Chapter 19Chapter 19

Ancien RegimeAncien Regime The old regime: Ancien Regime, The old regime: Ancien Regime,

or or old orderold order, everyone in France , everyone in France belonged to one of three classes:belonged to one of three classes:

The First EstateThe First Estate The Second EstateThe Second Estate The Third EstateThe Third Estate

The First Estate: The First Estate: The ClergyThe Clergy

Enjoyed enormous wealth Enjoyed enormous wealth and privilegeand privilege

Many clergy condemned the Many clergy condemned the Enlightenment for Enlightenment for undermining religion and undermining religion and moral ordermoral order

Paid NO taxesPaid NO taxes

The Second Estate: The Second Estate: The NoblesThe Nobles

Land owners. Some had little money, Land owners. Some had little money, others were very wealthyothers were very wealthy

Hated absolutism and resented the Hated absolutism and resented the royal bureaucracyroyal bureaucracy

Feared losing their privileges, Feared losing their privileges, especially their freedom from especially their freedom from paying paying taxestaxes

Paid NO taxesPaid NO taxes

The Third Estate: The Third Estate: Everyone Everyone ElseElse

98%98% of the population of the population BourgeoisieBourgeoisie: : top of the third top of the third

estate, the middle classestate, the middle class Most were rural peasantsMost were rural peasants Poorest members were urban Poorest members were urban

workersworkers

Causes of the French Causes of the French RevolutionRevolution

Debt from two wars – Debt from two wars – 7 Years War and 7 Years War and American RevolutionAmerican Revolution

Poor Harvests – Poor Harvests – food prices soar resulting in food prices soar resulting in hungerhunger

Deficit Spending:Deficit Spending: The government The government spending more money that it takes in (half spending more money that it takes in (half the tax income went to pay the interest on the tax income went to pay the interest on the debt) How does the government solve the debt) How does the government solve this problem?this problem?

Court Expenses – Madame Deficit – Court Expenses – Madame Deficit – Lavish court lifeLavish court life

Failure of ReformFailure of Reform

Jacques Necker (economic advisor) Jacques Necker (economic advisor) proposes taxing the first and second proposes taxing the first and second estatesestates

Conclusion: to summon the Estates Conclusion: to summon the Estates General before making any decisionsGeneral before making any decisions

The Burden of DebtThe Burden of Debt

Debt from war may lead to heavier Debt from war may lead to heavier taxes, reduce expenses or bothtaxes, reduce expenses or both

Nobles and clergy resisted any Nobles and clergy resisted any attempt to end their exemption form attempt to end their exemption form paying taxespaying taxes

Financial ProblemsFinancial Problems

Urban Commoners Urban Commoners Budget:Budget:– Food 80%Food 80%– Rent 25%Rent 25%– Tithe 10%Tithe 10%– Taxes 35%Taxes 35%– Clothing 20%Clothing 20%– Total 170%Total 170%

King’s BudgetKing’s Budget– Interest 50%Interest 50%– Army 25%Army 25%– Versailles 25%Versailles 25%– Coronation 10%Coronation 10%– Loans 25%Loans 25%– Admin. 25%Admin. 25%– Total 160%Total 160%

More CausesMore Causes Effect of American Revolution & Effect of American Revolution &

Election of Washington – The Americans Election of Washington – The Americans put the Enlightenment ideas (which had put the Enlightenment ideas (which had originated in Paris) in to action by not originated in Paris) in to action by not only the U.S. Constitution, but actually only the U.S. Constitution, but actually electingelecting a leader. a leader.

Enlightenment ideas led people to Enlightenment ideas led people to question the inequalitiesquestion the inequalities of the old of the old regimeregime

Members of the third estate resented Members of the third estate resented the privileges enjoyed by their social the privileges enjoyed by their social “betters”“betters”

Events Leading Up to the Events Leading Up to the French RevolutionFrench Revolution

Convening of the Estates GeneralMay, 1789

Last time it was called into session was 1614!

