choosing the most appropriate tolerance
depends on many factors such as; → length of engagement, → bearing load, → speed, → lubrication, → temperature, → humidity, → and material.
Experience also plays a significant role.
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Machining and IT Grades
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Tolerancing
4.8) Tolerance Accumulation
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Tolerance Accumulation
The tolerance between two features of a part depends on the number of controlling dimensions.
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Tolerance Accumulation
The distance could be controlled by a single dimension or multiple dimensions.
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Tolerance Accumulation
The maximum variation between two features is equal to the sum of the tolerances placed on the controlling dimensions.
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Tolerance Accumulation
As the number of controlling dimensions increases, the tolerance accumulation increases.
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Tolerance Accumulation
Remember, even if the dimension does not have a stated tolerance, it has an implied tolerance.
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Exercise 4-11
Tolerance Accumulation
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Exercise 4-11
What is the tolerance accumulation for the distance between surface A and B for the following three dimensioning methods?
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0.3
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0.2
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0.1
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Exercise 4-11
If the accuracy of the distance between surface A and B is important, which dimensioning method should be used?
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Exercise 4-12
Over dimensioning
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Assuming that the diameter dimensions are correct, explain why this object is dimensioned incorrectly.
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2.98 – 3.00
1. The decimal places don’t match.Formatting tolerances will be discussed next.
2. The dimensions are inconsistent.
1.98 + .99 = 2.97
2.01+1.00 = 3.01
This part is over dimensioned.
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Tolerancing
4.9) Formatting Tolerances
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Formatting Metric Tolerances
Tolerances from standardized fit tables are listed on drawings as;
The person reading the print has to have access to the standard fit tables.
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Formatting Metric Tolerances
Unilateral tolerances
→ A single zero without a plus or minus sign.
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Formatting Metric Tolerances
Bilateral tolerances
→ Both the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.
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Formatting Metric Tolerances
Limit dimensions
→ Both values should have the same number of decimal places.
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Formatting Metric Tolerances
Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance
→ The number of decimal places in the basic dimension does not have to match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.
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Formatting Inch Tolerances
Unilateral and Bilateral tolerances
→ The basic dimension and the plus and minus values should have the same number of decimal places.
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Formatting Inch Tolerances
Limit dimensions
→ Both values should have the same number of decimal places.
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Formatting Inch Tolerances
Using Basic dimensions with the tolerance
→ The number of decimal places in the basic dimension should match the number of decimal places in the tolerance.
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Formatting Angular Tolerances
Angular tolerances
→ Both the angle and the plus and minus values have the same number of decimal places.
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Tolerancing
The End