Chapter 22Chapter 22Exploring SpaceExploring Space

Electromagnetic RadiationElectromagnetic Radiation

What is it ???What is it ???– Radio wavesRadio waves– Visible lightVisible light– Gamma raysGamma rays– X-raysX-rays– Ultraviolet lightUltraviolet light– Infrared wavesInfrared waves– MicrowavesMicrowaves

Electromagnetic SpectrumElectromagnetic Spectrum

FrequencyFrequency

Forms of electromagnetic radiation differ in Forms of electromagnetic radiation differ in their frequencies.their frequencies.

FrequencyFrequency: # of wave crests that pass a : # of wave crests that pass a given point per unit of time.given point per unit of time.

The shorter the wavelength, the higher the The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency.frequency.

Speed of LightSpeed of Light

300,000 km/s300,000 km/s

ALL electromagnetic waves travel ALL electromagnetic waves travel at this speed in a vacuum (where at this speed in a vacuum (where there is no matter)there is no matter)

First to Use a First to Use a Telescope to Study to Study the Skythe Sky

GalileoGalileo in 1600’s in 1600’s

Optical TelescopeOptical TelescopeUse light to produce magnified images.Use light to produce magnified images.– Refracting telescope: convex lensesRefracting telescope: convex lenses– Reflecting telescope: concave mirror.Reflecting telescope: concave mirror.

ObservatoryObservatoryWhere optical telescopes are located.Where optical telescopes are located.

Edwin P. HubbleEdwin P. HubbleDiscovered: Universe is ExpandingDiscovered: Universe is Expanding

Hubble Space Telescope named after him.Hubble Space Telescope named after him.

Hubble Space TelescopeHubble Space Telescope

Located Located outsideoutside Earth’s atmosphere Earth’s atmosphere

Hubble TelescopeHubble Telescope

Radio TelescopeRadio Telescope

Studies Studies radioradio waves that travel through waves that travel through space.space.

Useful 24 hoursUseful 24 hours

a day.a day.

Early Space Missions

Allowed astronomers Allowed astronomers to study space in to study space in ways not possible ways not possible using using telescopestelescopes..

Made possible by Made possible by rockets.rockets.

SatelliteSatellite

Any object that Any object that revolves around revolves around another object another object in an orbitin an orbit

In 1957 the formerIn 1957 the formerSoviet Union Soviet Union launched first artificiallaunched first artificial satellite: Sputnik I.satellite: Sputnik I.

Sputnik 1

Launched 1957 Began the space age Shocked the world giving the former Soviet union the distinction of putting the 1st human made object into space 1st artificial satellite It orbited Earth for 57 days before gravity pulled it back into the atmosphere, where it burned up

Satellites TodaySatellites Today

Thousands of artificial Thousands of artificial satellites orbit Earthsatellites orbit Earth

Used for: Used for: communication and communication and weather forecasting.weather forecasting.

Space ProbesSpace Probes

Do not orbit EarthDo not orbit Earth

Travel through space.Travel through space.

Is an instrument that gathers information Is an instrument that gathers information and sends it back to Earth via radio wavesand sends it back to Earth via radio waves

Space ProbesSpace Probes: Pioneer 10: Pioneer 10

Launched 1972Launched 1972

11stst manmade object manmade object

to travel through to travel through

asteroid belt.asteroid belt.

