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Chapter 3

Types of Sentences There are 4 types of sentences. Each of these sentence types is built using a combination of Independent Clauses (IC) and Dependent Clauses (DC).

4 Sentence Types

Simple Sentence IC

Compound Sentence

IC+IC

Complex Sentence IC+DC or DC+IC

Compound-Complex Sentence

IC+IC+DC (in any order)

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Compound Sentences

A compound sentence is made up of two or more independent clauses. In the example sentences below, which one is a compound sentence? Examples: 1. Mick and Keith played their guitars. 2. Mick sang a song, and Keith played his guitar. In Sentence 1, both Mick and Keith are performing the same action: played their guitars. Since there is only one verb, played, there is only one independent clause. However, in Sentence 2, Mick is performing one action--Mick sang a song --which is a simple sentence or independent clause, and Keith is performing another--Keith played his guitar--which is another simple sentence or independent clause. Therefore, Sentence 2 is a compound sentence because it has two independent clauses. A compound sentence is punctuated in one of two ways: 1. The two independent clauses can be joined by a semicolon (;). Example: Terry hurried home; the house was on fire. 2. The two independent clauses are joined by a comma (,) and one of the seven coordinate conjunctions: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, and so. You can remember the coordinate conjunctions by remembering the word FANBOYS: For And Nor But Or Yet So PRACTICE 1 Combine each pair of simple sentences into a compound sentence. Use a DIFFERENT coordinate conjunction for each sentence. Remember that a comma must go before the coordinate conjunction.

1. Lesley was sick. She missed the test.

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2. Lisa recently got a raise. Her sales were the highest for the month.

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3. The unemployment rate dropped. David still couldn’t find a job.

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4. Steve lost his wallet. He could not buy the CD.

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5. Frank will go to law school. He will go to medical school.

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6. It may snow. Arianna is still going on her vacation.

______________________________________________________________________________ PRACTICE 2 Write five compound sentences, using a DIFFERENT coordinate conjunction in each sentence. Be sure to punctuate your sentences properly. Be sure that each compound sentence you write has two independent clauses.

1. __________________________________________________________________________________

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2. __________________________________________________________________________________

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3. __________________________________________________________________________________

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4. __________________________________________________________________________________

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5. __________________________________________________________________________________

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___________________________________________________________________________________ PRACTICE 3 Identify each of the following sentences as either simple or compound. Example: compound School started late today, for it snowed. __________________ 1. The dogs were hungry, but I forgot to feed them. __________________ 2. The dogs, the cats, and my husband were all starving. __________________ 3. Before dinner, I took a long bath. You can also join 2 Independent Clauses with a semicolon (;) or a semicolon and a

conjunctive adverb. FORMULA ; ______________, Conjunctive adverb The most common conjunctive adverbs are: also consequently finally furthermore hence however incidentally indeed instead likewise meanwhile still nevertheless nonetheless next otherwise then therefore moreover thus

Practice 4 These are the same sentences as Practice 1. Now, instead of using a FANBOYS, use a semicolon and a conjunctive adverb to punctuate. 1. Lesley was sick. She missed the test.

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2. Lisa recently got a raise. Her sales were the highest for the month.

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3. The unemployment rate dropped. David still couldn’t find a job.

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4. Steve lost his wallet. He could not buy the CD.

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5. Frank will go to law school. He will go to medical school.

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6. It may snow. Arianna is still going on her vacation.

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Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. Examples: Independent Clause Dependent Clause They wanted to manage a restaurant (although they had no cooking skills or

management experience). This sentence is a complex sentence because it has both an independent clause and dependent clause. Dependent Clause Independent Clause (Even though they were very determined,) their lack of experience Dependent Clause was a problem (that they could not overcome). This sentence is a complex sentence because it has two dependent clauses and one independent clause. IMPORTANT: Punctuating Complex Sentences Punctuation Patterns: IC DC no comma if the Independent Clause comes first DC , IC put a comma after the Dependent Clause IF it comes first PRACTICE 5

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Combine each pair of sentences into a complex sentence by making one of the clauses dependent. Remember to keep the most important idea as the independent clause. Use the Dependent words list to create dependent clauses. Use a DIFFERENT Dependent Word for each sentence. Also, be sure to punctuate properly (DC,IC or IC DC). 1. The class was difficult. I earned a passing grade. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Tami passed the test. She didn’t pass the class ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Janae cried all night. Her mom didn’t wake up. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 4. The dogs came home. The cats are still missing. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________ 5. Jeff can pay the rent. He gets paid next Friday. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________ PRACTICE 6 Write 3 complex sentences. Use a DIFFERENT dependent word in each sentence. Use the list on Page 18 if you need help. Be sure to punctuate properly (DC, IC or IC DC).