Each Estate has one vote causing the first and second estate to outvote the third estate. The third estate wants votes to be counted individually

The CahiersThe Cahiers

King Louis asked all estates to write their King Louis asked all estates to write their grievances down in a notebookgrievances down in a notebook

Most complained about high taxesMost complained about high taxes ““bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the bloodsuckers of the nation who drink the

tears of the unfortunate from goblets of tears of the unfortunate from goblets of gold”gold”

Voting – Third Estate demanded votes be Voting – Third Estate demanded votes be counted by headcounted by head

National AssemblyNational Assembly

Members of the Third Estate declared Members of the Third Estate declared themselves the National Assemblythemselves the National Assembly

They invited members from other They invited members from other estates to help them write a estates to help them write a constitution for the peopleconstitution for the people

The Tennis Court OathThe Tennis Court Oath

Delegates took their famous Tennis Delegates took their famous Tennis Court Oath to never “separate and to Court Oath to never “separate and to meet wherever circumstances might meet wherever circumstances might require until we have established a require until we have established a sound and just constitution.”sound and just constitution.”

Storming of the BastilleStorming of the Bastille Rumors spread that Louis XVI was going to Rumors spread that Louis XVI was going to

dissolve the National Assembly and the dissolve the National Assembly and the royal troops were going to occupy Paris.royal troops were going to occupy Paris.

Riots – more than 800 Parisians assembled Riots – more than 800 Parisians assembled outside the Bastille demanding weapons outside the Bastille demanding weapons and gunpowder thought to be stored there.and gunpowder thought to be stored there.

Storming of the Bastille – The commander Storming of the Bastille – The commander of the Bastille refused to open the gates of the Bastille refused to open the gates and open fired on the crowdand open fired on the crowd

An enraged crowd broke through the gates, An enraged crowd broke through the gates, killed the commander and five guards, killed the commander and five guards, released prisoners, but found no weaponsreleased prisoners, but found no weapons

Reaction of the KingReaction of the King

King Louis asked, “Is it a revolt?”King Louis asked, “Is it a revolt?” A noble replied, “No, Sire. It is a A noble replied, “No, Sire. It is a

Revolution.”Revolution.” The Storming of the Bastille became The Storming of the Bastille became

a symbol of the French Revolutiona symbol of the French Revolution July 14 is a French National HolidayJuly 14 is a French National Holiday

Phase 1 – The National Phase 1 – The National Assembly 1789-1791Assembly 1789-1791

Moderate PhaseModerate Phase

The Declaration of the Rights The Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizenof Man and Citizen

Incorporated ideas of Jefferson’s Incorporated ideas of Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence Declaration of Independence

Lafayette helped in drafting the Lafayette helped in drafting the documentdocument

All men created equal (all estates the All men created equal (all estates the same)same)

Did religious toleration of Protestants Did religious toleration of Protestants and Jews include equal political rights?and Jews include equal political rights?

Declaration Declaration of the Rights of the Rights of Man and of Man and

CitizenCitizen

Liberty, Property, Resistance to oppression!

March of the Women March of the Women October 5-6, 1789October 5-6, 1789

A spontaneous demonstration of Parisian women for bread – demand to see the

king and especially the EVIL Marie Antoinette

The French MonarchyThe French MonarchyMarie Antoinette and Louis XVIMarie Antoinette and Louis XVI

Marie Antoinette’s bedroom at Versailles

Marie Antoinette’s “Peasant Village”

“The October Days” (1789)

The king was thought to be surrounded by evil advisors at Versailles so he was forced to move to Paris and reside at the Tuieleries Palace.

Let them eat cake!Marie Antoinette never said that! But so what – people believed it

“Madame Deficit”

“Austrian Whore”

How to Finance the new How to Finance the new government??government??

Actions of the National Actions of the National AssemblyAssembly

Take over and sell church lands!Take over and sell church lands! Church is under state control (take Church is under state control (take

away church authority)away church authority) Constitution of 1791 – Limited Constitution of 1791 – Limited

MonarchyMonarchy

Louis XVI “accepts” the Constitution and the National Assembly of 1791

The royal family dresses as servants and flees with the help of Marie Antoinette’s Swedish lover. A

guard stopped them and recognizes them from a coin. This incident broke whatever bond was left

between the people of France and their royal family forever.

