chapter 24: the chemistry of life -...

774 Chapter 24

The Chemistry of Life

CHAPTER 24

What Yoursquoll LearnYou will learn the functionsof the four major classes ofbiological molecules pro-teins carbohydrates lipidsand nucleic acids

You will identify the build-ing blocks that form themajor biological molecules

You will compare andcontrast the metabolicprocesses of cellular respira-tion photosynthesis andfermentation

Why Itrsquos ImportantThe large biological moleculesin your body are essential tothe organization and opera-tion of its millions of cellsThe structure of these mole-cules is directly related totheir function and how theyfunction affects your healthand survival

The silk that makes up thisspiderrsquos web is gram for gramstronger than steel yet it islightweight and stretchableSpider silk is made of proteina biological molecule

Visit the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom to find linksabout the chemistry of life

Chem MC-774

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241 Proteins 775

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

400-mL beakerhot plate10-mL graduated cylinderboiling chip10 glucose solutiontest tubetongsBenedictrsquos solutionstirring rodother food solutions such as10 starch or honey

Testing for Simple Sugars

Your body constantly uses energy Many different food sources cansupply that energy which is stored in the bonds of molecules

called simple sugars What foods contain simple sugars

Safety Precautions

Procedure

1 Fill a 400-mL beaker one-third full of water Place this water bathon a hot plate and begin to heat it to boiling

2 Place 50 mL 10 glucose solution in a test tube

3 Add 30 mL Benedictrsquos solution to the test tube Mix the two solu-tions using a stirring rod Add a boiling chip to the test tube

4 Using tongs place the test tube in the boiling water bath and heatfor five minutes

5 Record a color change from blue to yellow or orange as a positivetest for a simple sugar

6 Repeat the procedure using food samples such as a 10 starchsolution a 10 gelatin (protein) suspension or a few drops ofhoney suspended in water

Analysis

Was a color change observed Which foods tested positive for thepresence of a simple sugar

Objectivesbull Describe the structures of

amino acids and proteins

bull Explain the roles of proteinsin cells

Vocabularyproteinamino acidpeptide bondpeptidedenaturationenzymesubstrateactive site

Section 241 Proteins

An amazing variety of chemical reactions take place in living organisms Atthe forefront of coordinating the numerous and intricate reactions of life arethe large molecules called proteins whose name comes from the Greek rootword protos meaning first

Protein StructureYou have learned that polymers are large molecules made of many repeatingbuilding blocks called monomers Proteins are organic polymers made ofamino acids linked together in a specific way But proteins are not just largerandomly arranged chains of amino acids To function properly each proteinmust be folded into a specific three-dimensional structure The spider silkshown on the opposite page would not be the incredibly strong yet light-weight protein that it is if it were not constructed in its specific way You willlearn in this section how proteins are made from their amino-acid buildingblocks and how different types of proteins function

Chem MC-775

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Amino acids As you saw in Chapter 23 many different functional groups arefound in organic compounds Amino acids as their name implies are organicmolecules that have both an amino group and an acidic carboxyl group Thegeneral structure of an amino acid is shown below

Each amino acid has a central carbon atom around which are arranged fourgroups an amino group (mdash NH2) a carboxyl group (mdash COOH) a hydrogenatom and a variable side chain R The side chains range from a single hydro-gen atom to a complex double-ring structure Examine the different side chainsof the amino acids shown in Figure 24-1 Identify the nonpolar alkanes polarhydroxyl groups acidic and basic groups such as carboxyl and amino groupsaromatic rings and sulfur-containing groups This wide range of side chainsgives the different amino acids a large variety of chemical and physical prop-erties and is an important reason why proteins can carry out so many differentfunctions

Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in the proteins of liv-ing things The name of each amino acid and its three-letter abbreviation arelisted in Table 24-1 What is the abbreviation for glycine

The peptide bond The amino and carboxyl groups provide convenientbonding sites for linking amino acids together Since an amino acid is bothan amine and a carboxylic acid two amino acids can combine to form an

Figure 24-1

A large variety of side chains canbe found on amino acids Someof them are shown on these rep-resentative amino acids and arehighlighted in green

Amino acid plus yields

Peptide bond

plus

H R1

H OH

mdash mdash

N mdash C mdash C mdash OH

mdashmdash

Amino acid

H R2

H OH

mdash mdash


mdashmdash

Dipeptide Water

H HR1

H OH

mdash mdash

N mdash C mdash C mdash N mdash C mdash C mdash OH

mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

R2

mdashmdash

0 H2O

776 Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life

mdash mdashR

Amino group Carboxyl group

Variable side chain

Hydrogen atom H O

H2N mdash C mdash C mdash OH

mdashmdash

Glycine Serine Cysteine Lysine

Glutamic acid Glutamine Valine Phenylalanine


Hmdash

H

mdash

Omdashmdash


CH2

mdash

OH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdash

SH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

CH2

CH2 mdash NH2

CH2

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH3

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdashmdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashO OHmdashmdash

CH2

CH2

C

mdashmdash

mdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashmdash CH3

CH2

CH2

CH

O mdashNH2mdashmdashC

mdashmdash

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

Figure 24-2

The amino group of one aminoacid bonds to the carboxylgroup of another amino acid toform a dipeptide The organicfunctional group formed is anamide linkage and is called apeptide bond

Chem MC-776

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amide releasing water in the process This reaction is a condensation reactionAs Figure 24-2 shows the amino group of one amino acid reacts with thecarboxyl group of another amino acid to form an amide functional groupWhere do the H and OH that form water come from

The amide bond that joins two amino acids is referred to by biochemistsas a peptide bond

A molecule that consists of two amino acids bound together by a peptidebond is called a dipeptide Figure 24-3a shows the structure of a dipeptidethat is formed from the amino acids glycine (Gly) and phenylalanine (Phe)Figure 24-3b shows a different dipeptide also formed by linking togetherglycine and phenylalanine Is Gly-Phe the same compound as Phe-Gly Notheyrsquore different Examine these two dipeptides to see that the order in whichamino acids are linked in a dipeptide is important

Each end of the two-amino-acid unit in a dipeptide still has a free groupmdashone end has a free amino group and the other end has a free carboxyl groupEach of those groups can be linked to the opposite end of yet another aminoacid forming more peptide bonds A chain of two or more amino acids linkedtogether by peptide bonds is called a peptide Living cells always build pep-tides by adding amino acids to the carboxyl end of a growing chain

Polypeptides As peptide chains increase in length other ways of referringto them become necessary A chain of ten or more amino acids joined by pep-tide bonds is referred to as a polypeptide When a chain reaches a length ofabout 50 amino acids itrsquos called a protein

Because there are only 20 different amino acids that form proteins itmight seem reasonable to think that only a limited number of different pro-tein structures are possible But a protein can have from 50 to a thousand ormore amino acids arranged in any possible sequence To calculate the num-ber of possible sequences these amino acids can have you need to considerthat each position on the chain can have any of 20 possible amino acids Fora peptide that contains n amino acids there are 20n possible sequences of theamino acids So a dipeptide with only two amino acids can have 202 or400 different possible amino acid sequences Even the smallest protein con-taining only 50 amino acids has 2050 or more than 1 1065 possiblearrangements of amino acids It is estimated that human cells make between80 000 and 100 000 different proteins You can see that this is only a verysmall fraction of the total number of proteins possible

mdash mdash

H

Peptide bond

O

mdash C mdash Nmdash

mdash

241 Proteins 777

The 20 Amino Acids

Amino acid Abbreviation

Alanine AlaArginine ArgAsparagine AsnAspartic acid AspCysteine CysGlutamic acid GluGlutamine GlnGlycine GlyHistidine HisIsoleucine IleLeucine LeuLysine LysMethionine MetPhenylalanine PheProline ProSerine SerThreonine ThrTryptophan TrpTyrosine TyrValine Val

Table 24-1

Glycylphenylalanine (Gly-Phe)Gly Phe

Phenylalanylglycine (Phe-Gly)Phe Gly

H HH

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

H H

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

H

mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

Figure 24-3

Glycine and phenylalaninecan be combined in this configuration

Glycine and phenylalaninecan also be combined in thisconfiguration Why are thesetwo structures different substances

b

a

a b

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Figure 24-4

The folding of polypeptidechains into both helices (left)and sheets (right) involvesamino acids that are fairly closetogether in the chain being heldin position by hydrogen bondsOther interactions among thevarious side chains are notshown here but play an impor-tant role in determining thethree-dimensional shape of apolypeptide

Three-dimensional protein structure Long chains of amino acids start tofold into unique three-dimensional shapes even before they are fully synthe-sized as intermolecular attractions form among the amino acids Some areasof a polypeptide may twirl into helices shaped like the coils on a telephonecord Other areas may bend back and forth again and again into a sheet struc-ture like the folds of an accordion A polypeptide chain may also turn back onitself and change direction A given protein may have several helices sheetsand turns or none at all Figure 24-4 shows the folding patterns of a typicalhelix and a sheet The overall three-dimensional shape of many proteins isglobular or shaped like an irregular sphere Other proteins have a long fibrousshape The three-dimensional shape is determined by the interactions amongthe amino acids

Changes in temperature ionic strength pH and other factors can act todisrupt these interactions resulting in the unfolding and uncoiling of a pro-tein Denaturation is the process in which a proteinrsquos natural three-dimen-sional structure is disrupted Cooking often denatures the proteins in foodsWhen an egg is hard-boiled the protein-rich egg white solidifies due to thedenaturation of its protein Because proteins function properly only whenfolded denatured proteins generally are inactive

The Many Functions of ProteinsProteins play many roles in living cells They are involved in catalyzing reac-tions transporting substances regulating cellular processes forming struc-tures digesting foods recycling wastes and even serving as an energy sourcewhen other sources are scarce See the Everyday Chemistry feature at theend of this chapter to learn how proteins play a role in the sense of smell

Enzymes In most organisms the largest number of different proteins func-tion as enzymes catalyzing the many reactions that go on in living cells Anenzyme is a biological catalyst Recall that a catalyst speeds up a chemicalreaction without being consumed in the reaction A catalyst usually lowersthe activation energy of a reaction by stabilizing the transition state

How do enzymes function The term substrate is used to refer to a reac-tant in an enzyme-catalyzed reaction Substrates bind to specific sites onenzyme molecules usually pockets or crevices The pocket to which the sub-strates bind is called the active site of the enzyme After the substrates bindto the active site the active site changes shape slightly to fit more tightlyaround the substrates This recognition process is called induced fit In thediagram in Figure 24-5 yoursquoll see that the shapes of the substrates must fit


Hydrogenbonds

Helix

Pleated sheet

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C C CN

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CC NH

O

CO

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CO

HCC

CC N OHN O

Chem MC-778

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that of the active site in the same way that puzzle pieces or a lock and key fittogether A molecule only slightly different in shape from an enzymersquos nor-mal substrate doesnrsquot bind as well to the active site or undergo the catalyzedreaction

The structure that forms when substrates are bound to an enzyme is calledan enzyme-substrate complex The large size of enzyme molecules allowsthem to form multiple bonds with their substrates and the large variety ofamino acid side chains in the enzyme allows a number of different intermol-ecular forces to form These intermolecular forces lower the activation ener-gy needed for the reaction in which bonds are broken and the substrates areconverted to product

An example of an enzyme you may have used is papain found in papayaspineapple and other plant sources This enzyme catalyzes a reaction thatbreaks down protein molecules into free amino acids Papain is the activeingredient in many meat tenderizers When you sprinkle the dried form ofpapain on moist meat you activate the papain so that it breaks down thetough protein fibers in the meat making the meat more tender

Transport proteins Some proteins are involved in transporting smallermolecules throughout the body The protein hemoglobin modeled inFigure 24-6 carries oxygen in the blood from your lungs to the rest of yourbody Other proteins combine with biological molecules called lipids to trans-port them from one part of your body to another through the bloodstream Youwill learn about lipids later in this chapter

241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5

Substrates are brought closetogether as they fit into theuniquely shaped active site of anenzyme The enzyme thenchanges shape as it ldquomoldsitselfrdquo to the substrates formingan enzyme-substrate complexBonds are broken and newbonds form to produce theproduct in the reaction

Figure 24-6

Hemoglobin is a globularprotein with four polypeptidechains The red structure in eachchain is heme an organic groupcontaining an iron ion to whichoxygen binds

The pink skin of this pig isdue to the hemoglobin in itsblood

b

a

Enzyme

Substrates

Enzyme-substratecomplex

Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

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Structural proteins The sole function of some proteins is to form struc-tures vital to organisms These molecules are known as structural proteinsThe most abundant structural protein in most animals is collagen which ispart of skin ligaments tendons and bones Figure 24-7 shows the structureof collagen Other structural proteins make up hair fur wool hooves fin-gernails cocoons and feathers

Hormones Hormones are messenger molecules that carry signals from onepart of the body to another Some hormones are proteins Insulin a familiarexample is a small (51 amino acids) protein hormone made by cells in thepancreas When insulin is released into the bloodstream it signals body cellsthat blood sugar is abundant and should be stored A lack of insulin resultsin diabetes a disease in which there is too much sugar in the bloodstreamAnother protein hormone chorionic gonadotropin is synthesized by a devel-oping embryo Release of this hormone causes the development of a placen-ta that nourishes the embryo

Because modern technology has made possible the laboratory synthesis ofproteins some protein hormones are being synthetically produced for use asmedicines Insulin thyroid hormones and growth hormones are some exam-ples Both natural and synthetic proteins are used in a variety of productsmdashfrom meat tenderizer to cleaning solutions to health and beauty aids