Transmitter Transmitter

failed in 2003failed in 2003

Passed PlutoPassed Pluto

Pioneer 10Pioneer 10

Pioneer 10Pioneer 10

Launched 1972Launched 1972 11stst spacecraft to travel spacecraft to travel

through the Asteroid beltthrough the Asteroid belt 11stst spacecraft to make spacecraft to make

direct observations and direct observations and obtain close-up images of obtain close-up images of JupiterJupiter

Marked humans 1Marked humans 1stst approach to Jupiter and approach to Jupiter and opened the way for opened the way for exploration of the outer exploration of the outer Solar SystemSolar System

Destination is Destination is JupiterJupiter Although its transmitter Although its transmitter

failed in 2003, it continues failed in 2003, it continues on through spaceon through space

Space Probes: Voyager I & IISpace Probes: Voyager I & IILaunched by U.S. in 1977Launched by U.S. in 1977

Expected to collect data until 2020Expected to collect data until 2020

Voyager 1 & 2 Launched in 1977 Both space crafts flew by Jupiter and Saturn Voyager 2 also flew by Uranus and Neptune Longest continuously operated spacecraft 9.5 billion miles away from our sun NASA still receives signals from Voyager 1 & 2 Voyager has boldly gone where no probe has gone before

Voyager 1

SaturnSaturnTaken by Voyager II1981

Images from Voyager Space Images from Voyager Space ProbesProbes- Voyager 2

- 1989- Neptune

Voyager 1990Voyager 1990

By 1990, Voyager 1 was farther from the By 1990, Voyager 1 was farther from the Sun than Pluto, and approximately 4 billion Sun than Pluto, and approximately 4 billion miles from the Earth. Thus, NASA gave miles from the Earth. Thus, NASA gave Voyager 1 one last assignment and had Voyager 1 one last assignment and had the craft take the first ever pictures of the the craft take the first ever pictures of the planets from “outside” the solar system. planets from “outside” the solar system. This is a compilation of those shots. This is a compilation of those shots.

Images from Voyager Space Images from Voyager Space ProbesProbes

Space Probe: Space Probe: GalileoGalileo

Launched in 1989Launched in 1989

Reached Jupiter in 1995Reached Jupiter in 1995

Released smaller probe to approach Jupiter.Released smaller probe to approach Jupiter.

Before the smaller probe was crushed byBefore the smaller probe was crushed by

the atmospheric pressure, it transmitted the atmospheric pressure, it transmitted information about Jupiter’s information about Jupiter’s composition, composition, temperature, and pressure.temperature, and pressure.

Studied Europa and Io (Jupiter’s moons)Studied Europa and Io (Jupiter’s moons)

Its voyage lasted 14 years then it passed into Jupiter’s shadow then Its voyage lasted 14 years then it passed into Jupiter’s shadow then disintegrated in the planets dense atmospheredisintegrated in the planets dense atmosphere

Moon QuestMoon Quest

Yuri GagarinYuri Gagarin: 1: 1stst man in space (Soviet) man in space (Soviet)

Project MercuryProject Mercury: began U.S. mission to : began U.S. mission to put a man in space. (Launched in 1961)put a man in space. (Launched in 1961)

1961: 1961: Alan ShepardAlan Shepard: 1: 1stst U.S. man in U.S. man in spacespace

1962: 1962: John GlennJohn Glenn: 1: 1stst U.S. citizen to orbit U.S. citizen to orbit EarthEarth

Men in SpaceMen in Space

Yuri Gagarin1st man to orbit EarthHe rode into orbit in the Soviet Union’sVostok-1 spacecraftin 1961

Men in SpaceMen in Space

Alan Shepherd John GlennThey rode into space with Project Mercury.

Alan B. Shepard and John Glenn

Project Mercury (1961) goal was to orbit a piloted spacecraft around Earth and to bring it back safely. On May 5, 1961, Mercury astronaut Alan B.

Shepard became the first U.S. citizen in space. In 1962, Mercury astronaut John Glenn became the first U.S. citizen to orbit Earth

Project Mercury 1961-1963 made 6 flights into space Launched 1st Americans into space Each Astronaut named his spacecraft. Project Mercury was named after Roman god who was very fast Alan Shepard was on board the first Mercury flight. He was the first American in space.

Project Gemini Project Gemini (1965-66)(1965-66)Helped NASA get ready for moon Helped NASA get ready for moon landingslandings

Gemini was named after a Gemini was named after a constellation. The name means constellation. The name means “twins.” This name was used “twins.” This name was used because the Gemini capsule because the Gemini capsule would carry 2 people.would carry 2 people.