Phase 2- Constitution of Phase 2- Constitution of 1791 – Legislative and 1791 – Legislative and

Constitutional Monarchy Constitutional Monarchy 1792-17931792-1793

Constitution of 1791Constitution of 1791

A newly elected Legislative Assembly A newly elected Legislative Assembly (make laws, pass taxes, decide on (make laws, pass taxes, decide on issues of war and peace)issues of war and peace)

Limited Monarchy Limited Monarchy Reflected Enlightenment goalsReflected Enlightenment goals

Constitution of 1791Constitution of 1791

3 branches of government – 3 branches of government – Executive, Legislative, and JudicialExecutive, Legislative, and Judicial

Voting Rights – Voting Rights – Lawmakers elected Lawmakers elected by tax paying citizens (male)by tax paying citizens (male)

Church – Church – Ended interference in Ended interference in governmentgovernment

Taxes – Taxes – Made nobles and clergy pay Made nobles and clergy pay taxestaxes

Widespread FearWidespread Fear Emigres: Nobles, clergy, and others who Emigres: Nobles, clergy, and others who

had fled France and told others about the had fled France and told others about the horrors going on in France.horrors going on in France.

Declaration of Pilnitz: if the French Declaration of Pilnitz: if the French monarchy is harmed then monarchy is harmed then

FRANCE VS. PrussiaFRANCE VS. Prussia AustriaAustria RussiaRussia Great BritainGreat Britain SpainSpain

Sans-culottes and Jacobins…Radical changes Sans-culottes and Jacobins…Radical changes will plunge Europe into war. 1792-1815.will plunge Europe into war. 1792-1815.

The Jacobins – Radicals in The Jacobins – Radicals in the Legislative Assemblythe Legislative AssemblyJacobin Meeting HouseJacobin Meeting House

They held their meetings in the They held their meetings in the library of a former Jacobin library of a former Jacobin monastery in Paris.monastery in Paris.

Started as a debating society.Started as a debating society.

Membership mostly Membership mostly middle middle classclass lawyers or intellectuals lawyers or intellectuals

Created a vast network of clubs.Created a vast network of clubs.

Phase 3 – Convention/ Phase 3 – Convention/ Committee of Public Safety/ Committee of Public Safety/ Reign of Terror/ Robespierre Reign of Terror/ Robespierre

1793-17941793-1794

Radicals Take OverRadicals Take Over

Called for the election of a new Called for the election of a new legislative body: The legislative body: The National National ConventionConvention

Controlled by Controlled by JacobinsJacobins Abolished the Abolished the monarchymonarchy

The National The National ConventionConvention

(September, 1792)(September, 1792) Its first act was the formal Its first act was the formal abolition of the monarchy on abolition of the monarchy on September 22, 1792.September 22, 1792.

The The Year IYear I of the French Republic. of the French Republic.

The Decree of FraternityThe Decree of Fraternity

it offered French assistance to any it offered French assistance to any subject peoples who wished to subject peoples who wished to overthrow their governments.overthrow their governments.

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

When France sneezes, When France sneezes, all of Europe catches all of Europe catches

cold!cold!

Louis XVI’s Head Louis XVI’s Head (January (January 21, 1793)21, 1793)c The trial of the king The trial of the king

was hastened by the was hastened by the discovery in a secret discovery in a secret cupboard in the cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache Tuilieres of a cache of documents.of documents.

c They proved They proved conclusively Louis’ conclusively Louis’ knowledge and knowledge and encouragement of encouragement of foreign intervention.foreign intervention.

c The National The National Convention votedConvention voted387 to 334387 to 334 to to execute the execute the monarchs.monarchs.

Arrest & Execution of King Arrest & Execution of King Louis XVILouis XVI

January 1793- January 1793- Louis XVI “tried” Louis XVI “tried” and executedand executed

Guillotine- Guillotine- Instrument of Instrument of death!death!

October 1793- October 1793- Execution of Marie Execution of Marie AntoinetteAntoinette

The Death of “Citizen” The Death of “Citizen” Louis CapetLouis Capet

Matter for Matter for reflectionreflection

for the crowned for the crowned jugglers.jugglers.

So impure bloodSo impure blooddoesn’t soil our land!doesn’t soil our land!

