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Chapter 24

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SSWH14 The student will analyze the Age of Revolutions and Rebellions. b. Identify the causes and results of the revolutions in England (1689), United States (1776), France (1789), Haiti (1791), and Latin America (1808-1825).

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SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism. b. Compare and contrast the rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan under Emperor Meiji.

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How did the rise of nationalism have global impact? What were some consequences of the Enlightenment writings? How did the actions of various rulers bring about change?

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Inspired by the Enlightenment, people of Latin America rebel against European rule (Spain). Rebels in Europe responded to nationalistic calls for independence. Nationalist groups create unrest. Romanticism and realism become new forms of art and expression.

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Latin America Class dictated place in society Peninsulares born in Spain could hold office Creoles born in Latin America Could not hold office only military officers

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Saint Domingue 1791 Enslaved africans revolt against French masters Toussaint Louverture takes control of Island Napoleon sent 30,000 French soldiers Louverture captured sent to prison in Alps 1804 1 st black colony to free itself from European control

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Creoles best educated merchant Educated in Europe brought back Enlightenment ideas Napoleon removes Spanish King and replaced with brother, Joseph Had no loyalty from Creoles If King removed power was to shift to people consent of the governed (Locke)

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Simon Bolivar 1811 Venezuelans declare independence from Spain 1821 Simon Bolivar finally wins Jose San Martin Argentinean lead army on march through Andes Freed Chile 1821 Bolivar and San Martin join forces Defeated the Spanish at Battle of Ayacucho Peru Columbia, Peru, Chile, Ecuador, Argentina join to create Gran Columbia (Bolivars Dream)

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Padre Miguel Hidalgo 1810 grio de Delores call for rebellion United 80,000 Indian and Metizos Alarmed Spanish army and creoles 1811 defeated by Spanish Jose Maria Morelos leads another rebellion 1815 Defeated by Creole officer Iturbide 1820 Creoles fear loss of privileges from Spanish run colony 1821 Creoles unite to defeat Spain to claim Mexicos Independence Iturbide becomes emperor - overthrown Central American countries win Independence

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1807 Napoleons army invades Spain and Portugal To close port of Lisbon to British shipping Portuguese King John escapes to largest colony Brazil ran the empire from Portugal for 6 years 1822 Creole Brazilians declare independence from Portugal Signed petition asking Don Pedro to rule

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SSWH15 The student will be able to describe the impact of industrialization, the rise of nationalism, and the major characteristics of worldwide imperialism. b. Compare and contrast the rise of the nation state in Germany under Otto von Bismarck and Japan under Emperor Meiji.

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Conservative Property owners and nobility Preferred traditional monarchies Liberal Middle class business leaders and merchants Give more power to parliament Only educated and landowners vote Radical Extend democracy to everyone Practice liberty, equality, fraternity like French Revolution

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Greatest loyalty should be to a nation of shared culture, beliefs and history Independent government nation state Defends its territory and way of life Tied to Enlightenment and democratic ideas of government consent of the governed Can be good and bad Chart page 688 List positive and negative results of NATIONALISM

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Nationalists: Liberal and radicals Led struggle for constitutional government Teachers, lawyers, business people Liberals: some wanted to gather German states into single nation state Some (Austrians) wanted to split and establish self - rule

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Greece ruled by Ottoman Turks 1821 demanded independence from Ottomans Greeks were admired for its history Cause for Greek independence popular among Europe and America British, France and Russian fleet defeat Ottomans

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1830s Belgium declared independence from Netherlands Italy declared independence from Austria Poland declared independence from Russia 1848 Czechs declared independence from Austria

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Paris rebelled against monarchy of Charles Paris mob overturned monarchy establish a republic again Radicals encourage violence in cities 1848 Louis Napoleon (nephew) won presidential election Later named Emperor Built railroads encouraged industry public works

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Nicholas I tried to take Ottoman territory Crimean War: Britain, France, Ottomans defeat Russia Alexander II Modernization and social change Freed serfs (1861) land sold to peasants land given to nobles Created a massive debt - assassinated Alexander III Drove industrial expansion and nationalism

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Types of Nationalist Movements: page 692 TypeCharacteristicsExamples Unification Separation State-building

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Austrian Empire Slovenes, Hungarians, Germans, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Croats, Austria-Hungary split Russian Empire Ukrainians, Lithuanians, Romanians, Estonians, Finns, Jews, Georgians, Armenians, Turks Russification forced Russian culture Actually strengthened ethnic nationalism! Ottoman Empire Greeks, Slavs, Arabs, Bulgarians, Armenians pressured to grant equal citizenship to all Angered Turks massacre Armenians

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Discontent over foreign rulers Nationalism destroyed empires and built nations Cavour: Prime minister of Sardinia largest most powerful Italian state Liberal constitution Napoleon assists Cavour in liberating northern provinces from Austria Guiseppe Garibaldi united Southern Italy with North the Red One red shirts 1866 Venetia joins Italian states 1870 All of Italy comes of Italian control (except Vatican City)

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Prussia control of loose German Federation Strongest army liberal constitution 1861 Liberal parliament refused to grant Wilhelm money for reforms Chooses conservative Junker, Otto von Bismarck as prime minister Bismarcks realpolitik: politics of reality Describes tough power politics no room for idealism

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Declared he would rule without consent of parliament and without a legal budget Direct violation of constitution the great issues of today will be decided byblood and iron Prussia Austria alliance waged war against Denmark Increased nationalistic tendency Won respect from Germans to have Prussia rule a unified Germany

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Bismarck stirs ups border conflicts with Austria Provoked Austria into declaring war in 1866 Prussian wreaked devastating victory! Took control of Northern Germany Franco Prussian War 1870 Bismarck said they could be persuaded if they faced a threat from the outsidewar with France would rally the south Manufactured incident: provoke France into declaring war Prussian forces overwhelm France captured Napoleon III

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1950-1980 47 African countries overthrow colonial rulers 1990s Bosnia, Herzegovina, Croatia, Slovenia and Macedonia broke away from Yugoslavia Europe has 47 countries with 50 different languages Latin America is mostly Portuguese and Spanish as well as native Indian languages

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The Balkans: Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Yugoslavia Congress of Vienna broke down Revolutions of 1830-48: Powers that decreased: Austria and Russia Powers that increased: Britain and Germany

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