Chapter 19

Review and Discussion

Conquest and Slavery In The New

World, 1400-1750

The Eve of The Eve of DestructionDestruction

In 1492 In 1492 anthropologists anthropologists estimate there were estimate there were about 75 million about 75 million Native Americans in Native Americans in the Western the Western Hemisphere; 25 Hemisphere; 25 million in Mexico million in Mexico

By 1650 there are By 1650 there are less than 10 million in less than 10 million in the hemisphere; 1 the hemisphere; 1 million in Mexico! million in Mexico!

What happened? What happened?

The Rest of the The Rest of the Story…Story… The Spanish forced The Spanish forced

the Indians to work the Indians to work for the Spanish on for the Spanish on Spanish farms and in Spanish farms and in mines. mines.

Thousands of the Thousands of the Indians died from Indians died from over work, lack of over work, lack of food and disease; a food and disease; a small pox epidemic small pox epidemic spread across the spread across the land. land.

Many of the Indians Many of the Indians were forced to convert were forced to convert to Christianity, which to Christianity, which has created a mixture has created a mixture of Spanish and Indian of Spanish and Indian cultures. cultures.

The The history history of of Native Native People People in the in the Latin Latin AmericaAmerica… …

The The picture picture “says” it “says” it all! all!

What do What do you you see?see?

Land Claims in the Land Claims in the AmericasAmericas

By 1675, By 1675, Spain, Spain, France, France, Britain, Britain, and and Portugal Portugal possessed possessed sizable sizable overseas overseas empires. empires. Trade Trade ships ships carried carried goods goods between between Europe Europe and the and the Americas Americas and and Africa.Africa.

COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE… WHAT IS IT?WHAT IS IT?

Columbian Exchange

• Disease (small pox –the greatest killer)– greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting

European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as syphilis.

• Europeans (Old World)– introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian diets,

while other crops like sugar cane were intended for cultivation with exploited labor

– European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives– Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency)

• New World– the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a great

impact on Old World agriculture– beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the

exchange between Amerindians and Europeans

Land Claims in the Land Claims in the AmericasAmericas

About 1750 About 1750

colonial societies established in the Americas by Spain and Portugal

• Society– patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical, and

uniformly Catholic. • Labor shortage

– because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor shortages, the African slave trade became a major factor in colonial society and culture.

• Catholic Church (richest institution)– Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief to

the New World– Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath the

surface of imposed Christianity• Economy

– Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru– Brazil- sugar plantation

Use of labor in the Spanish and Portuguese American colonies

• As wealth became harder to extract, labor demands multiplied

• Mita (Peru)– Rotational labor draft– 1/7 adult American Indian male were drafted for forced labor for

6 months out of the year

• African Slaves– Portuguese developed the slave labor plantation system in the

Atlantic Islands and Brazil– First used American Indian slaves and then more expensive but

more productive and more disease resistant African slaves

Spanish Colonial Spanish Colonial SocietySociety

In Spanish America, In Spanish America,

the mix of diverse the mix of diverse people gave rise to people gave rise to a new very strict a new very strict class system: class system:

1.1. PeninsularesPeninsulares, , people born in people born in Spain, were at the Spain, were at the top of society. top of society.

2.2. CreolesCreoles, American-, American-born descendents born descendents of Spanish settlers, of Spanish settlers, were next. were next.

3.3. MestizosMestizos were were people of Native people of Native American and American and European descent. European descent.

4.4. MulattoesMulattoes were were people of African people of African and European and European descent. descent.

Ruling the Spanish Ruling the Spanish EmpireEmpire

1.1. Spain closely Spain closely controlled economic controlled economic activity, especially activity, especially trade. trade.

2.2. The Spanish grew The Spanish grew sugar cane, which sugar cane, which was grown on was grown on plantations and plantations and required large required large numbers of numbers of workers. workers.

3.3. At first, the Spanish At first, the Spanish forced the Native forced the Native Americans to work Americans to work under brutal under brutal conditions. conditions.