It was a little bigger than Mercury.It was a little bigger than Mercury.

Helped Astronauts learn how to Helped Astronauts learn how to go outside a spacecraft in a go outside a spacecraft in a spacesuitspacesuit

Learn how to connect 2 Learn how to connect 2 spacecraft's together in space. spacecraft's together in space. Before Gemini NASA had not Before Gemini NASA had not done any of these things.done any of these things.

Robotic Probes Sent to the Moon Robotic Probes Sent to the Moon (These probes proved that a spacecraft could be sent to (These probes proved that a spacecraft could be sent to

the Moon and the Moon’s surface could support spacecraft the Moon and the Moon’s surface could support spacecraft and humans.)and humans.)

RangerRanger

SurveyorSurveyor: landed on moon in 1966: landed on moon in 1966

Lunar OrbiterLunar Orbiter: took pictures of moon’s : took pictures of moon’s surfacesurface

Project Apollo

1969: Apollo II 1969: Apollo II landed on the Moonlanded on the Moon

Neil ArmstrongNeil Armstrong: 1: 1stst person to step on person to step on MoonMoon

Apollo 11

President Kennedy on May 25, 1961 announced that astronauts would reach the moon before theend of the decade (1960’s)

July 16th 1969 three astronauts were on board the Apollo 11: Neil Armstrong, Michael Collins, and BuzzAldrin

The first time humans set foot on another planetary Surface.Neil Armstrong first man to walk on the moon said,“That’s one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.”

Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle

Space ShuttleSpace Shuttle

• The reusable The reusable spacecraft that spacecraft that transports transports astronauts, astronauts, satellites, and satellites, and other materials to other materials to and from space is and from space is called the space called the space shuttle.shuttle.

• The space shuttle The space shuttle is designed to is designed to make many trips make many trips into space.into space.

Space StationsSpace Stations

1973: U.S. launched 1973: U.S. launched SkylabSkylab– Fell out of orbit in 1979 Fell out of orbit in 1979

Space Station- Skylab

A space station has living quarters, work and exercisearea, and all the equipment and support systems needed for humans to live and work in space.

1973 US launched the space station Skylab. Crews ofastronauts spent up to 84 days there, performingexperiments and collecting data on the effects on humans living in space.

In 1979, the abandoned Skylab fell out of orbit and Burned up as it entered Earth’s atmosphere.

Space StationsSpace StationsMirMir– Soviet UnionSoviet Union– Dr. Valery Polyakov Dr. Valery Polyakov

spent 438 days in spent 438 days in space studying the space studying the long-term effects of long-term effects of weightlessness.weightlessness.

– In 2001, the In 2001, the abandoned Mir space abandoned Mir space station fell out of orbit station fell out of orbit and burned up upon and burned up upon reentering the reentering the atmosphere.atmosphere.

International Space StationInternational Space Station

Effort of 16 nationsEffort of 16 nations

3 phases3 phases

Should be completed Should be completed by 2006by 2006

ISS will be a ISS will be a permanent laboratory permanent laboratory designed for long designed for long term research term research projects.projects.

Missions to MarsMissions to Mars

Mars Global Surveyor Mars Global Surveyor (1996): orbited (1996): orbited Mars and took pictures.Mars and took pictures.

Pathfinder Pathfinder (1996): descended to surface (1996): descended to surface of Marsof Mars

Mars OdysseyMars Odyssey(2001 spacecraft): mapping (2001 spacecraft): mapping surface of Marssurface of Mars

Spirit and OpportunitySpirit and Opportunity: rovers launched in : rovers launched in 2003: goal to analyze surface of mars2003: goal to analyze surface of mars

CassiniCassini

Launched 1997Launched 1997

Destination: SaturnDestination: Saturn