Figure 24-7

Collagen is a fibrous protein thatconsists of three helical polypep-tides (right) that are coiledaround one another to form thestrong fibers of connective tissue(left) The large ropelike struc-tures in the photo are bundles ofcollagen fibers held together bycross-linkage Collagen is anextremely large protein Each ofthe three strands is about 1000amino acids long

Section 241 Assessment

1 Compare the structures of amino acids dipeptidespolypeptides and proteins Which has the largestmolecular mass The smallest

2 Draw the structure of the dipeptide Gly-Ser cir-cling the peptide bond

3 List four functions that different proteins have inliving organisms

4 Thinking Critically How do the properties of pro-teins make them such useful catalysts How dothey differ from other catalysts you have studied

5 Applying Concepts Identify an amino acid fromFigure 24-1 that can be classified into each of thecategories in the following pairs

a nonpolar versus polarb aromatic versus aliphaticc acidic versus basic

chemistrymccomself_check_quiz

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242 Carbohydrates 781


monosaccharides disaccha-rides and polysaccharides

bull Explain the functions of car-bohydrates in living things

Vocabularycarbohydratemonosaccharidedisaccharidepolysaccharide

Section Carbohydrates

Analyzing the term carbohydrate offers a hint about the structure of thisgroup of molecules Early observations that these compounds have the gen-eral chemical formula Cn(H2O)n and appear to be hydrates of carbon led totheir being called carbohydrates Although it is now known that there are nofull water molecules attached to carbohydrates the name has stayed

Kinds of CarbohydratesWhy do marathon runners eat large quantities of pasta before a big racePasta as well as milk fruit bread and potatoes is rich in carbohydrates Themain function of carbohydrates in living organisms is as a source of energyboth immediate and stored Carbohydrates are compounds that contain mul-tiple hydroxyl groups (mdash OH) as well as a carbonyl functional group(CO) These molecules range in size from single monomers to polymersmade of hundreds or thousands of monomer units

Monosaccharides The simplest carbohydrates often called simple sugarsare monosaccharides The most common monosaccharides have either fiveor six carbon atoms They have a carbonyl group on one carbon and hydrox-yl groups on most of the other carbons The presence of a carbonyl groupmakes these compounds either aldehydes or ketones depending upon thelocation of the carbonyl group Multiple polar groups make monosaccharideswater soluble and give them high melting points

Glucose is a six-carbon sugar that has an aldehyde structure Glucose ispresent in high concentration in blood because it serves as the major source ofimmediate energy in the body For this reason glucose is often called bloodsugar Closely related to glucose is galactose which differs only in how ahydrogen and a hydroxyl group are oriented in space around one of the six car-bon atoms As you recall from Chapter 22 this relationship makes glucose andgalactose stereoisomers that is their atoms are arranged differently in spaceFructose also known as fruit sugar because it is the major carbohydrate inmost fruits is a six-carbon monosaccharide that has a ketone structureFructose is a structural isomer of glucose

When monosaccharides are in aqueous solution they exist in both open-chain and cyclic structures The cyclic structures are more stable and are thepredominant form of monosaccharides at equilibrium Note in Figure 24-8that the carbonyl groups are present only in the open-chain structures In thecyclic structures they are converted to hydroxyl groups

242

Cyclic form Open-chain form

H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose

Cyclic form Open-chain form OH H

HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HOmdashCmdash H HOmdashCmdash H HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8

Glucose galactose and fructoseare monosaccharides In aqueoussolutions they exist in an equi-librium between their open-chain and cyclic forms which areinterconverted rapidly

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Disaccharides Like amino acids monosaccharides can be linked togetherby a condensation reaction in which water is released When two monosac-charides bond together a disaccharide is formed See Figure 24-9 The newbond formed is an ether functional group (C mdash O mdash C) Where does thewater that is produced in this reaction come from

One common disaccharide is sucrose which is also known as table sugarbecause sucrose is used mainly as a sweetener Sucrose is formed by linkingglucose and fructose Another common disaccharide is lactose the mostimportant carbohydrate in milk It often is called milk sugar Lactose isformed when glucose and galactose bond together Some foods that containcommon disaccharides are shown in Figure 24-10a

Disaccharides are too large to be absorbed into the bloodstream from thehuman digestive system so they must first be broken down into monosac-charides This is accomplished by a number of enzymes in the digestive sys-tem one of which is sucrase in the small intestine Sucrase breaks downsucrose into glucose and fructose Another enzyme called lactase breaksdown lactose into glucose and galactose Some people do not have an activeform of the enzyme lactase Unless they ingest lactase enzyme along withfoods that contain milk they experience gas bloating and much discomfortas lactose accumulates in their digestive systems These people are said to belactose intolerant

Polysaccharides You may have seen large carbohydrate polymers referredto as complex carbohydrates in nutritional references Another name for acomplex carbohydrate is polysaccharide which is a polymer of simple sugarsthat contains 12 or more monomer units The same type of bond that joins twomonosaccharides in a disaccharide links them together in a polysaccharidePasta is a good source of polysaccharides The pasta shown in Figure 24-10bcontains large amounts of starch a polysaccharide from plants


Figure 24-9

When glucose and fructose bondtogether the disaccharidesucrose is formed Note thatwater also is a product of thiscondensation reactionRemember that each ringstructure is made of carbonatoms which are not shown forsimplicity

OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10

When you have a snack ofmilk and cookies you are ingest-ing the disaccharides lactose andsucrose

Pasta is rich in the polysac-charide starchb

a

a b

LAB

See page 963 in Appendix E forModeling Sugars

Chem MC-782

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13076616

Three important polysaccharides are starch cellulose and glycogen Allare composed solely of glucose monomers as Figure 24-11 illustratesHowever thatrsquos their only similarity as all three have different propertiesand functions Plants make both starch and cellulose Starch is a soft water-soluble molecule used to store energy whereas cellulose is a water-insolublepolymer that forms rigid plant cell walls such as those found in woodGlycogen is the animal counterpart of starch It is made by animals to storeenergy mostly in the liver and muscles

How can these three polymers all be made solely of glucose monomersyet have such different properties The answer lies in the way the bonds thatlink the monomers together are oriented in space Because of this differencein bond shape humans can digest starch but not cellulose Digestiveenzymes canrsquot fit cellulose into their active sites due to the specific lock-and-key fit needed for enzyme action As a result the cellulose in the fruits veg-etables and grains that we eat is labeled ldquodietary fiberrdquo because it passesthrough the digestive system largely unchanged

Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11

The starch in potatoes the cellu-lose in lettuce leaves and theglycogen in meat are all poly-mers of glucose Cellulose has alinear unbranched structurethat resembles a chain-linkfence Starch molecules can beeither branched or unbranchedand glycogen is highly branched


6 Compare the structures of monosaccharides disac-charides and polysaccharides Which has thelargest molecular mass The smallest

7 What is the main function of carbohydrates in liv-ing organisms

8 Compare and contrast the structures of starch andcellulose How do the structural differences affectour ability to digest these two polysaccharides

9 Thinking Critically If a carbohydrate has 2n

possible isomers where n is equal to the number ofcarbon atoms in the carbohydrate structure that are

chiral (meaning a carbon atom with four differentgroups bonded to it) calculate the number ofpossible isomers for each of the following mono-saccharides Use Figure 24-8 to help you

a galactoseb glucosec fructose

10 Interpreting Scientific Illustrations Drawthe structure of the disaccharide sucrose circlingthe ether functional group that bonds the monomersugars together


Chem MC-783

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7664325

Section 243 Lipids


fatty acids triglyceridesphospholipids and steroids

bull Explain the functions oflipids in living organisms

bull Identify some reactions thatfatty acids undergo

bull Relate the structure andfunction of cell membranes

Vocabularylipidfatty acidtriglyceridesaponificationphospholipidwaxsteroid

The wax that you use to polish your car the fat that drips out of your burg-er and the vitamin D that fortifies the milk you drank for lunchmdashwhat dothese diverse compounds have in common They are all lipids

What is a lipidA lipid is a large nonpolar biological molecule Because lipids are nonpo-lar they are insoluble in water Lipids have two major functions in livingorganisms They store energy efficiently and they make up most of the struc-ture of cell membranes Unlike proteins and carbohydrates lipids are notpolymers with repeated monomer subunits

Fatty acids Although lipids are not polymers many lipids have a majorbuilding block in common This building block is the fatty acid a long-chain carboxylic acid Most naturally occurring fatty acids contain between12 and 24 carbon atoms Their structure can be represented by the formula

Most fatty acids have an even number of carbon atoms which is a result oftheir being constructed two carbons at a time in enzymatic reactions

Fatty acids can be grouped into two main categories depending on the pres-ence or absence of double bonds between carbon atoms Fatty acids that con-tain no double bonds are referred to as saturated Those that have one or moredouble bonds are called unsaturated Figure 24-12 shows the structures of twocommon fatty acids Stearic acid is an 18-carbon saturated fatty acid oleic acidis an 18-carbon unsaturated fatty acid What makes oleic acid unsaturated

CH3(CH2)nCOOH

Stearic acid Oleic acidHO O

CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2

mdashmdashmdash mdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12

Two fatty acids abundant in ourdiets are the 18-carbon saturatedstearic acid and the 18-carbonunsaturated oleic acid How isthe structure of the moleculeaffected by the presence of adouble bond Refer to Table C-1in Appendix C for a key to atomcolor conventions


Chem MC-784

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11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

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5057328

An unsaturated fatty acid can become saturated if it reacts with hydrogenAs you learned in Chapter 23 hydrogenation is an addition reaction in whichhydrogen gas reacts with carbon atoms that are linked by multiple bondsEach unsaturated carbon atom can pick up one hydrogen atom to become sat-urated For example oleic acid can be hydrogenated to form stearic acid

The double bonds in naturally occurring fatty acids are almost all in the cisgeometric isomer form Recall from Chapter 22 that the cis isomer has identi-cal groups oriented on the same side of the molecule around a double bondBecause of the cis orientation unsaturated fatty acids have a kink or bend intheir structure that prevents them from packing together They donrsquot form asmany intermolecular attractions as saturated fatty acid molecules As a resultunsaturated fatty acids have lower melting points

Triglycerides Although fatty acids are abundant in living organisms theyare rarely found alone They most often are found bonded to glycerol a mol-ecule with three carbons each containing a hydroxyl group When three fattyacids are bonded to a glycerol backbone through ester bonds a triglycerideis formed The formation of a triglyceride is shown in Figure 24-13

Triglycerides can be either solids or liquids at room temperature If liquidthey are usually called oils If solid at room temperature theyrsquore called fatsMost mixtures of triglycerides from plant sources such as corn olive andpeanut oils are liquids because the triglycerides contain unsaturated fattyacids that have fairly low melting points Animal fats such as butter containa larger proportion of saturated fatty acids They have higher melting pointsand usually are solids at room temperature

Fatty acids are stored in fat cells of your body as triglycerides Whenenergy is abundant fat cells store the excess energy in the fatty acids oftriglycerides When energy is scarce the cells break down the triglyceridesforming free fatty acids and glycerol Further breakdown of the fatty acidsreleases the energy used to form them Although enzymes break downtriglycerides in living cells the reaction can be duplicated outside of cellsby using a strong base such as sodium hydroxide This reactionmdashthehydrolysis of a triglyceride using an aqueous solution of a strong base toform carboxylate salts and glycerolmdashis saponification shown below

243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13

Ester bonds in a triglyceride areformed when the hydroxylgroups of glycerol combine withthe carboxyl groups of the fattyacids

CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3

Glycerol 3 Fatty acids A triglyceride Watermdash mdash

O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

CH mdash O mdash C mdash (CH2)16 mdash CH3 3H2O

mdash mdash

O

CH2 mdash O mdash C mdash (CH2)14 mdash CH3

mdash mdash

O


Triglyceride Glycerol A soapA base

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

CH mdash O mdash C mdash (CH2)14CH3 3NaOH 0 CHOH 3CH3(CH2)14 mdash C mdash ONa

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

CH2 mdash O mdash C mdash (CH2)14CH3

CH2 mdash O mdash C mdash (CH2)14CH3 CH2OH

CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION

The venom of poisonous snakescontains a class of enzymes

known as phospholipases Theseenzymes catalyze the breakdownof phospholipids triglycerides inwhich one fatty acid has beenreplaced by a phosphate groupThe venom of the eastern dia-mondback rattlesnake contains aphospholipase that hydrolyzesthe ester bond at the middle carbon of phospholipids If thelarger of the two breakdownproducts of this reaction gets intothe bloodstream it dissolves themembranes of red blood cellscausing them to rupture A bitefrom the eastern diamondbackcan lead to death if not treatedimmediately

Chem MC-785

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15542812

A Saponification ReactionApplying Concepts The reaction between atriglyceride and a strong base such as sodiumhydroxide is called saponification In this reac-tion the ester bonds in the triglyceride arehydrolyzed by the base The sodium salts of thefatty acids called soaps precipitate out and glyc-erol is left in solution

Materials solid vegetable shortening 250-mLbeaker 600-mL beaker 60M NaOH ethanolsaturated NaCl solution stirring rod hot platetongs 25-mL graduated cylinder evaporatingdish cheesecloth (20 cm 20 cm) funnel

Procedure

1 Place a 250-mL beaker on the hot plate Add25 g solid vegetable shortening to the beakerTurn the hot plate on at a medium setting

2 As the vegetable shortening melts slowly add12 mL ethanol and then 5 mL 60M NaOH tothe beaker CAUTION Ethanol is flammableNaOH causes skin burns Wear gloves