1. _________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________

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2. _________________________________________________________________________________

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3. _________________________________________________________________________________

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PRACTICE 7 Identify the dependent clauses and the independent clauses in each of the following sentences. Underline and label the independent clause. Place parentheses around the dependent clause and label it. Look for Dependent Words to help identify dependent clauses You may refer to the list on p, 18). dependent clause independent clause Example: (Because it is so hot,) the children want to go to the beach. 1. Whenever the weather is beautiful, the Royer family has a picnic.

2. Although Joey had household chores, he decided to go see a movie.

3. The hurricane struck before the boat reached shore.

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4. We knew that Nathan did not go home.

5. Because she has an exam tomorrow, Tami will study tonight.

6. When the movie ended, all thirty of us headed to the local pizza parlor.

7. Before Jessica could warn Nathan, the firecracker exploded.

8. After the boys rent a house, they will purchase new furniture.

9. Jeff decided to go on the ski trip even though Joey had a broken leg.

PRACTICE 8 In the space provided, identify each of the following sentences by type: Simple, Compound, or Complex. Label dependent and independent clauses, as you did in the previous practice. _______ 1. Jodi goes to the beach whenever she can. _______ 2. It is a warm day; the temperature is now 95 degrees. _______ 3. In order to earn enough money to go to college, Tami worked as a waitress

all summer.

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_______ 4. Shawna and Lee Ann entered the haunted house cautiously, for they believed all the stories about ghosts.

_______ 5. When the rain was over, the children ran outside. _______ 6. Because the battery was dead, my car would not start. _______ 7. You must hurry, or you will miss the last bus. _______ 8. Tina and her brothers gritted their teeth and began the long, slow climb to

the top of the mountain. _______ 9. Nate told you that your plan was impossible.

Compound-Complex Sentences

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A compound-complex sentence is just what its name says: it is a combination of a compound sentence and a complex sentence. Therefore, a compound-complex sentence has at least two independent clauses and at least one dependent clause. 1st Independent Clause Dependent Clause Example: The doctor examined the last patient (when the clock struck five;) then 2nd Independent Clause he headed for the golf course. The pattern for the compound-complex sentence is: IC + IC + DC (in any order) . The Independent and Dependent Clauses can appear in any order, as long as there are at least two Independent Clauses and at least one Dependent Clause in the sentence. PRACTICE 9: The following sentences are compound-complex. Underline each independent clause, and place parentheses around the dependent clause. Also, label the clauses. DC IC Example: (When he listens to the radio,) he turns the volume up, IC and the neighbors complain.

1. After the movie was over, Jeff went home, but Nathan stayed to see it again.

2. Although they cost fifteen dollars, the movie tickets were worth it; later, they went on sale

for less.

3. If you had seen the film, we could discuss it; I thought it was great.

4. While knitting is a relaxing pastime, it can also be profitable, for handmade sweaters have

become a popular fashion item.

5. Take the trash out when you get home; I’ll be there soon.

6. If you will wait for me, I’ll finish my work, and then we can go to the beach.

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7. Because it rained, we had to cancel the picnic; therefore, our day was ruined.

8. Before you purchase your textbooks, go to class; the instructor may have changed the

reading list.

9. Our surprise birthday party for Jeffery failed; he entered the room while everyone was

practicing “Happy Birthday.”

10. My father always told me to turn the lights off when I leave a room; he claimed that such a

practice would save money. PRACTICE 10 Write 3 compound-complex sentences. Use a DIFFERENT Dependent Word in each sentence. Be sure to punctuate properly (DC, IC or IC DC).

1. __________________________________________________________________________________

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2. __________________________________________________________________________________

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3. __________________________________________________________________________________

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PRACTICE 11 In the space provided, identify each of the following sentences by type: simple, compound, complex, or compound-complex. Label all clauses and use () and underlining.

1. She is a person whom we admire.

2. The dog that wins the contest will be used in the commercial.

3. Because he has left, we must stay here.

4. Since the panda’s natural habitat in China is threatened, many Chinese zoo keepers

wish to export them to other countries, and the Chinese government has agreed.