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette on the Way to the on the Way to the

GuillotineGuillotine

Marie Antoinette Marie Antoinette Died in October, Died in October,

17931793

Madame Tussaud’s Wax Madame Tussaud’s Wax MuseumMuseum

Maximillian Maximillian RobespierreRobespierre((1758 – 1794)1758 – 1794)•Leader of the Committee of

Public Safety – 12 members –almost absolute power to save Revolution•Liberty cannot be secured unless criminals lose their head.” – “republic of virtue” thru terror•Who was safe? No one •“The Incorruptible”•Embraced Rousseau’s idea of the general will as the source of all legitimate law.•Religious toleration and abolish slavery

The Reign ofThe Reign of TerrorTerrorTerror is nothing other than Terror is nothing other than justice, prompt, severe, inflexible.justice, prompt, severe, inflexible. -- Robespierre-- Robespierre

Let terror be Let terror be the order of the order of

the day!the day!c The Revolutionary The Revolutionary

Tribunal of Paris alone Tribunal of Paris alone executed 2,639 executed 2,639 victims in 15 months.victims in 15 months.

c The total number of The total number of victims nationwide victims nationwide was over was over 40,00040,000!!

The “Monster” The “Monster” GuillotineGuillotine

The last guillotine execution in France was in The last guillotine execution in France was in 19391939!!

The The Radical’s Radical’s

Arms:Arms:

No God!No God!No Religion!No Religion!

No King!No King!No No

Constitution!Constitution!

Phase 4 – Directory – Stop Phase 4 – Directory – Stop the Insanity of the Reign of the Insanity of the Reign of

Terror 1795-1799Terror 1795-1799

Return to NormalcyReturn to Normalcy

Emigres (nobles living in other Emigres (nobles living in other countries)- returnedcountries)- returned

Large % of French wanted a return to Large % of French wanted a return to a monarchya monarchy

The people recognized that they The people recognized that they needed a real leaderneeded a real leader

The Government Structure of the The Government Structure of the

New DirectoryNew DirectoryV 5-man executive committee or 5-man executive committee or oligarchy oligarchy [to [to

avoid a dictatorship].avoid a dictatorship].

V Tried to avoid the dangers of a one-house Tried to avoid the dangers of a one-house legislature.legislature.

Council of 500Council of 500 initiates legislation. initiates legislation.

Council of EldersCouncil of Elders [250 members] [250 members] married or married or widowed widowed males males over 40 years of age.over 40 years of age.

o They accepted or rejected the legislation.They accepted or rejected the legislation.

Both houses elected by electors who owned or Both houses elected by electors who owned or rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor rented property worth 100-200 days’ labor [limited to 30,000 voters].[limited to 30,000 voters].

The electors were elected by all males over 21 The electors were elected by all males over 21 who were taxpayers.who were taxpayers.

Look to NapoleonLook to Napoleon

Coup d’Coup d’éétattat by Napoleon.by Napoleon.

Approved by a Approved by a plebisciteplebiscite in in December.December.

Abbe Sieyès: Abbe Sieyès: Confidence Confidence from below; from below; authority authority from above.from above.

Effects of the French Effects of the French RevolutionRevolution

Olympe de GougesOlympe de Gouges Women played a Women played a

vital role in the vital role in the revolutionrevolution

But, the Declaration But, the Declaration of the Rights of of the Rights of Man did not extend Man did not extend rights to womenrights to women

Therefore: The Therefore: The Declaration of the Declaration of the Rights of Women Rights of Women and of the citizenand of the citizen

Official Response to Role of Official Response to Role of Women in Political lifeWomen in Political life

““Women lacked the moral and Women lacked the moral and physical strength necessary to physical strength necessary to practice political rights.”practice political rights.”

1793 – National Convention: 1793 – National Convention: Women’s club bannedWomen’s club banned

Other changesOther changes

Nationalism: A Nationalism: A strong feeling of strong feeling of pride in the and pride in the and devotion to one’s devotion to one’s countrycountry

Social reforms: Social reforms: abolish slavery, de-abolish slavery, de-Christianize FranceChristianize France

Arts: Jacques Louis Arts: Jacques Louis DavidDavid