3 Heat the mixture stirring occasionally forabout 15 minutes but do not allow it to boil

4 When the mixture begins to thicken use tongsto remove the beaker from the heat Allowthe beaker to cool for five minutes then placeit in a cold water bath in the 600-mL beaker

5 Add 25 mL saturated NaCl solution to the mix-ture in the beaker The soap is not very solubleand will appear as small clumps

6 Collect the solid soap clumps by filtering themthrough a cheesecloth-lined funnel

7 Using gloved hands press the soap into anevaporating dish Allow the soap to air dry forone or two days

8 Remove your gloves and wash your hands

Analysis1 What type of bonds present in the triglycerides

are broken during the saponification reaction

2 What is the common name for the sodium saltof a fatty acid

3 How does soap remove dirt from a surface

4 Write a word equation for the saponificationreaction in this lab

miniLAB

Saponification is used to make soaps which usually are the sodium salts offatty acids A soap has both a polar end and a nonpolar end Soaps can beused to clean nonpolar dirt and oil with water because the nonpolar dirt andoil bond to the nonpolar end of the soap molecules and the polar end of thesoap molecules is soluble in water Thus the dirt-laden soap molecules canbe rinsed away with the water You can make soap by doing the miniLABon this page

Phospholipids Another important type of triglyceride phospholipids arefound in greatest abundance in cellular membranes A phospholipid is atriglyceride in which one of the fatty acids is replaced by a polar phosphategroup As you can see in Figure 24-14a the polar part of the molecule forms


Figure 24-14

A phospholipid has a polarhead and two nonpolar tails

The membranes of livingcells are formed by a doublelayer of lipids called a bilayerThe polar heads face out ofboth sides of the bilayer wherethey are in contact with thewatery environment inside andoutside the cell The nonpolartails point into the center of thebilayer

b

a

Polar head Nonpolar tails Polar heads Nonpolar tails

a b

Chem MC-786

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53081093

a ldquoheadrdquo and the nonpolar fatty acids look like tails How are the polar andnonpolar parts of a phospholipid arranged in the membranes of cells A typ-ical cell membrane has two layers of phospholipids which are arranged withtheir nonpolar tails pointing inward and their polar heads pointing outwardSee Figure 24-14b This arrangement is called a lipid bilayer Because thelipid bilayer structure acts as a barrier the cell is able to regulate the materi-als that enter and leave through the membrane

Waxes Another type of lipid waxes also contain fatty acids A wax is alipid that is formed by combining a fatty acid with a long-chain alcohol Thegeneral structure of these soft solid fats with low melting points is shownbelow with x and y representing variable numbers of CH2 groups

Both plants and animals make waxes Plant leaves are often coated withwax which prevents water loss Notice in Figure 24-15 how raindrops ldquobeaduprdquo on the leaves of a plant indicating the presence of the waxy layer Thehoneycomb of bees also is made of a wax commonly called beeswaxCombining the 16-carbon fatty acid palmitic acid and a 30-carbon alcoholchain makes a common form of beeswax Candles are sometimes made ofbeeswax because it burns slowly and evenly

Steroids Not all lipids contain fatty acid chains Steroids are lipids thathave multiple cyclic rings in their structures All steroids are built from thebasic four-ring steroid structure shown below

Some hormones such as many sex hormones are steroids that function toregulate metabolic processes Cholesterol another steroid is an importantstructural component of cell membranes Vitamin D also contains the four-ring steroid structure and plays a role in the formation of bones

243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15

Plants produce wax that coatstheir leaves (top) The wax pro-tects the leaves from drying outThe honeycomb of a beehive isconstructed from beeswax(bottom)

CH3(CH2)x mdash C mdash O mdash (CH2)yCH3

O

mdashmdash


11 Write the equation for the complete hydrogenationof the polyunsaturated fatty acid linoleic acid

CH3(CH2)4CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)7COOH

12 List an important function of each of these typesof lipids

a triglycerides c waxesb phospholipids d steroids

13 Compare and contrast the structures of a steroida phospholipid a wax and a triglyceride

14 Thinking Critically What possible solvent canbe used to extract lipids from cell membranes

15 Interpreting Scientific Illustrations Draw thegeneral structure of a phospholipid Label thepolar and nonpolar portions of the structure


Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16

Nucleotides are the monomersfrom which nucleic acid polymersare formed


Section 244 Nucleic Acids

Objectivesbull Identify the structural com-

ponents of nucleic acids

bull Relate the function of DNAto its structure

bull Describe the structure andfunction of RNA

Vocabularynucleic acidnucleotide

Nucleic acids are the fourth class of biological molecules that you will studyThey are the information-storage molecules of the cell This group of nitro-gen-containing molecules got its name from the cellular location in whichthe molecules are primarily foundmdashthe nucleus It is from this control cen-ter of cells that nucleic acids carry out their major functions

Structure of Nucleic AcidsA nucleic acid is a nitrogen-containing biological polymer that is involved inthe storage and transmission of genetic information The monomer thatmakes up a nucleic acid is called a nucleotide Each nucleotide has threeparts an inorganic phosphate group a five-carbon monosaccharide sugarand a nitrogen-containing structure called a nitrogen base Examine each partof Figure 24-16a Although the phosphate group is the same in allnucleotides the sugar and the nitrogen base vary

In a nucleic acid the sugar of one nucleotide is bonded to the phosphate ofanother nucleotide as shown in Figure 24-16b Thus the nucleotides arestrung together in a chain or strand containing alternating sugar and phos-phate groups Each sugar is also bonded to a nitrogen base that sticks out fromthe chain The nitrogen bases on adjoining nucleotide units are stacked oneabove the other in a slightly askew position much like the steps in a staircaseYou can see this orientation in Figure 24-16c Intermolecular forces hold eachnitrogen base close to the nitrogen bases above and below it

DNA The Double HelixYoursquove probably heard of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) one of the twokinds of nucleic acids found in living cells DNA contains the master plansfor building all the proteins in an organismrsquos body

Each nucleotide contains a nitro-gen-containing base a five-carbonsugar and a phosphate group

a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO

HO mdash P mdash O mdashmdash CH2

mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group

Nitrogen-containingbase

Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO

Nucleic acids are linearchains of alternating sugarsand phosphates Attached toevery sugar is a nitrogen basewhich is oriented roughly per-pendicular to the linear chain

b Nucleotides areoffset and thusresemble a staircase

c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533

244 Nucleic Acids 789

Figure 24-17

The structure of DNA is a doublehelix that resembles a twistedzipper

Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash

mdashmdash mdashmdashCH3

H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N

Thymine Adenine Cytosine Guanine

N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N

The structure of DNA The structure of DNA consists of two long chainsof nucleotides wound together to form a spiral structure Each nucleotide inDNA contains a phosphate group the five-carbon sugar deoxyribose and anitrogen base The alternating sugar and phosphate groups in each chainmake up the outside or backbone of the spiral structure The nitrogen basesare on the inside Because the spiral structure is composed of two chains itis known as a double helix You can see from Figure 24-17 that the DNAmolecule is similar to a zipper in which the two ends have been twisted inopposite directions The two sugar-phosphate backbones form the outsidesof the zipper What forms the zipperrsquos teeth

DNA contains four different nitrogen bases adenine (A) thymine (T)cytosine (C) and guanine (G) As Figure 24-18 shows both adenine and gua-nine contain a double ring Thymine and cytosine are single-ring structuresLooking back at Figure 24-17 you can see that each nitrogen base on onestrand of the helix is oriented next to a nitrogen base on the opposite strandin the same way that the teeth of a zipper are oriented The side-by-side basepairs are close enough so that hydrogen bonds form between them Becauseeach nitrogen base has a unique arrangement of organic functional groups thatcan form hydrogen bonds the nitrogen bases always pair in a specific way sothat the optimum number of hydrogen bonds form As Figure 24-18 showsguanine always binds to cytosine and adenine always binds to thymine TheGmdashC and AmdashT pairs are called complementary base pairs

It is because of complementary base pairing that the amount of adenine ina molecule of DNA always equals the amount of thymine and the amount ofcytosine always equals the amount of guanine In 1953 James Watson andFrancis Crick used this observation to make one of the greatest scientific dis-coveries of the twentieth century when they determined the double-helixstructure of DNA They accomplished this feat without actually carrying outmany laboratory experiments themselves Instead they analyzed and syn-thesized the work of numerous scientists who had carefully carried out stud-ies on DNA The X-ray diffraction patterns of DNA fibers taken by MauriceWilkins and Rosalind Franklin were of special importance because theyclearly showed the dimensions of the DNA molecule and the moleculersquos hel-ical structure Watson and Crick used these results and molecular modelingtechniques to build their DNA structure with balls and sticks This discoveryillustrates the importance of being able to visualize molecules in order touncover patterns in bonding arrangements How might such molecular mod-eling be done today

The function of DNA Watson and Crick used their model to predict howDNArsquos chemical structure enables it to carry out its function DNA storesthe genetic information of a cell in the cellrsquos nucleus Before the celldivides the DNA is copied so that the new generation of cells gets the same

Figure 24-18

In DNA base pairing existsbetween a double-ringed baseand a single-ringed baseAdenine and thymine alwayspair forming two hydrogenbonds between them Guanineand cytosine always form threehydrogen bonds when they pair

Chem MC-789

null

1982731

genetic information Having determined that the two chains of the DNAhelix are complementary Watson and Crick realized that complementarybase pairing provides a mechanism by which the genetic material of a cellis copied The problem-solving LAB shows how DNA copies or repli-cates itself

The four nitrogen bases of DNA serve as the letters of the alphabet in theinformation-storage language of living cells The specific sequence of theseletters represents an organismrsquos master instructions just as the sequence ofletters in the words of this sentence convey special meaning The sequenceof bases is different in every species of organism allowing for an enormousdiversity of life formsmdashall from a language that uses only four letters It isestimated that the DNA in a human cell has about three billion complemen-tary base pairs arranged in a sequence unique to humans


problem-solving LAB

How does DNA replicateFormulating Models DNA must be copied orreplicated before a cell can divide so that each ofthe two new cells that are formed by cell divisionhas a complete set of genetic instructions It is veryimportant that the replicating process be accuratethe new DNA molecules must be identical to theoriginal Watson and Crick noticed that theirmodel for the three-dimensional structure of DNAprovided a mechanism for accurate replication

When DNA begins to replicate the two nucle-otide strands start to unzip An enzyme breaksthe hydrogen bonds between the nitrogen basesand the strands separate to expose the nitrogenbases Other enzymes deliver free nucleotidesfrom the surrounding medium to the exposednitrogen bases adenine hydrogen-bonding withthymine and cytosine bonding with guanine

Thus each strand builds a complementary strandby base pairing with free nucleotides Thisprocess is shown in Diagram a When the freenucleotides have been hydrogen-bonded intoplace their sugars and phosphates bond cova-lently to those on adjacent nucleotides to formthe new backbone Each strand of the originalDNA molecule is now bonded to a new strand

AnalysisDiagram b shows a small segment of a DNA mol-ecule Copy the base sequence onto a clean sheetof paper being careful not to make copyingerrors Show the steps of replication to producetwo segments of the DNA

Thinking Critically1 How does the base sequence of a newly syn-

thesized strand compare with the originalstrand to which it is bonded

2 If the original DNA segment is colored red andthe free nucleotides are colored blue whatpattern of colors will the newly replicated DNAsegments have Will all new segments havethe same color pattern What does this pat-tern mean

3 What would happen if you had made an errorwhen copying the base sequence onto yoursheet of paper How might an organism beaffected if this error had occurred during repli-cation of its DNA

A T C G G T T A A A C GT A G C C A A T T T G C

C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453

RNARNA (ribonucleic acid) also is a nucleic acid Its general structure differsfrom that of DNA in three important ways As you know DNA contains thenitrogen bases adenine cytosine guanine and thymine RNA contains ade-nine cytosine guanine and uracil thymine is never found in RNASecondly RNA contains the sugar ribose DNA contains the sugar deoxyri-bose which has a hydrogen atom in place of a hydroxyl group at one posi-tion Compare these different structures shown in Figure 24-19

The third difference between DNA and RNA arises as a result of thesestructural differences DNA is normally arranged in a double helix in whichhydrogen bonding links the two chains together through their bases RNA isusually single stranded with no such hydrogen bonds forming

Whereas DNA functions to store genetic information RNA allows cells touse the information found in DNA You have learned that the genetic infor-mation of a cell is contained in the sequence of nitrogen bases in the DNAmolecule Cells use this base sequence to make RNA with a correspondingsequence The RNA is then used to make proteins each with an amino acidsequence that is determined by the order of nitrogen bases in RNA A set ofthree of these nitrogen bases in RNA is called a codon The sequences ofbases in these codons are referred to as the genetic code Because proteinsare the molecular tools that actually carry out most activities in a cell theDNA double helix is ultimately responsible for controlling the thousands ofchemical reactions that take place


mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH


16 List the three chemical structures that make up anucleotide

17 Compare and contrast the structures and functionsof DNA and RNA

18 A sample of nucleic acid was determined to con-tain adenine uracil cytosine and guanine Whattype of nucleic acid is this

19 Thinking Critically Analyze the structure ofnucleic acids to determine what structural featuremakes them acidic

20 Predicting What is the genetic code Predictwhat might happen to a protein if the DNA thatcoded for the protein contained the wrong basesequence