4.4. Later, the colonists Later, the colonists began shipping began shipping slaves from Africa slaves from Africa to do their work.to do their work.

1.1. The Church worked The Church worked with the government with the government to convert Native to convert Native Americans to Americans to Christianity. Christianity.

2.2. Church leaders Church leaders often served as royal often served as royal officials. officials.

3.3. Spanish Spanish missionaries forcibly missionaries forcibly imposed European imposed European culture over Native culture over Native American culture. American culture.

1.1. Spain was Spain was determined to determined to maintain strict maintain strict control over its control over its empire. empire.

2.2. The empire was The empire was divided into five divided into five provinces, each provinces, each of which was of which was ruled by a ruled by a viceroy. viceroy.

3.3. The Council of The Council of the Indies the Indies helped pass helped pass laws for the laws for the colonies.colonies.

THE THE ECONOMYECONOMY

THE CATHOLIC THE CATHOLIC CHURCHCHURCH

GOVERNMENTGOVERNMENT

In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America.to South America.

The English and French did not colonize the Americas until almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why?

• Civil unrest• The French and the English were initially

distracted by civil and foreign wars and so lacked the will and resources to seek colonies any sooner

• In North America in 1754, the French In North America in 1754, the French and English battled each other in the and English battled each other in the French and Indian War. French and Indian War.

• Also Britain vs. France clashed in a Also Britain vs. France clashed in a worldwide struggle, known as the worldwide struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War. Seven Years’ War.

Treaty of Paris 1763Treaty of Paris 1763•In 1756-1763, In 1756-1763, France lost Canada France lost Canada to England and also to England and also ceded Louisiana to ceded Louisiana to SpainSpain

How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different from those of Spain and Portugal?

• English– favored removal of Native Americans rather than assimilation

• French – preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to Christianity.

• Similarities – All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence and

diplomacy. – African slaves were important in much of the Americas.

• Differences– Rather than controlling American expansion through their central

governments, both nations acted through private corporations and individual proprietors.

– colonized with larger percentages of Europeans

South• Virginia

– Virginia company established the colony of James town in 1606– Lost 80% of the population within 15 years– English crown took it over in 1624– Established a tobacco plantation– First used Indentured servants, however, as life expectancy in the

colonies improved, planters purchased more slaves.

• Carolinas– Slave labor produced rice and indigo– Enslaved Africans and descendants formed majority of the

population– Stono Rebellion in 1739 led to more repressive policies towards

slaves throughout the Southern colonies

New England

• New England– Religious freedom – Pilgrims – break completely from Church of England established

Plymouth colony in Massachusetts– Puritans – wanted to reform the church of England settled in

Massachusetts Bay colony

• Economy– Climate and resources did not favor cash crop agriculture – New Englanders traded timber, fur, and other forest products as

well as fish to provide their economic foundation. – New England also provided commercial and shipping services to

the American colonies. – Slaves and indentured servants were present in New England, but

in very small numbers because of the lack of cash crop agriculture.

Middle Atlantic• New York

– became a commercial and shipping center– Exported grain to the Caribbean and Southern Europe

• Pennsylvania (founded by Quakers)– Developed into a wealthy grain exporting colony with

Philadelphia as its major commercial city– Grain was produced by free family farmers

• *environmental factors and geography played a key role in the experience of slaves and the demand for slave labor*

Compare and contrast the different colonial regions established in British North America. In what ways were they similar or different?

• private ventures • to escape from religious persecution or designed to gather wealth. • Government ventures• Some colonies were established by the monarchy, while others were

given only a royal blessing. • Indenture servants• English introduced indentured servants eventually accounted for

approximately 80 percent of all English immigrants to Virginia and Maryland.

• Carolinas• northern part of the Carolinas, economy based on tobacco and forest

products encouraged a slow expansion of slavery. • Charleston and the interior of South Carolina settlers developed

plantations and imitate the slave plantation systems of Brazil and the Caribbean.

• rice and indigo crops attracted increasing flow of African slaves.