5. Close the door after you enter.

6. Before we leave for a vacation, we always have the car checked for problems.

7. Have Nate and Tina decided when they will paint the house?

8. We decided to see the movie at midnight.

9. Jeff and Joey played the video game all night; however, they still couldn’t win.

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PRACTICE 12--A Review See how much you remember from the beginning of the module. First, try to answer the questions below without referring to the information in the module. Then, if you are unable to answer a question, find the answer in the module and fill it in. Please note questions you were able to answer without referring to the module and question for which you had to refer. 1. A phrase can be defined as 2. How many types of clauses are there? What are they called? 3. What two parts must a clause have? 4. List five subordinate conjunctions (dependent words): 5. List at least four of the seven coordinating conjunctions (FANBOYS): 6. A compound sentence is made up of at least two ___________________________ clauses. 7. A complex sentence must have ______________________________________ clauses. 8. Punctuate the following sentence (circle the punctuation marks you put in):

After they both worked all day Nate and Tina drove to Lake Tahoe but they didn’t arrive until 4 in the morning

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PRACTICE 13--Write 3 simple sentences. Be sure to punctuate properly. 1.

2.

3.

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PRACTICE 14—Write three compound sentences. Be sure to punctuate properly.

1. ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 2. ___________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE 15-- Write three complex sentences. Be sure to punctuate properly.

1. ______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

2. ______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________

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3. ______________________________________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________________ PRACTICE 16--Write three compound-complex sentences. Be sure to punctuate properly. 1. ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 2. ______________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ 3. ______________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ Review—Punctuating Clauses and working with the 4 Types of Sentences When writing these different types of sentences, you may combine the clauses in any order ; that is, it does not matter if the dependent clause comes first or the independent clause comes first. What does matter is how you punctuate the different sentence patterns. Each sentence pattern follows certain rules as to where a comma should be placed according to the arrangement of the independent and dependent clauses.

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Practice 17--Punctuating Compound Sentences Join the following pairs of independent clauses to make each pair into one compound sentence. Be sure to punctuate each compound sentence properly. 1. We could certainly enjoy spending five million dollars. We will not have the chance to do so. 2. Jeff and Joe flew to Phoenix. They drove from there to the Grand Canyon. 3. Nate could have made pizza for dinner. He made ravioli. 4. Mrs. Royer enjoyed cleaning the house. Her children enjoyed making a mess. 5. We arrived at the concert late. We could not be seated until the opening act was over. 6. Tami could not take a shower. There was no hot water.

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Combining one independent clause and at least one dependent clause to write a Complex Sentence A complex sentence is a combination of one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (you can have more than one dependent clause in a complex sentence). Remember this punctuation pattern by using the following "formula": DC , IC IC DC Practice 18: Punctuating Complex Sentences Punctuate the following complex sentences. Remember, you can identify a dependent clause by the subordinating word at the beginning of the clause. 1. When we were asked for results of the experiment we could only laugh. 2. Even though it was the fall semester everyone appeared to have spring fever. 3. Although he should have waited for questions from the class the teacher changed the subject. 4. He was not afraid of the growling dog because he had his lucky coin in his pocket. 5. While the snow was falling everyone was quiet. 6. Tami wanted to move to Denver whereas her husband wanted to stay in Sacramento. 7. Just give the baby whatever she wants to eat. 8. If we can save up enough money we will go to Europe next summer. 9. Those diligent students won't go to the party until they finish all their homework first!

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Combining two independent clauses and at least on one dependent clause to write a Compound-Complex Sentence The same comma rules that apply separately for compound and complex sentences are now combined for the compound-complex sentence. Practice 19--Punctuating Compound-Complex Sentences Punctuate the following compound-complex sentences. 1. Nate lit a fire and Tina made hot chocolate while Joey went to rent a movie. 2. Whenever it is raining Tina makes a big pot of soup and she bakes bread. 3. Tami was frustrated because her old computer didn't work so she bought a new one even though she could not afford it. 4. Joey owns a red convertible sports car which he drives in the summer but he drives his truck in the winter. 5. After the semester is over many students go on vacations or they work more hours to earn extra money 6. When a new year is approaching people become excited yet they are nervous about the future. 7. Going to college takes a lot of time and effort but a person can succeed if he or she is committed.

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8. Before they leave the house each morning Nate cleans the kitchen and Tina dresses their daughters. 9. Jessica was pouting so Nathan bought her a bouquet of flowers as if it would make her feel better. Practice 20--Writing Compound, Complex, and Compound-Complex Sentences Write five compound sentences. Use a different coordinating conjunction in each sentence. Be sure to punctuate your sentences properly. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write five complex sentences. Use a different subordinating word in each sentence. Also, be sure to punctuate your sentences properly. 6. 7. 8.

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9. 10. Write five compound-complex sentences. Use a different subordinating word in each sentence. Be sure to punctuate your sentences properly. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.