Figure 24-19

DNA and RNA are nucleic acidswith some important differencesin structure DNA containsthymine RNA contains uracilwhich lacks a methyl groupDNArsquos sugar deoxyribose has ahydrogen in one positioninstead of the hydroxyl groupthat ribose has


Chem MC-791

null

10710045


Section 245 Metabolism

Objectivesbull Distinguish between

anabolism and catabolism

bull Describe the role of ATP inmetabolism

bull Compare and contrast theprocesses of photosynthesiscellular respiration and fermentation

VocabularymetabolismcatabolismanabolismATPphotosynthesiscellular respirationfermentation

Yoursquove now studied the four major kinds of biological molecules and learnedthat they all are present in the food you eat What happens to these moleculesafter they enter your body

Anabolism and CatabolismMany thousands of chemical reactions take place in the cells of a livingorganism The set of reactions carried out by an organism is its metabolismWhy are so many reactions involved in metabolism Living organisms mustaccomplish two major functions in order to survive They have to extractenergy from nutrients in forms that they can use immediately as well as storefor future use In addition they have to use nutrients to make building blocksfor synthesizing all of the molecules needed to carry out their life functionsThese processes are summarized in Figure 24-20

The term catabolism refers to the metabolic reactions that break downcomplex biological molecules such as proteins polysaccharides triglyc-erides and nucleic acids for the purposes of forming smaller building blocksand extracting energy After you eat a meal of spaghetti and meatballs yourbody immediately begins to break down the starch polymer in the spaghettiinto glucose The glucose is then broken down into smaller molecules in aseries of energy-releasing catabolic reactions Meanwhile the protein poly-mers in the meatballs are catabolized into amino acids

The term anabolism refers to the metabolic reactions that use energy andsmall building blocks to synthesize the complex molecules needed by anorganism After your body has extracted the energy from the starch in pastait uses that energy and the amino-acid building blocks produced from themeat proteins to synthesize the specific proteins that allow your muscles tocontract catalyze metabolic reactions and carry out many other functionsin your body

Figure 24-20 shows the relationship between catabolism and anabolismThe simple building-block molecules that are listed on the right side of thediagram are used to build the complex molecules that are listed on the leftside of the diagram As the arrow moves from right to left anabolic reactions

Figure 24-20

A large number of differentmetabolic reactions take place inliving cells Some involve break-ing down nutrients to extractenergy these are catabolicprocesses Others involve usingenergy to build large biologicalmolecules these reactions areanabolic processes

Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids

ADP PComplex molecules Building blocksATP

Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22

These giant seaweeds calledkelps must grow close to theoceanrsquos surface where light isavailable for photosynthesisThey cannot grow in the darkdepths where sunlight does notpenetrate the seawater

take place As the lower arrow moves from left to right catabolic processestake place and the complex molecules are broken down into their smallerbuilding blocks

ATP Catabolism and anabolism are linked by common building blocks thatcatabolic reactions produce and anabolic reactions use A common form ofpotential chemical energy also links the two processes ATP (adenosine triphos-phate) is a nucleotide that functions as the universal energy-storage moleculein living cells During catabolic reactions cells harness the chemical energy offoods and store it in the bonds of ATP When these bonds are broken the chem-ical energy is released and used by cells to drive anabolic reactions that mightnot otherwise occur Most cellular reactions have an efficiency of only about40 percent at best the remaining 60 percent of the energy in food is lost asheat which is used to keep your body warm

The structure of ATP is shown in Figure 24-21 During catabolic reac-tions cells produce ATP by adding an inorganic phosphate group to thenucleotide adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in an endothermic reaction Onemole of ATP stores approximately 305 kJ of energy under normal cellularconditions During anabolism the reverse reaction occurs ATP is brokendown to form ADP and inorganic phosphate in an exothermic reactionApproximately 305 kJ of energy is released from each mole of ATP

PhotosynthesisWhat is the source of the energy that fuels metabolism For most livingthings certain wavelengths of sunlight provide all of this energy Some bac-teria and the cells of all plants and algae including the brown algae shownin Figure 24-22 are able to capture light energy and convert some of it tochemical energy Animals canrsquot capture light energy so they get energy byeating plants or by eating other animals that eat plants The process that con-verts energy from sunlight to chemical energy in the bonds of carbohydratesis called photosynthesis During the complex process of photosynthesiscarbon dioxide and water provide the carbon hydrogen and oxygen atomsthat make up carbohydrates and oxygen gas which also is formed The fol-lowing net reaction takes place during photosynthesis

6CO2 6H2O light energy 0 C6H12O6 6O2

Carbon Water Glucose Oxygendioxide

Photosynthesis results in the reduction of the carbon atoms in carbon diox-ide as glucose is formed During this redox process oxygen atoms in waterare oxidized to oxygen gas

245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21

ATP is a nucleotide that containsan adenine nitrogen base aribose sugar and three phos-phate groups When the finalphosphate group is removedfrom ATP as modeled by the reddotted line ADP is formed andenergy is released

Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411

Cellular RespirationMost organisms need oxygen to live Oxygen that is produced during photo-synthesis is used by living things during cellular respiration the process inwhich glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide water and largeamounts of energy Cellular respiration is the major energy-producingprocess in living organisms Figure 24-23 shows one use of energy in thebody This energy is stored in the bonds of ATP and a maximum of 38 molesof ATP are produced for every mole of glucose that is catabolized Cellularrespiration is a redox process the carbon atoms in glucose are oxidized whileoxygen atoms in oxygen gas are reduced to the oxygen in water The netreaction that takes place during cellular respiration is

C6H12O6 6O2 0 6CO2 6H2O energyGlucose Oxygen Carbon Water

dioxide

Note that the net equation for cellular respiration is the reverse of the netequation for photosynthesis You will learn in Chapter 26 how these twoprocesses complement each other in nature

FermentationDuring cellular respiration glucose is completely oxidized and oxygen gas isrequired to act as the oxidizing agent Can cells extract energy from glucosein the absence of oxygen Yes but not nearly as efficiently Without oxygenonly a fraction of the chemical energy of glucose can be released Whereascellular respiration produces 38 moles of ATP for every mole of glucosecatabolized in the presence of oxygen only two moles of ATP are producedper mole of glucose that is catabolized in the absence of oxygen This pro-vides enough energy for oxygen-deprived cells so that they donrsquot die Theprocess in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen is knownas fermentation There are two common kinds of fermentation In oneethanol and carbon dioxide are produced In the other lactic acid is produced

Alcoholic fermentation Yeast and some bacteria can ferment glucose toproduce the alcohol ethanol

C6H12O6 0 2CH3CH2OH 2CO2 energyGlucose Ethanol Carbon

dioxide


Figure 24-23

These runners will need largeamounts of energy if they are tocomplete the race This energy isstored in the bonds of ATP intheir cells

Personal TrainerAre you interested in healthand fitness Are you good atmotivating people to do theirbest Then consider a career asa personal trainer

Personal trainers help peopleset up and follow exercise pro-grams The trainers design theprograms to get specificresults such as weight lossmuscle building improvedendurance or preparation fora sport They can create pro-grams for people who areolder or injured Trainers workin gyms health clubs and cor-porate fitness centers The fre-quency with which trainers seea client varies according to theclientrsquos needs

Chem MC-794

null

1529201

This reaction called alcoholic fermentation is important to certain segmentsof the food industry as you can see in Figure 24-24 Alcoholic fermentationis needed to make bread dough rise form tofu from soybeans and producethe ethanol in alcoholic beverages Another use of the ethanol that is pro-duced by yeast is as an additive to gasoline called gasohol You can observeyeast cells fermenting sugar in the CHEMLAB at the end of this chapter

Lactic acid fermentation Have you ever gotten muscle fatigue while run-ning a race During strenuous activity muscle cells often use oxygen fasterthan it can be supplied by the blood When the supply of oxygen is depletedcellular respiration stops Although animal cells canrsquot undergo alcoholic fer-mentation they can produce lactic acid and a small amount of energy fromglucose through lactic acid fermentation

C6H12O6 0 2CH3CH(OH)COOH energyGlucose Lactic acid

The lactic acid that is produced is moved from the muscles through the bloodto the liver There it is converted back into glucose that can be used in cata-bolic processes to yield more energy once oxygen becomes availableHowever if lactic acid builds up in muscle cells at a faster rate than the bloodcan remove it muscle fatigue results Buildup of lactic acid is what causes aburning pain in the muscle during strenuous exercise

245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24

Bread dough is heavy beforeyeast cells begin to ferment thecarbohydrates (left) After fer-mentation has produced carbondioxide the dough becomeslighter and fluffier as it rises(right)


21 Compare and contrast the processes of anabolismand catabolism

22 Explain the role ATP plays in the metabolism ofliving organisms

23 Decide whether each of the following processes isanabolic or catabolic

a photosynthesisb cellular respirationc fermentation

24 Thinking Critically Why is it necessary to usesealed casks when making wine

25 Calculating How many moles of ATP would ayeast cell produce if six moles of glucose wereoxidized completely in the presence of oxygenHow many moles of ATP would the yeast cellproduce from six moles of glucose if the cell weredeprived of oxygen For more help refer toArithmetic Operations in the Math Handbook onpage 887 of this textbook


Topic Forensic AnthropologyTo learn more about forensicanthropology visit theChemistry Web site atchemistrymccomActivity Research forensicanthropology and explain atleast four ways that knowl-edge of the chemistry of lifehelps scientists learn aboutwhat ancient ice men andanimals did on their lastdays alive

Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab

1 Reread the section of this chapter that describesalcoholic fermentation

2 Write the chemical equation for the alcoholic fer-mentation of glucose

3 Read the entire CHEMLAB

4 Prepare all written materials that you will take intothe laboratory Be sure to include safety precau-tions and procedure notes

5 Form a hypothesis about how the pressure insidethe test tube is related to the production of carbondioxide during the reaction Refer to the ideal gaslaw in your explanation

6 Why is temperature control an essential feature ofthe CHEMLAB

Procedure

1 Load the ChemBio program into your graphingcalculator Connect the CBL and calculator withthe link cable Connect the pressure sensor to theCBL with a CBL-DIN cable

2 Prepare a water bath using the 600-mL beaker Thebeaker should be about two-thirds full of waterThe water temperature should be between 36degCand 38degC

3 Set up the test tube ring stand and utility clamp asshown in the figure Obtain about 3 mL yeast sus-pension in a 10-mL graduated cylinder and pour itinto the test tube Obtain about 3 mL 5 sucrosesolution in a 10-mL graduated cylinder Add thesucrose solution to the yeast in the test tube Stir tomix Pour enough vegetable oil on top of the mix-ture to completely cover the surface

Safety Precautionsbull Always wear safety goggles and an apron in the labbull Do not use the thermometer as a stirring rod

ProblemWhat is the rate of alcoholicfermentation of sugar bybakerrsquos yeast

Objectivesbull Measure the pressure of

carbon dioxide produced bythe alcoholic fermentationof sugar by yeast

bull Calculate the rate of pro-duction of carbon dioxideby the alcoholic fermenta-tion of sugar by yeast

MaterialsCBL systemgraphing calculatorChemBio programVernier pressure

sensorlink cableCBL-DIN cabletest tube with 5

rubber-stopperassembly

5 sucrose solutionring stand

stirring rod600-mL beakerthermometerbasting bulbhot and cold wateryeast suspensionvegetable oilutility clamp10-mL graduated

cylinders (2)pipette

Alcoholic Fermentation inYeastYeast cells are able to metabolize many types of sugars In this

experiment you will observe the fermentation of sugar bybakerrsquos yeast When yeast cells are mixed with a sucrose solutionthey must first hydrolyze the sucrose to glucose and fructose Thenthe glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygen to form ethanoland carbon dioxide You can test for the production of carbon diox-ide by using a CBL pressure sensor to measure an increase in pressure

CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797

4 Place the stopper assembly into the test tube Makesure it has an airtight fit Leave both valves of theassembly open to the atmosphere

5 While one lab partner does step 5 the other partnershould do steps 6 and 7 Lower the test tube into thewater bath and allow it to incubate for 10 minutesKeep the temperature of the water bath between36degC and 38degC by adding small amounts of hot orcold water with the basting bulb as needed

6 Start the ChemBio program Choose 1SET UPPROBES under MAIN MENU Choose 1 for num-ber of probes Choose 3PRESSURE underSELECT PROBE Enter 1 for Channel Choose1USE STORED for CALIBRATION Choose1ATM for PRESSURE UNITS

7 Choose 2COLLECT DATA under MAIN MENUChoose 2TIME GRAPH under DATA COLLEC-TION Use time between sample seconds = 10Use number of samples = 60 (This will give you600 seconds or 10 minutes of data) Choose 1USETIME SETUP under CONTINUE Set Ymin = 08Ymax = 13 and Yscl = 01 Do not press ENTERuntil the test tube has finished incubating

8 After the test tube has incubated for ten minutesclose the valve attached to the stopper Make surethe valve near the pressure sensor is open to thesensor Start measuring the gas pressure by press-

ing ENTER Monitor the pressure reading on theCBL unit If the pressure exceeds 13 atm thestopper can pop off Open the air valve on thepressure sensor to release this excess gas pressure

9 After ten minutes the data collection will stopOpen the air valve on the stopper If needed youcan run a second trial by closing the air valve andchoosing 2YES to REPEAT If you are finishedpress 1NO

Cleanup and Disposal

1 Rinse out and wash all items

2 Rinse the yeast suspensionsucrosevegetable oilmixture down the sink with large amounts of water

3 Return all lab equipment to its proper place

Analyze and Conclude

1 Making and Using Graphs Choose 3VIEWGRAPH from the MAIN MENU Make a sketchof the graph (You also may want to record thedata table by using 4VIEW DATA)

