chapter 3:. section 1: 3 types sole-proprietorships partnerships corporations
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 3:
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Section 1:
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3 Types Sole-Proprietorships Partnerships Corporations
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Sole Proprietorship Definition: a
business owned and run by one person
Easy to form; not a lot of requirements
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Sole Proprietorship Advantages Easy to start up/easy to
get out Relatively easy to
manage; no consulting No sharing of profits No separate business
income tax; just personal income tax
Personal psychological satisfaction
Disadvantages Owner has unlimited
liability or fully responsible
Difficult to raise financial capital
Could be difficult to operate efficiently
Owner sometimes has limited managerial experience
Difficult to attract qualified employees
Limited life
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Partnerships Definition: jointly
owned by two or more people
Two Types:
1) general: all partners are responsible for management and finances
2) limited: at least one person is not active in the daily operations
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Partnerships Advantages Easy to start Easy to manage Lack of specific
taxes Easier to attract
financial capital A little more efficient Easier to attract top
talent
Disadvantages Partners are
responsible for one another; limited liability does exist, however
Limited life Potential for conflict
b/t partners
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Corporations
Definition: a form of business organization recognized by law as a separate legal entity having all the rights of an individual
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Forming a Corporation
Very formal Must file for permission with government If approved, a charter is granted Money from stock and shareholders is
used to set up corporation If profitable, the corp. can issue a
dividend
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Corporate Structure
Stockholders’ rights depends on the type of stock bought
Common Stock: basic ownership of a corp.. One vote for each share used to elect board of directors
Preferred Stock: nonvoting ownership shares; get their dividends first and their investment back first if corp fails
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Corporation Advantages Easier to raise financial
capital; can sell more stock or borrow through bonds
Directors can hire managers
Limited liability for owners
Unlimited ilfe: can exist with different owners
Easy to transfer ownership
Disadvantages Difficulty and expense of
getting charter Owners have little say in
how it’s ran Double taxation Subject to more
government regulation
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Section 2:
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Can grow in 2 ways:Reinvesting profitsmerger
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Growth Through Investment Use revenues to invest in factories,
machinery and new technologies Can use an income statement to show
processReport that shows sales, expenses and
profits
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Estimating Cash Flows 1st: figure out total sales (revenue) 2nd: find net income: subtract expenses and
taxes from total sales (loans, salaries, depreciation, capital) Depreciation is a non-cash charge b/c
money doesn’t go anywhere else 3rd: Find cash flow, the sum of net income
and non-cash chargesreal measure of profits for the business b/c it represents the total amount of new
funds
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Reinvesting Cash Flows
Can be paid to owners Can reinvest in company
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Growth Through Mergers
Reasons for Merging:Grow fasterBecome more efficient (both in production
and financially)Acquire or deliver a better product
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Types of Mergers
Horizontal merger: Occurs when two companies that
make the same product come together (2 banks)
Vertical Merger: occurs when firms involved in different
steps of manufacturing or marketing join together (car company merging with a tire company)
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Conglomerates Has at least 4
businesses, each making unrelated products, none of which are responsible for the majority of sales-don’t put all eggs in 1 basket
http://www.pg.com/en_US/brands/all_brands.shtml
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Multinational Has manufacturing or
service operations in a number of countries Has to obey all laws,
pay taxes Can be helpful in
creating jobs and generating tax revenue
Can hurt by paying low wages, exporting resources or blocking local business development
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Are They Always What They Seem?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M5uYCWVfuPQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ysVSe8ottJU
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Section 3
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Non-profit: promotes the collective interests of members rather than seeking financial gain for owners
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Community and Civic Organizations Types of nonprofit (schools, churches
welfare groups) Similar to profit seeking, but do not issue
stocks, pay dividends or income taxes Use profit to further work
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Cooperatives Also called co-op: voluntary association
of people formed to carry on some type of econ activity that will benefit members. (type of non-profit)
3 types:Consumer (buys things in bulk to try and
offer lower prices to members)Service (offers services to members)
Ex. Credit UnionProducer (helps members promote or sell)
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Labor, Professional and Business Organizations Labor Unions:
organization of workers formed to represent members interests in employment mattersParticipate in
collective bargaining: negotiation with management over issues
Can also pressure government
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Are Union Needed?
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=afgjmsaTf8A
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YIwcLcH5wjg
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Professional Associations: Work to improve working conditions, skill levels and public perception (Ex. AMA)
Business Associations: promote interests of businessesEx. Chamber of CommerceIndustry or Trade Associations: represent
specific kinds; interested in shaping gov’t policy that affects them
Some protect consumer; Better Business Bureau
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Government (non profit) Direct Role:
Supplies good or service that competes with private business (Ex. TVA, FDIC and U.S. Postal Service)
Organized as government owned and operate similar to private bus.
Profits go back into business and losses covered by Congress
Local examples: police, education, etc.
Indirect Role Acts as umpire to make
sure market economy operates smoothly
Gives people power in the market
Ex. Social Security, financial aid for college
Ex. Regulates public utilities (water/electric)○ Not a lot of competition