2 Interpreting Data The rate of carbon dioxideproduction by the yeast can be found by calculat-ing the slope of the graph Return to the MAINMENU and choose 5FIT CURVE Choose 1LIN-EAR L1 L2 The slope will be listed under LIN-EAR as ldquoArdquo of Y = AX + B Record this value

3 Communicating How does your rate of carbondioxide production compare with the rates of othermembers of the class

4 Analyzing Why did you add vegetable oil to thetest tube in step 3

5 Suppose that the pressure doesnot change during a trial What might be some pos-sible reasons for this

Real-World Chemistry

1 Yeast is used in baking bread because the carbondioxide bubbles make the bread rise The otherproduct of alcoholic fermentation is ethanol Whycanrsquot you taste this alcohol when you eat bread

2 How would the appearance of a loaf of bread bedifferent if you used twice as much yeast as therecipe called for

Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB

Sense of SmellTake a deep breath What do you smell Maybe itrsquosthe eraser on your pencil some flowers outsideyour window an apple pie coming out of the ovenor even stinky gym shoes on the floor Your senseof smell otherwise known as olfaction tells you alot about the world around you

Fitting InHow exactly do you smell odors If you said thatyou smell with your nose you are only partiallycorrect The nose you see when you look in themirror doesnrsquot actuallydetect odors Its job is topull odor molecules knownas odorants into your nasalpassages when you breathe

The air you inhale carriesodorants to a small regionlocated high inside yournasal passage just below andbetween your eyes The tis-sues of this region containnerve cells that have hairlikefibers called cilia on one endWhen receptors located on the cilia are stimulatedby odorants the nerve cells send messages to thebrain The brain then identifies the odors you smell

The exact manner in which receptors detectodorants is not entirely understood Howeverresearchers have found evidence to suggest that itinvolves the shapes of both the receptors and theodorants Receptors are usually large globularprotein molecules that are similar in shape toenzymes Their surfaces contain small crevices Anodorant must fit into and bind with a crevice on thesurface of the receptor much as a substrate mole-cule fits into and binds with the active site on thesurface of an enzyme Each type of receptor has auniquely shaped crevice on its surface that bindsonly with an odorant of a particular shape

Not By Shape AloneThe process of smelling is not that simple how-ever Scientists have discovered that shape is notthe only property that determines whether an odor-ant will bind with a receptor Odorant moleculesmust be able to travel through air and they must beable to dissolve in the fluids of the nasal passagesIn addition some research suggests that odorreceptors can detect the energy levels of the odor-ants An odorant with exactly the right energy will

vibrate in such a way that itproduces a response in thereceptor This may be whatcauses the nerve cell to senda signal to the brain

So Many OdorsHow many odors do youthink you can recognize Ifyour olfactory system is atits best you can distinguishabout 10 000 different odorsDoes this mean that youhave more than 10 000 dif-

ferent types of olfactory receptors The answer isno In fact you have fewer than 1000 differenttypes of olfactory receptors

As researchers searched for an explanation ofhow the olfactory receptors recognize so manydifferent odors they found that the olfactory sys-tem uses a combination of receptors for each odorA single odorant can be recognized by more thanone receptor because different receptors respondto different parts of the same odorant moleculeRather than responding to a signal from a singlereceptor for each odor the brain interprets a com-bination of signals from several receptors in orderto identify a particular odor In this way a limitednumber of receptors can be used to identify a largenumber of odors

Everyday Chemistry

1 Relating Concepts How is the receptor-odorant relationship similar to an enzyme-substrate relationship

2 Applying How might fragrance designersbenefit from an understanding of how theshape of an odorant stimulates a receptor


Study Guide 799

CHAPTER STUDY GUIDE24

Vocabulary

Summary241 Proteinsbull Proteins are biological polymers made of amino

acids that are linked together by peptide bonds

bull Protein chains fold into intricate three-dimensionalstructures

bull Many proteins function as enzymes which are high-ly specific and powerful biological catalysts Otherproteins function to transport important chemicalsubstances or provide structure in organisms

242 Carbohydratesbull Monosaccharides known as simple sugars are alde-

hydes or ketones that also have multiple hydroxylgroups

bull Bonding two simple sugars together forms a disac-charide such as sucrose or lactose

bull Polysaccharides such as starch cellulose and glyco-gen are polymers of simple sugars

bull Carbohydrates function in living things to provideimmediate and stored energy

243 Lipidsbull Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids that usu-

ally have between 12 and 24 carbon atoms

bull Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds unsatu-rated fatty acids have one or more double bonds

bull Fatty acids can be linked to glycerol backbones toform triglycerides

bull The membranes of living cells have a lipid bilayerstructure

bull Steroids are lipids that have a multiple-ring structure

244 Nucleic Acidsbull Nucleic acids are polymers of nucleotides which

consist of a nitrogen base a phosphate group and asugar

bull DNA contains deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenbases adenine cytosine guanine and thymine

bull RNA contains ribose sugar and the nitrogen basesadenine cytosine guanine and uracil

bull DNA functions to store the genetic information inliving cells and transmit it from one generation ofcells to the next RNA functions in protein synthesis

245 Metabolismbull Metabolism is the sum of the many chemical reac-

tions that go on in living cells

bull Catabolism refers to reactions that cells undergo toextract energy and chemical building blocks fromlarge biological molecules

bull Anabolism refers to the reactions through whichcells use energy and small building blocks to buildthe large biological molecules needed for cell struc-tures and for carrying out cell functions

bull During photosynthesis cells use carbon dioxidewater and light energy to produce carbohydratesand oxygen

bull During cellular respiration cells break down carbo-hydrates in the presence of oxygen gas to producecarbon dioxide and water Energy released is storedas chemical potential energy in the molecule ATP

bull In the absence of oxygen cells can carry out eitheralcoholic or lactic acid fermentation

bull active site (p 778)bull amino acid (p 776)bull anabolism (p 792)bull ATP (p 793)bull carbohydrate (p 781)bull catabolism (p 792)bull cellular respiration (p 794)bull denaturation (p 778)bull disaccharide (p 782)bull enzyme (p 778)

bull fatty acid (p 784)bull fermentation (p 794)bull lipid (p 784)bull metabolism (p 792)bull monosaccharide (p 781)bull nucleic acid (p 788)bull nucleotide (p 788)bull peptide (p 777)bull peptide bond (p 777)

bull phospholipid (p 786)bull photosynthesis (p 793)bull polysaccharide (p 782)bull protein (p 775)bull saponification (p 785)bull steroid (p 787)bull substrate (p 778)bull triglyceride (p 785)bull wax (p 787)

chemistrymccomvocabulary_puzzlemaker


Go to the Chemistry Web site atchemistrymccom for additionalChapter 24 Assessment

Concept Mapping26 Complete the concept map using the following terms

lactic acid ATP cellular respiration metabolism alco-holic fermentation

Mastering Concepts27 What should you call a chain of eight amino acids A

chain of 200 amino acids (241)

28 Name five parts of your body that are made of struc-tural proteins (241)

29 Describe two common shapes found in the three-dimensional folding of proteins (241)

30 Name the organic functional groups in the side chainsof the following amino acids (241)

a glutamine c glutamic acidb serine d lysine

31 Explain how the active site of an enzyme functions(241)

32 Name the amino acids represented by each of the fol-lowing abbreviations (241)

a Gly d Pheb Tyr e Gluc Trp f His

33 Name an amino acid that has an aromatic ring in itsside chain (241)

34 Name two nonpolar and two polar amino acids (241)

35 Is the dipeptide lysine-valine the same compound asthe dipeptide valine-lysine Explain (241)

36 How do enzymes lower the activation energy for areaction (241)

37 The structure shown is tryptophan Describe some ofthe properties you would expect tryptophan to havebased on its structure In what class of large moleculesdo you think tryptophan is a building block (241)

38 Most proteins with a globular shape are oriented sothat they have mostly nonpolar amino acids on theinside and polar amino acids located on the outer sur-face Does this make sense in terms of the nature ofthe cellular environment Explain (241)

39 Classify the following carbohydrates as monosaccha-rides disaccharides or polysaccharides (242)

a starch e celluloseb glucose f glycogenc sucrose g fructosed ribose h lactose

40 Name two isomers of glucose (242)

41 What kind of bond is formed when two monosaccha-rides combine to form a disaccharide (242)

42 Give a scientific term for each of the following (242)

a blood sugar c table sugarb fruit sugar d milk sugar

43 Explain how the different bonding arrangements incellulose and starch give them such differentproperties (242)

44 The disaccharide maltose is formed from two glucosemonomers Draw its structure (242)

45 Hydrolysis of cellulose glycogen and starch producesonly one monosaccharide Why is this so Whatmonosaccharide is produced (242)

46 Digestion of disaccharides and polysaccharides cannottake place in the absence of water Why do you thinkthis is so Include an equation in your answer (242)

47 Draw the structure of the open-chain form of fructoseCircle all chiral carbons and then calculate the num-ber of stereoisomers with the same formula asfructose (242)

CHAPTER ASSESSMENTCHAPTER ASSESSMENT24

3 4

1

by

can be produced during

65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H

chemistrymccomchapter_test

Assessment 801

CHAPTER 24 ASSESSMENT

48 Compare and contrast the structures of a triglycerideand a phospholipid (243)

49 Predict whether a triglyceride from beef fat or atriglyceride from olive oil will have a higher meltingpoint Explain your reasoning (243)

50 Explain how the structure of soaps makes them effec-tive cleaning agents (243)

51 Draw a portion of a lipid bilayer membrane labelingthe polar and nonpolar parts of the membrane (243)

52 Where and in what form are fatty acids stored in thebody (243)

53 What type of lipid does not contain fatty acid chainsWhy are these molecules classified as lipids (243)

54 Draw the structure of the soap sodium palmitate(palmitate is the conjugate base of the 16-carbon satu-rated fatty acid palmitic acid) and label its polar andnonpolar ends (243)

55 What three structures make up a nucleotide (244)

56 Name two nucleic acids found in organisms (244)

57 Explain the roles of DNA and RNA in the productionof proteins (244)

58 Where in living cells is DNA found (244)

59 Describe the types of bonds and attractions that linkthe monomers together in a DNA molecule (244)

60 In the double helical structure of DNA the base gua-nine is always bonded to cytosine and adenine isalways bonded to thymine What do you expect to bethe relative proportional amounts of A T C and G ina given length of DNA (244)

61 One strand in a DNA molecule has the following basesequence What is the base sequence of the otherstrand in the DNA molecule (244)

C-C-G-T-G-G-A-C-A-T-T-A

62 Is digestion an anabolic or a catabolic processExplain (245)

63 Compare the net reactions for photosynthesis and cel-lular respiration with respect to reactants productsand energy (245)

Mastering ProblemsProtein Structure (241)64 How many peptide bonds are present in a peptide that

has five amino acids

65 How many peptides each containing four differentamino acids can be made from Phe Lys Pro andAsp List the peptides using the three-letter abbrevia-tions for the amino acids

66 The average molecular mass of an amino acid is 110gmol Calculate the approximate number of amino acidsin a protein that has a molecular mass of 36 500 gmol

Calculations with Lipids (243)67 The fatty acid palmitic acid has a density of 0853

gmL at 62degC What will be the mass of a 0886-Lsample of palmitic acid at that temperature

68 How many moles of hydrogen gas are required forcomplete hydrogenation of one mole of linolenic acidwhose structure is shown below Write a balancedequation for the hydrogenation reaction

CH3CH2CHCHCH2CHCHCH2CHCH(CH2)7COOHLinolenic acid

69 A chicken egg contains about 213 mg of cholesterolCalculate how many moles of cholesterol this repre-sents if the molecular mass of cholesterol is 386 amu

70 Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxideneeded in the saponification of 16 moles of atriglyceride

Working with DNA (244)71 The genetic code is a triplet code that is a sequence

of three bases in RNA codes for each amino acid in apeptide chain or protein How many RNA bases arerequired to code for a protein that contains 577 aminoacids

72 It has been calculated that the average length of a basepair in a DNA double helix is 34 Aring The humangenome (the complete set of all DNA in the nucleus ofa human cell) contains about three billion base pairs ofDNA In centimeters how long is the DNA in thehuman genome Assume that the DNA is stretched out and not coiled around proteins as it actually is in a living cell (1 Aring 10ndash10 m)

73 A cell of the bacterium Escherichia coli has about 42 106 base pairs of DNA whereas each humancell has about 3 109 base pairs of DNA What per-centage of the size of the human genome does theE coli DNA represent

Energy Calculations (245)74 Every mole of glucose that undergoes alcoholic fer-

mentation in yeast results in the net synthesis of twomoles of ATP How much energy in kJ is stored in twomoles of ATP Assume 100 efficiency

75 How many moles of lactic acid are produced whenthree moles of glucose undergo fermentation in yourmuscle cells Assume 100 completion of the process


76 The synthesis of one mole of the fatty acid palmiticacid from two-carbon building blocks requires sevenmoles of ATP How many kJ of energy are required forthe synthesis of one mole of palmitic acid

77 How many grams of glucose can be oxidized completelyby 20 L of O2 gas at STP during cellular respiration

78 Calculate and compare the total energy in kJ that isconverted to ATP during the processes of cellular res-piration and fermentation

Mixed ReviewSharpen your problem-solving skills by answering thefollowing

79 Draw the carbonyl functional groups present in glu-cose and fructose How are the groups similar Howare they different

80 List the names of the monomers that make up pro-teins complex carbohydrates and nucleic acids

81 Describe the functions of proteins carbohydrateslipids and nucleic acids in living cells

82 Write a balanced equation for the hydrolysis of lactose

83 Write a balanced equation for photosynthesis

84 Write and balance the equation for cellular respiration

85 Write a balanced equation for the synthesis of sucrosefrom glucose and fructose

Thinking Critically86 Using Numbers Approximately 38 moles of ATP are

formed when glucose is completely oxidized during cel-lular respiration If the heat of combustion for 1 mole ofglucose is 282 103 kJmol and each mole of ATPstores 305 kJ of energy what is the efficiency of cellu-lar respiration in terms of the percentage of availableenergy that is stored in the chemical bonds of ATP

87 Recognizing Cause and Effect Some diets suggestseverely restricting the intake of lipids Why is it not agood idea to eliminate all lipids from the diet

88 Making and Using Graphs A number of sat-urated fatty acids and values for some of theirphysical properties are listed in Table 24-2

a Make a graph plotting number of carbon atomsversus melting point

b Graph the number of carbon atoms versus densityc Draw conclusions about the relationships between

the number of carbon atoms in a saturated fattyacid and its density and melting point values

d Predict the approximate melting point of a satu-rated fatty acid that has 24 carbon atoms

Writing in Chemistry89 Write a set of instructions that could be included in a

package of contact-lens cleaning solution containingan enzyme This enzyme catalyzes the breakdown ofprotein residues that adhere to the lenses Includeinformation about the structure and function ofenzymes and the care that must be taken to avoid theirdenaturation during use

90 Use the library or the Internet to research cholesterolWhere is this molecule used in your body What is itsfunction Why is too much dietary cholesterol consid-ered to be bad for you

Cumulative ReviewRefresh your understanding of previous chapters byanswering the following

91 a Write the balanced equation for the synthesis ofethanol from ethene and water

b If 448 L of ethene gas reacts with excess water atSTP how many grams of ethanol will be produced(Chapter 14)

92 Identify whether each of the reactants in these reac-tions is acting as an acid or a base (Chapter 19) a HBr H2O H3O

Br

b NH3 HCOOH NH4 HCOO

c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O

93 What is a voltaic cell (Chapter 21)

CHAPTER ASSESSMENT24

Physical Properties of Saturated Fatty Acids

Number Density of Melting (gmL)

carbon point (values at Name atoms (degC) 60ndash80degC)

Palmitic acid 16 63 0853

Myristic acid 14 58 0862

Arachidic acid 20 77 0824

Caprylic acid 8 16 0910

Docosanoicacid 22 80 0822

Stearic acid 18 70 0847

Lauric acid 12 44 0868

Table 24-2

Standardized Test Practice 803

Use these questions and the test-taking tip to preparefor your standardized test

1 Which of the following is NOT true of carbohydrates

a Monosaccharides in aqueous solutions interconvertcontinuously between an open-chain structure anda cyclic structure

b The monosaccharides in starch are linked togetherby the same kind of bond that links the monosac-charides in lactose

c All carbohydrates have the general chemical for-mula Cn(H2O)n

d Cellulose made only by plants is easily digestibleby humans

2 All of the following are differences between RNA andDNA EXCEPT

a DNA contains the sugar deoxyribose while RNAcontains the sugar ribose

b RNA contains the nitrogen base uracil while DNAdoes not

c RNA is usually single-stranded while DNA is usu-ally double-stranded

d DNA contains the nitrogen base adenine whileRNA does not

3 Cellular respiration produces about 38 moles of ATPfor every mole of glucose consumed

C6H12O6 6O2 rarr 6CO2 6H2O 38ATP

If each molecule of ATP can release 305 kJ of energyhow much energy can be obtained from a candy barcontaining 130 g of glucose

a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ

4 The sequence of bases in RNA determines thesequence of amino acids in a protein Three bases codefor a single amino acid for example CAG is the codefor glutamine Therefore a strand of RNA 273 104

bases long codes for a protein that has

a 819 104 amino acidsb 910 103 amino acidsc 273 104 amino acidsd 455 103 amino acids

5 The equation for the alcoholic fermentation of glucoseis shown below

C6H12O6 rarr 2CH3CH2OH 2CO2 energy

The ethanol content of wine is about 12 Thereforein every 100 g of wine there are 120 g of ethanolHow many grams of glucose were catabolized to pro-duce these 120 g of ethanol

a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g

Analyzing Tables Use the table below to answer thefollowing questionsNote of X of molecules of X in one DNA molecule

X

where X is any nitrogen base

6 What is the T of DNA D

a 284 c 716b 784 d 216

7 Every nitrogen base found in a DNA molecule is partof a nucleotide of that molecule The A nucleotide Cnucleotide G nucleotide and T nucleotide have molarmasses of 34722 gmol 32320 gmol 36323 gmoland 33821 gmol respectively What is the mass ofone mole of DNA A

a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g

8 How many molecules of adenine are in one moleculeof DNA B

a 402 c 216b 434 d 175

of X of A of G of C of T

STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICECHAPTER 24

Nitrogen Base Data for Four Different Double-Stranded DNA Molecules

DNA Molecule of A of G of C of T A G C T

A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216

chemistrymccomstandardized_test

Use The Process of Elimination On anymultiple-choice test there are two ways to find thecorrect answer to each question Either you canchoose the right answer immediately or you caneliminate the answers that you know are wrong

Chemistry Matter and Change

Contents in Brief

Table of Contents

Chapter 1 Introduction to Chemistry

Section 11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

Discovery Lab Where is it

Section 12 Chemistry and Matter

Problem-Solving Lab Chemical Models

Careers Using Chemistry Chemistry Teacher

Section 13 Scientific Methods

Section 14 Scientific Research

Biology Connection

MiniLab Developing Observation Skills

ChemLab The Rubber Band Stretch

Chemistry and Society The Human Genome Project

Chapter 1 Study Guide

Chapter 1 Assessment

Chapter 2 Data Analysis

Section 21 Units of Measurement

Discovery Lab Layers of Liquids

Astronomy Connection

MiniLab Density of an Irregular Solid

Section 22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

Section 23 How reliable are measurements

Careers Using Chemistry Scientific Illustrator

Section 24 Representing Data

Problem-Solving Lab How does speed affect stopping distance

ChemLab Using Density to Find the Thickness of a Wire

How It Works Ultrasound Devices



Chapter 3 MattermdashProperties and Changes

Section 31 Properties of Matter

Discovery Lab Observing Chemical Change

Careers Using Chemistry Science Writer

Problem-Solving Lab How is compressed gas released

Section 32 Changes in Matter

Section 33 Mixtures of Matter

MiniLab Separating Ink Dyes

Section 34 Elements and Compounds

History Connection

ChemLab Matter and Chemical Reactions

Chemistry and Society Green Buildings



Chapter 4 The Structure of the Atom

Section 41 Early Theories of Matter

Discovery Lab Observing Electrical Charge

History Connection

Section 42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting STM Images

Section 43 How Atoms Differ

MiniLab Modeling Isotopes

Section 44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Protection Technician

ChemLab Very Small Particles

Chemistry and Society Nanotechnology



Chapter 5 Electrons in Atoms

Section 51 Light and Quantized Energy

Discovery Lab Whats Inside

MiniLab Flame Tests

Section 52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

Problem-Solving Lab How was Bohrs atomic model able to explain the line spectrum of hydrogen

Physics Connection

Section 53 Electron Configurations

Careers Using Chemistry Spectroscopist

ChemLab Line Spectra

How It Works Lasers



Chapter 6 The Periodic Table and Periodic Law

Section 61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table

Discovery Lab Versatile Metals


Problem-Solving Lab Franciummdashsolid liquid or gas

Section 62 Classification of the Elements

Careers Using Chemistry Medical Lab Technician

Section 63 Periodic Trends

MiniLab Periodicity of Molar Heats of Fusion and Vaporization

ChemLab Descriptive Chemistry of the Elements

How It Works Television Screen



Chapter 7 The Elements

Section 71 Properties of s-Block Elements

Discovery Lab Magnetic Materials

Careers Using Chemistry Dietitian

MiniLab Properties of Magnesium

Section 72 Properties of p-Block Elements

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab Cost of Fertilizer

Section 73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements

ChemLab Hard Water

How It Works Semiconductor Chips



Chapter 8 Ionic Compounds

Section 81 Forming Chemical Bonds

Discovery Lab An Unusual Alloy

Section 82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

Problem-Solving Lab How is color related to a transferred electron

Section 83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

Careers Using Chemistry Wastewater Treatment Operator

Earth Science Connection

Section 84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals

MiniLab Heat Treatment of Steel

ChemLab Making Ionic Compounds

Everyday Chemistry Color of Gems



Chapter 9 Covalent Bonding

Section 91 The Covalent Bond

Discovery Lab Oil and Vinegar Dressing

Section 92 Naming Molecules

Careers Using Chemistry Organic Chemist

Section 93 Molecular Structures

Section 94 Molecular Shape

MiniLab Building VSEPR Models

Section 95 Electronegativity and Polarity

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab How do dispersion forces determine the boiling point of a substance

ChemLab Chromatography

How It Works Microwave Oven



Chapter 10 Chemical Reactions

Section 101 Reactions and Equations

Discovery Lab Observing a Change


Section 102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab Can you predict the reactivities of halogens

Section 103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

MiniLab Observing a Precipitate-Forming Reaction

Careers Using Chemistry Pastry Chef

ChemLab Small Scale Activities of Metals

How It Works Hot and Cold Packs



Chapter 11 The Mole

Section 111 Measuring Matter

Discovery Lab How much is a mole

History Connection

Section 112 Mass and the Mole

Problem-Solving Lab Molar Mass Avogadros Number and the Atomic Nucleus

Section 113 Moles of Compounds

Section 114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

Careers Using Chemistry Analytical Chemist

MiniLab Percent Composition and Gum

Section 115 The Formula for a Hydrate

ChemLab Hydrated Crystals

Chemistry and Technology Making Medicines



Chapter 12 Stoichiometry

Section 121 What is stoichiometry

Discovery Lab Observing a Chemical Reaction

Careers Using Chemistry Pharmacist

Section 122 Stoichiometric Calculations

MiniLab Baking Soda Stoichiometry

Section 123 Limiting Reactants

Biology Connection

Section 124 Percent Yield

Problem-Solving Lab How does the surface area of a solid reactant affect percent yield

ChemLab A Mole Ratio

How It Works Air Bags



Chapter 13 States of Matter

Section 131 Gases

Discovery Lab Defying Density

Problem-Solving Lab How are the depth of a dive and pressure related

Section 132 Forces of Attraction

Section 133 Liquids and Solids

MiniLab Crystal Unit Cell Models

Careers Using Chemistry Materials Engineer

Section 134 Phase Changes


ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Rates of Evaporation

Everyday Chemistry Metals With a Memory



Chapter 14 Gases

Section 141 The Gas Laws

Discovery Lab More Than Just Hot Air

Careers Using Chemistry Meteorologist

History Connection

Problem-Solving Lab How is turbocharging in a car engine maximized

Section 142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadros Principle

Section 143 The Ideal Gas Law

MiniLab The Density of Carbon Dioxide

Section 144 Gas Stoichiometry

ChemLab Using the Ideal Gas Law

Chemistry and Technology Giving a Lift to Cargo



Chapter 15 Solutions

Section 151 What are solutions

Discovery Lab Solution Formation


Section 152 Solution Concentration

Section 153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

MiniLab Freezing Point Depression

Careers Using Chemistry Renal Dialysis Technician

Section 154 Heterogeneous Mixtures

Problem-Solving Lab How can you measure the turbidity of a colloid

ChemLab Beers Law

Chemistry and Society Sickle-Cell Disease



Chapter 16 Energy and Chemical Change

Section 161 Energy

Discovery Lab Temperature of a Reaction

Section 162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

Careers Using Chemistry Heating and Cooling Specialist

Section 163 Thermochemical Equations

Problem-Solving Lab How much energy is needed to heat water from a solid to a vapor

MiniLab Enthalpy of Fusion for Ice

Section 164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

Section 165 Reaction Spontaneity


ChemLab Calorimetry

How It Works Refrigerator



Chapter 17 Reaction Rates

Section 171 A Model for Reaction Rates

Discovery Lab Speeding Reactions

Problem-Solving Lab Speed and Energy of Collision

Section 172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

MiniLab Examining Reaction Rate and Temperature

Section 173 Reaction Rate Laws

Physics Connection

Section 174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms

Careers Using Chemistry Food Technologist

ChemLab Concentration and Reaction Rate

How It Works Catalytic Converter



Chapter 18 Chemical Equilibrium

Section 181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

Discovery Lab Whats equal about equilibrium

Physics Connection

Section 182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

Careers Using Chemistry Nurse Anesthetist

MiniLab Shifts in Equilibrium

Section 183 Using Equilibrium Constants

Problem-Solving Lab How does fluoride prevent tooth decay

ChemLab Small Scale Comparing Two Solubility Product Constants

Chemistry and Technology The Haber Process



Chapter 19 Acids and Bases

Section 191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

Discovery Lab Investigating Whats in Your Cupboards

Careers Using Chemistry Agricultural Technician


Section 192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

MiniLab Acid Strength

Section 193 What is pH

Section 194 Neutralization

Problem-Solving Lab How does your blood maintain its pH

ChemLab Standardizing a Base Solution by Titration

How It Works Antacids



Chapter 20 Redox Reactions

Section 201 Oxidation and Reduction

Discovery Lab Observing an Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Biology Connection

MiniLab Cleaning by Redox

Careers Using Chemistry Photochemical Etching Artist

Section 202 Balancing Redox Equations

Problem-Solving Lab How does redox lift a space shuttle

Section 203 Half-Reactions

ChemLab Redox Reactions

How It Works Photographic Film



Chapter 21 Electrochemistry

Section 211 Voltaic Cells

Discovery Lab A Lemon Battery

Section 212 Types of Batteries

Careers Using Chemistry Electrochemist

Problem-Solving Lab Interpreting Scientific Illustrations

MiniLab Corrosion

Section 213 Electrolysis

History Connection

ChemLab CBL Voltaic Cell Potentials

Chemistry and Technology Fuel Cells



Chapter 22 Hydrocarbons

Section 221 Alkanes

Discovery Lab Viscosity of Motor Oil

Biology Connection

Careers Using Chemistry Alternative Fuel Technician

Section 222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

Section 223 Alkenes and Alkynes

MiniLab Synthesis and Reactivity of Ethyne

Section 224 Isomers

Problem-Solving Lab Identifying Structural Geometric and Optical Isomers

Section 225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum


ChemLab Analyzing Hydrocarbon Burner Gases

Everyday Chemistry Unlimited Alternative Energy



Chapter 23 Substituted Hydrocarbons and Their Reactions

Section 231 Functional Groups

Discovery Lab Making Slime


Section 232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

Section 233 Carbonyl Compounds

MiniLab Making an Ester

Section 234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

Problem-Solving Lab Categorizing Organic Compounds

Section 235 Polymers

Careers Using Chemistry Dental Assistant

ChemLab Properties of Alcohols

Chemistry and Technology Carbon Stronger Than Steel



Chapter 24 The Chemistry of Life


Discovery Lab Testing for Simple Sugars

Section 242 Carbohydrates

Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection

MiniLab A Saponification Reaction


Problem-Solving Lab How does DNA replicate


Careers Using Chemistry Personal Trainer

ChemLab CBL Alcoholic Fermentation in Yeast

Everyday Chemistry Sense of Smell



Chapter 25 Nuclear Chemistry

Section 251 Nuclear Radiation

Discovery Lab Chain Reactions

Physics Connection

Section 252 Radioactive Decay

Section 253 Transmutation

MiniLab Modeling Radioactive Decay

Section 254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

Section 255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions

Careers Using Chemistry Radiation Therapist

Problem-Solving Lab How does distance affect radiation exposure

ChemLab CBL Measuring Naturally Occurring Radiation

Chemistry and Society The Realities of Radon



Chapter 26 Chemistry in the Environment

Section 261 Earths Atmosphere

Discovery Lab Clarification of Water

Careers Using Chemistry Environmental Health Inspector


MiniLab Acid Rain in a Bag

Section 262 Earths Water

Biology Connection

Section 263 Earths Crust

Section 264 Cycles in the Environment

Problem-Solving Lab Global warming fact or fiction

ChemLab CBL Solar Pond

How It Works Water Softener



Appendices

Appendix A Supplemental Practice Problems

Appendix B Math Handbook

Appendix C Tables

Appendix D Solutions to Practice Problems

Appendix E Try At Home Labs

Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry

Chemistry and Society

Chemistry and Technology

Careers Using Chemistry

Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets

CBL Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Organization of Activities

Sending Data to Graphical Analysis

CBL Equipment

Safety in the Laboratory

Safety Symbols

Laboratory Activities

Lab 1 Quantitative and Qualitative Observations

Lab 2 Conductivity

Lab 3 Melting and Freezing Points

Lab 4 Boylersquos Law

Lab 5 Gay-Lussacrsquos Law

Lab 6 Determining Molar Mass Using Freezing Point Depression

Lab 7 Calorimetry

Lab 8 Hessrsquos Law

Lab 9 Determine the Molar Mass of an Unknown Acid

Lab 10 Reaction Potentials of Metals

Challenge Problems

Chapter 1 Production of Chlorofluorocarbons 1950ndash1992

Chapter 2 Population Trends in the United States

Chapter 3 Physical and Chemical Changes

Chapter 4 Isotopes of an Element

Chapter 5 Quantum Numbers

Chapter 6 Doumlbereinerrsquos Triads

Chapter 7 Abundance of the Elements

Chapter 8 Comparing the Structures of Atoms and Ions

Chapter 9 Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Chapter 10 Balancing Chemical Equations

Chapter 11 Using Mole-Based Conversions

Chapter 12 Mole Relationships in Chemical Reactions

Chapter 13 Intermolecular Forces and Boiling Points

Chapter 14 A Simple Mercury Barometer

Chapter 15 Vapor Pressure Lowering

Chapter 16 Standard Heat of Formation

Chapter 17 Determining Reaction Rates

Chapter 18 Changing Equilibrium Concentrations in a Reaction

Chapter 19 Swimming Pool Chemistry

Chapter 20 Balancing OxidationndashReduction Equations

Chapter 21 Effect of Concentration on Cell Potential

Chapter 22 Structural Isomers of Hexane

Chapter 23 Boiling Points of Organic Families


Chapter 25 The Production of Plutonium-239

Chapter 26 The Phosphorus Cycle

ChemLab and MiniLab Worksheets

Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26

Forensics Laboratory Manual

Introduction to Forensic Science To the Student

Forensic Skills Observing the Scene and Collecting Data

Forensic Skills Fingerprints

Forensic Skills Blood Identification

The Truth Table


Safety Symbols

Crime A The Counterfeit Coin Caper

Lab A1 What metal can it be

Lab A2 Separation of a Mixture

Lab A3 Analyzing and Identifying White Solids

Crime B The Case of the Problem Patent

Lab B1 Using Paper Chromatography to Separate a Mixture

Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH

Lab B4 Effects of Acids and Bases on the Color of a Dye

Crime C The Case of the Fallen Walkway

Lab C1 Oxidation and Reduction

Lab C2 Sources and Causes of Corrosion

Lab C3 Identifying Sacrificial Metals

Laboratory Manual

How to Use This Laboratory Manual

Writing a Laboratory Report

Laboratory Equipment


Safety Symbols



11 Laboratory Techniques and Lab Safety

12 Effective Use of a Bunsen Burner


21 Density

22 Making a Graph


31 The Density of Wood

32 Properties of Water


41 Simulation of Rutherfordrsquos Gold Foil Experiment

42 Half-life of Barium-137m


51 The Photoelectric Effect

52 Electron Charge to Mass Ratio


61 Properties of the Periodic Table

62 Periodic Trends in the Periodic Table


71 Is there potassium in coffee

72 The Periodic Puzzle


81 Properties of Ionic Compounds

82 Formation of a Salt


91 Covalent Bonding in Medicines

92 Covalent Compounds


101 Single-Replacement Reactions

102 Double-Replacement Reactions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Estimating the Size of a Mole

112 Mole Ratios


121 Observing a Limiting Reactant

122 Determining Reaction Ratios


131 Freezing Bacteria

132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases

141 Charlesrsquos Law

142 Boylersquos Law


151 Making a Solubility Curve

152 Freezing Point Depression


161 Heats of Solution and Reaction

162 Heat of Combustion of Candle Wax


171 The Rate of a Reaction

172 Surface Area and Reaction Rate


181 Reversible Reactions

182 Equilibrium


191 Acids Bases and Neutralization

192 Determining the Percent of Acetic Acid in Vinegar


201 Electron-Losing Tendencies of Metals

202 Determining Oxidation Numbers


211 Electrolysis of Water

212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism

222 The Ripening of Fruit with Ethene


231 The Characterization of Carbohydrates

232 Polymerization Reactions


241 Denaturation

242 Saturated and Unsaturated Fats


251 Radioisotope Dating

252 Modeling Isotopes


261 Organisms That Break Down Oil

262 Growth of Algae as a Function of Nitrogen Concentration

Reviewing Chemistry

Student Introduction

Chapter Review Questions











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Small-Scale Laboratory Manual

To the Student

Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques


Safety Symbols


Lab 1 Small-Scale Laboratory Techniques

Lab 2 Comparing the Density of Metals

Lab 3 Separation of Aspirin

Lab 4 Periodicity and the Properties of Elements

Lab 5 Properties of Transition Metals

Lab 6 Modeling Molecular Shapes

Lab 7 Solutions and Precipitates

Lab 8 Determining Avogadrorsquos Number

Lab 9 Measuring Boiling Point

Lab 10 Relating Gas Pressure and Gas Volume

Lab 11 Effect of Temperature on Solubility

Lab 12 Specific Heat of Metals

Lab 13 Energy Changes in Chemical and Physical Processes

Lab 14 Determining Reaction Orders

Lab 15 Observing Equilibrium

Lab 16 Exploring Chemical Equilibrium

Lab 17 Comparing the Strengths of Acids

Lab 18 Testing the Acidity of Aspirin

Lab 19 Reduction of Manganese

Lab 20 Plants Produce Oxygen

Solving Problems A Chemistry Handbook


11 The Stories of Two Chemicals

12 Chemistry and Matter

13 Scientific Methods

14 Scientific Research


21 Units of Measurement

22 Scientific Notation and Dimensional Analysis

23 How reliable are measurements

24 Representing Data


31 Properties of Matter

32 Changes in Matter

33 Mixtures of Matter

34 Elements and Compounds


41 Early Theories of Matter

42 Subatomic Particles and the Nuclear Atom

43 How Atoms Differ

44 Unstable Nuclei and Radioactive Decay


51 Light and Quantized Energy

52 Quantum Theory and the Atom

53 Electron Configurations


61 Development of the Modern Periodic Table

62 Classification of the Elements

63 Periodic Trends


71 Properties of s-Block Elements

72 Properties of p-Block Elements

73 Properties of d-Block and f-Block Elements


81 Forming Chemical Bonds

82 The Formation and Nature of Ionic Bonds

83 Names and Formulas for Ionic Compounds

84 Metallic Bonds and Properties of Metals


91 The Covalent Bond

92 Naming Molecules

93 Molecular Structures

94 Molecular Shape

95 Electronegativity and Polarity


101 Reactions and Equations

102 Classifying Chemical Reactions

103 Reactions in Aqueous Solutions

Chapter 11 The Mole

111 Measuring Matter

112 Mass and the Mole

113 Moles of Compounds

114 Empirical and Molecular Formulas

115 The Formula for a Hydrate


121 What is stoichiometry

122 Stoichiometric Calculations

123 Limiting Reactants

124 Percent Yield


131 Gases

132 Forces of Attraction

133 Liquids and Solids

134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws

142 The Combined Gas Law and Avogadrorsquos Principle

143 The Ideal Gas Law

144 Gas Stoichiometry


151 What are solutions

152 Solution Concentration

153 Colligative Properties of Solutions

154 Heterogeneous Mixtures


161 Energy

162 Heat in Chemical Reactions and Processes

163 Thermochemical Equations

164 Calculating Enthalpy Change

165 Reaction Spontaneity


171 A Model for Reaction Rates

172 Factors Affecting Reaction Rates

173 Reaction Rate Laws

174 Instantaneous Reaction Rates and Reaction Mechanisms


181 Equilibrium A State of Dynamic Balance

182 Factors Affecting Chemical Equilibrium

183 Using Equilibrium Constants


191 Acids and Bases An Introduction

192 Strengths of Acids and Bases

193 What is pH

194 Neutralization


201 Oxidation and Reduction

202 Balancing Redox Equations

203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells

212 Types of Batteries

213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes

222 Cyclic Alkanes and Alkane Properties

223 Alkenes and Alkynes

224 Isomers

225 Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Petroleum


231 Functional Groups

232 Alcohols Ethers and Amines

233 Carbonyl Compounds

234 Other Reactions of Organic Compounds

235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism


251 Nuclear Radiation

252 Radioactive Decay

253 Transmutation

254 Fission and Fusion of Atomic Nuclei

255 Applications and Effects of Nuclear Reactions


261 Earthrsquos Atmosphere

262 Earthrsquos Water

263 Earthrsquos Crust

264 Cycles in the Environment

Spanish Resources

Capiacutetula 1 Introduccioacuten a la quiacutemica

Capiacutetula 2 Anaacutelisis de datos

Capiacutetula 3 Cambios y propiedades de la materia

Capiacutetula 4 La estructura del aacutetomo

Capiacutetula 5 Los electrones del aacutetomo

Capiacutetula 6 La tabla perioacutedica y la ley perioacutedica

Capiacutetula 7 Los elementos

Capiacutetula 8 Compuestos ioacutenicos

Capiacutetula 9 Enlaces covalentes

Capiacutetula 10 Reacciones quiacutemicas

Capiacutetula 11 El mol

Capiacutetula 12 Estequiometriacutea

Capiacutetula 13 Estados de la materia

Capiacutetula 14 Gases

Capiacutetula 15 Soluciones

Capiacutetula 16 Cambios de energiacutea y cambios quiacutemicos

Capiacutetula 17 Tasas de reaccioacuten

Capiacutetula 18 Equilibrio quiacutemico

Capiacutetula 19 Aacutecidos y bases

Capiacutetula 20 Reacciones redox

Capiacutetula 21 Electroquiacutemica

Capiacutetula 22 Hidrocarburos

Capiacutetula 23 Los hidrocarburos de sustitucioacuten y sus reacciones

Capiacutetula 24 La quiacutemica de la vida

Capiacutetula 25 Quiacutemica nuclear

Capiacutetula 26 Quiacutemica en el ambiente

GlossaryGlosario

Study Guide for Content Mastery

To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases













Supplemental Problems







Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

241 Proteins 775

DISCOVERY LAB

Materials

400-mL beakerhot plate10-mL graduated cylinderboiling chip10 glucose solutiontest tubetongsBenedictrsquos solutionstirring rodother food solutions such as10 starch or honey

Testing for Simple Sugars

Your body constantly uses energy Many different food sources cansupply that energy which is stored in the bonds of molecules

called simple sugars What foods contain simple sugars

Safety Precautions

Procedure

1 Fill a 400-mL beaker one-third full of water Place this water bathon a hot plate and begin to heat it to boiling

2 Place 50 mL 10 glucose solution in a test tube

3 Add 30 mL Benedictrsquos solution to the test tube Mix the two solu-tions using a stirring rod Add a boiling chip to the test tube

4 Using tongs place the test tube in the boiling water bath and heatfor five minutes

5 Record a color change from blue to yellow or orange as a positivetest for a simple sugar

6 Repeat the procedure using food samples such as a 10 starchsolution a 10 gelatin (protein) suspension or a few drops ofhoney suspended in water

Analysis

Was a color change observed Which foods tested positive for thepresence of a simple sugar


amino acids and proteins

bull Explain the roles of proteinsin cells

Vocabularyproteinamino acidpeptide bondpeptidedenaturationenzymesubstrateactive site


An amazing variety of chemical reactions take place in living organisms Atthe forefront of coordinating the numerous and intricate reactions of life arethe large molecules called proteins whose name comes from the Greek rootword protos meaning first

Protein StructureYou have learned that polymers are large molecules made of many repeatingbuilding blocks called monomers Proteins are organic polymers made ofamino acids linked together in a specific way But proteins are not just largerandomly arranged chains of amino acids To function properly each proteinmust be folded into a specific three-dimensional structure The spider silkshown on the opposite page would not be the incredibly strong yet light-weight protein that it is if it were not constructed in its specific way You willlearn in this section how proteins are made from their amino-acid buildingblocks and how different types of proteins function

Chem MC-775

null

63896034





Figure 24-1



Peptide bond

plus

H R1

H OH

mdash mdash


mdashmdash

Amino acid

H R2

H OH

mdash mdash


mdashmdash

Dipeptide Water

H HR1

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

R2

mdashmdash

0 H2O


mdash mdashR


Variable side chain

Hydrogen atom H O


mdashmdash




Hmdash

H

mdash

Omdashmdash


CH2

mdash

OH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdash

SH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

CH2

CH2 mdash NH2

CH2

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH3

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdashmdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashO OHmdashmdash

CH2

CH2

C

mdashmdash

mdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashmdash CH3

CH2

CH2

CH


mdashmdash

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

Figure 24-2


Chem MC-776

null

100204475







mdash mdash

H

Peptide bond

O


mdash

241 Proteins 777

The 20 Amino Acids



Table 24-1



H HH

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

H H

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

H

mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

Figure 24-3



b

a

a b

Chem MC-777

null

18766637

Figure 24-4








Hydrogenbonds

Helix

Pleated sheet

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C C CN

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CC NH

O

CO

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CO

HCC

CC N OHN O

Chem MC-778

null

18019461





241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5


Figure 24-6



b

a

Enzyme

Substrates


Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

Chem MC-779

null

10239865





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





Figure 24-1



Peptide bond

plus

H R1

H OH

mdash mdash


mdashmdash

Amino acid

H R2

H OH

mdash mdash


mdashmdash

Dipeptide Water

H HR1

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

R2

mdashmdash

0 H2O


mdash mdashR


Variable side chain

Hydrogen atom H O


mdashmdash




Hmdash

H

mdash

Omdashmdash


CH2

mdash

OH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdash

SH

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

CH2

CH2 mdash NH2

CH2

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH3

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash


CH2

mdashmdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashO OHmdashmdash

CH2

CH2

C

mdashmdash

mdash


H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

mdashmdash CH3

CH2

CH2

CH


mdashmdash

mdash

H

mdash

O

mdashmdash

Figure 24-2


Chem MC-776

null

100204475







mdash mdash

H

Peptide bond

O


mdash

241 Proteins 777

The 20 Amino Acids



Table 24-1



H HH

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

H H

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

H

mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

Figure 24-3



b

a

a b

Chem MC-777

null

18766637

Figure 24-4








Hydrogenbonds

Helix

Pleated sheet

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C C CN

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CC NH

O

CO

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CO

HCC

CC N OHN O

Chem MC-778

null

18019461





241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5


Figure 24-6



b

a

Enzyme

Substrates


Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

Chem MC-779

null

10239865





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit







mdash mdash

H

Peptide bond

O


mdash

241 Proteins 777

The 20 Amino Acids



Table 24-1



H HH

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

H H

H OH

mdash mdash


mdash

OH

mdash mdashmdash

H

mdashmdash

mdash

CH2

mdashmdash

Figure 24-3



b

a

a b

Chem MC-777

null

18766637

Figure 24-4








Hydrogenbonds

Helix

Pleated sheet

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C C CN

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CC NH

O

CO

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CO

HCC

CC N OHN O

Chem MC-778

null

18019461





241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5


Figure 24-6



b

a

Enzyme

Substrates


Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

Chem MC-779

null

10239865





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 24-4








Hydrogenbonds

Helix

Pleated sheet

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

C C CN

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

N

NN

N

CC

CC

CC

C

H

H

H

O

O

O

H

O

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CC NH

O

CO

HCC

CC

C

CC

N

N

O

HHN

HN O

O

CO

HCC

CC N OHN O

Chem MC-778

null

18019461





241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5


Figure 24-6



b

a

Enzyme

Substrates


Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

Chem MC-779

null

10239865





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





241 Proteins 779

Figure 24-5


Figure 24-6



b

a

Enzyme

Substrates


Enzyme unchanged

Product

Active site

Heme

a b

Chem MC-779

null

10239865





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





Figure 24-7










Chem MC-780

null

9545044












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit












242


H OH

H

HO H

OH

OH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Galactose


HOH HO

O

CC

C C

CH2OH

CH2OH

H

Fructose

H

Hmdash Cmdash OH

Cmdash Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdash OH

H

3

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3


H

H

OH

HO

H H

OHOH

CH2OH

H CC

C O

C C

Glucose

H

C

HmdashCmdash OH

Omdashmdash

HmdashCmdashOH


HmdashCmdash OH

HmdashCmdash OH

HOmdashCmdash H

HmdashCmdashOH

HmdashCmdashOH

H

3

Figure 24-8


Chem MC-781

null

1666096

CMC_Spn_C24-S02

null

41952675






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit






Figure 24-9


OH

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

Glucose

OHO

HO 0

OH

HO

CH2OH

Fructose

O

OHO

CH2OH CH2OH

HO

OHO

OHCH2OH

H2O

Sucrose Water

O

HO

O H

Figure 24-10



a

a b

LAB


Chem MC-782

null

13076616



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit



Glycogen

Glucosesubunit

Glucosesubunit

Starch

Cellulose

Crosslink bond

Glucose subunit


Figure 24-11












Chem MC-783

null

7664325

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Section 243 Lipids












CH3(CH2)nCOOH


CH2

mdashmdash

C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

HO O

CH2


C

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH

CH

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH2

CH3

Figure 24-12



Chem MC-784

null

11002601

CMC_Spn_C24-S03

null

5057328






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit






243 Lipids 785

Figure 24-13


CH2OH

CHOH

CH2OH

HO C(CH2)14CH3

HOC(CH2)16CH3

HOC(CH2)18CH3


O

0

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O



mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O


mdash mdash

O

mdash mdash

O



CH2OH

BiologyCONNECTION



Chem MC-785

null

15542812



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit



Procedure














miniLAB




Figure 24-14



b

a


a b

Chem MC-786

null

53081093






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit






243 Lipids 787

Figure 24-15



O

mdashmdash










Chem MC-787

null

124444855

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 24-16














a

Sugar

Nucleotide

mdash mdash

OH OH

HHH H

O

HO


mdash O

CC

C C

C

H

N

C N NH2

C

C

H

mdashmdash

mdashmdash

Phosphate group


Phosphate

Sugar Base

Base

Base

Base

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

Phosphate

Sugar

mdashmdashO



c

Chem MC-788

null

123295525

CMC_Spn_C24-S04

null

5992533


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit


Figure 24-17


Hmdash

Hmdash

Deoxyribose

Deoxyribose

DeoxyriboseO

O O

mdashmdash


H

H

Nmdash

H

N

N

H

NNHmdash Hmdash

Hmdash

Hydrogenbond

Omdashmdash

H

H

N

H mdash

NN

N

N

H

N


N

N

Deoxyribose

HN

N

N





Figure 24-18


Chem MC-789

null

1982731




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit




problem-solving LAB










C

C

C

CC

C

TT

T

T

TT

T

T

T

AA

A

A

A

ATA

TA TA

TAT A

A

A

A

G

GG C G

CG

G

GG

a b

Chem MC-790

null

6060453





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





mdash mdash

H O

Thymine

O

mdashmdash

Uracil

H

N

mdash mdash H HN

mdash mdash

O

O

mdashmdash

H

N

mdash mdash

N

H

H3C H

Deoxyribose

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

OH

H H

O

H

OH

H

HOCH2

Ribose

OHH







Figure 24-19



Chem MC-791

null

10710045













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit













Figure 24-20


Catabolism

Anabolism

Nucleic acids

Triglycerides

Polysaccharides

Proteins

Nucleotides

Fatty acids

Simple sugars

Amino acids


Chem MC-792

null

13876036

CMC_Spn_C24-S05

null

10318228

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Figure 24-22









245 Metabolism 793

Figure 24-21


Ribose

Triphosphate

Adenine

ATP

P P P

Chem MC-793

null

17716411



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit



dioxide





dioxide


Figure 24-23




Chem MC-794

null

1529201





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit





245 Metabolism 795

Figure 24-24











Chem MC-795

null

9451008


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit


Pre-Lab







Procedure

















CHEMLAB CBL24

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

CHEMLAB 797





















Error Analysis

CHAPTER 24 CHEMLAB










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit










Everyday Chemistry




Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Study Guide 799


Vocabulary































































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit
































3 4

1

by


65

2

O

CH2

H2N OH

mdash mdash

CC

NHC

H


Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

Assessment 801































































Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

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Br


c HCO3 H2O CO3

H3O













Table 24-2
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit
















a 274 kJ c 1159 kJb 836 kJ d 3970 kJ







a 234 g c 470 gb 120 g d 270 g


X



a 284 c 716b 784 d 216


a 279 105 g c 26390 105 gb 27001 105 g d 272 105 g


a 402 c 216b 434 d 175





A 165 231 208 292

B 402 325

C 194 234 227 273

D 266 203 284 216




Contents in Brief

Table of Contents









Biology Connection





























History Connection








History Connection














MiniLab Flame Tests



Physics Connection




How It Works Lasers






















History Connection



ChemLab Hard Water



























History Connection



















Chapter 11 The Mole



History Connection



















Biology Connection








Section 131 Gases













Chapter 14 Gases




History Connection




















ChemLab Beers Law





Section 161 Energy










ChemLab Calorimetry











Physics Connection










Physics Connection



























Biology Connection
















MiniLab Corrosion


History Connection






Section 221 Alkanes


Biology Connection





Section 224 Isomers



























Section 243 Lipids

Biology Connection













Physics Connection



















Biology Connection








Appendices



Appendix C Tables



Glossary

Index

Photo Credits

Features

ChemLab

MiniLab

Problem-Solving Lab

Discovery Lab

How It Works

Everyday Chemistry




Connections

Earth Science

Biology

History

Astronomy

Physics

Student Worksheets


To the Student



CBL Equipment


Safety Symbols



Lab 2 Conductivity





Lab 7 Calorimetry




Challenge Problems




























Chapter 1

Chapter 2

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

Chapter 5

Chapter 6

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 10

Chapter 11

Chapter 12

Chapter 13

Chapter 14

Chapter 15

Chapter 16

Chapter 17

Chapter 18

Chapter 19

Chapter 20

Chapter 21

Chapter 22

Chapter 23

Chapter 24

Chapter 25

Chapter 26






The Truth Table


Safety Symbols







Lab B2 Conductivity

Lab B3 pH






Laboratory Manual





Safety Symbols






21 Density

22 Making a Graph

























Chapter 11 The Mole


112 Mole Ratios






132 Boiling Points

Chapter 14 Gases


142 Boylersquos Law












182 Equilibrium









212 Electroplating


221 Isomerism






241 Denaturation








Reviewing Chemistry













Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases














To the Student



Safety Symbols









































43 How Atoms Differ









63 Periodic Trends












92 Naming Molecules


94 Molecular Shape






Chapter 11 The Mole










124 Percent Yield


131 Gases



134 Phase Changes

Chapter 14 Gases

141 The Gas Laws










161 Energy

















193 What is pH

194 Neutralization




203 Half-Reactions


211 Voltaic Cells


213 Electrolysis


221 Alkanes



224 Isomers







235 Polymers


241 Proteins

242 Carbohydrates

243 Lipids

244 Nucleic Acids

245 Metabolism




253 Transmutation








Spanish Resources



























GlossaryGlosario


To the Student

Study Skills











Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases




















Chapter 11 The Mole



Chapter 14 Gases











Help

Internet Link

Previous Document

Search - Document

Search - Full

Page Navigator

Exit

chapter 24: the chemistry of life -...

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