chapter 17 challenges of the cities immigration: push & pull factors push factors: scarce land...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities
Immigration: Push & Pull Factors
Push Factors:•Scarce Land •Farm jobs lost to machines•Political and religious persecution•Revolution•Poverty & hard lives
Pull Factors:•Promise of freedom & better life•Family or friends already settled in the United StatesFactory jobs available
The New Immigrants
Where They Came From1840-1860:• 93% Northern & Western
Europe• 2% Eastern & Southern
Europe• 3% Americas• 1.5% Asia• 2% All others
Where they came from 1880-1900:•59% Northern & Western•33% Eastern & Southern Europe•6% Americas•1%Asia•1% All others
The New Immigrants:• Immigrants from Southern and eastern Europe, Asia, and Latin America poured into the
U.S. after the Civil War.• Most immigrants settled in ethnic neighborhoods in the cities while they assimilated into
American Culture.• A new surge of nativism arose in response to the so-called new immigrants.Boom in the Cities:• Cities grew rapidly in the late 1800’s and many poor people lived in crowded slums.• Under pressure from reformers, cities passed building codes and improved city services.• Church groups, along with idealistic reformers like Jane Adams, worked to improve the
life of the poor city residents.City Life Transformed:• Skyscrapers, public transportation, and public parks became a part of the city scene in the
later 1800s.• Newspaper circulation grew as publishers introduced new features, comics, and
sensational “yellow journalism.”• Leisure activities such as sports and entertainment helped unite Americans.Education & Culture:• 6.4 % Graduation Rate. 93.6% Did not Graduate• In the Late 1800’s, education improved in the United States.• American literature and art ranged from dime novels to new works of realism.Health:• Average life expectancy was 47.3. African American Males was 32.5.• Causes of high Death Rate: Cardiovascular problems, Tuberculosis, Influenza &
pneumonia, Gastritis & Colitis, and Malignant tumors
Chapter 17 Challenges of the Cities Review
Immigration and Internal Migration
Rapid Growth of the Cities
Urban Problems of Poverty, Crime, and Disease
Nativism leads to immigration restrictions and violence against immigrants
Political Machines develop to offer services to city dwellers in exchange for votes
Characteristics of Characteristics of UrbanizationUrbanization
During the Gilded AgeDuring the Gilded Age1.1. Megalopolis.Megalopolis.
2.2. Mass Transit.Mass Transit.
3.3. Magnet for economic and social Magnet for economic and social opportunities.opportunities.
4.4. Pronounced class distinctions.Pronounced class distinctions. - Inner & outer core - Inner & outer core
5.5. New frontier of opportunity for New frontier of opportunity for women.women.
6.6. Squalid living conditions for many.Squalid living conditions for many.
7.7. Political machines.Political machines.
8.8. Ethnic neighborhoods.Ethnic neighborhoods.
NewArchitectural
Style
NewArchitectural
Style
NewUse ofSpace
NewUse ofSpace
NewClass
Diversity
NewClass
Diversity
New EnergyNew Energy
New Culture(“Melting Pot”)
New Culture(“Melting Pot”)
New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”
New Form ofClassic “RuggedIndividualism”
New Levels of Crime,
Violence, & Corruption
New Levels of Crime,
Violence, & Corruption
Make a NewStart
Make a NewStart
NewSymbols ofChange &Progress
NewSymbols ofChange &Progress
The City as a New “Frontier?”
The City as a New “Frontier?”
William Le Baron William Le Baron JenneyJenney
1832 – 19071832 – 1907
““Father of Father of the Modernthe ModernSkyscraper”Skyscraper”
W. Le W. Le Baron Baron
Jenney: Jenney:
CentralCentralY.M.C.A., Y.M.C.A., Chicago, Chicago,
18911891
Louis SullivanLouis Sullivan 1856 – 19241856 – 1924
The ChicagoThe ChicagoSchool ofSchool ofArchitecturArchitecturee
Form Form followsfollowsfunction!function!
Louis Louis Sullivan: Sullivan: Bayard Bayard Bldg., Bldg., NYC, NYC, 18971897
D. H. BurnhamD. H. Burnham
1846 – 19121846 – 1912
Use of steelUse of steelas a superas a superstructure.structure.
D. H. Burnham: D. H. Burnham: Marshall Fields Dept. Marshall Fields Dept.
Store, 1902Store, 1902
Frank Lloyd WrightFrank Lloyd Wright 1869 – 19591869 – 1959
““Prairie Prairie House”House”School of School of ArchitectureArchitecture
““OrganicOrganicArchitectureArchitecture””
Function Function follows form!follows form!
Frank Lloyd Wright:Frank Lloyd Wright:Allen-Lamb House, 1915Allen-Lamb House, 1915
F. L. Wright FurnitureF. L. Wright Furniture
F. L. Wright Glass ScreensF. L. Wright Glass Screens
Prairie wheat Prairie wheat patterns.patterns.
New York City Architectural New York City Architectural Style: 1870s-1910sStyle: 1870s-1910s
1.1. The style was less innovative thanThe style was less innovative thanin Chicago.in Chicago.
2.2. NYC was the source of the capital NYC was the source of the capital for Chicago.for Chicago.
3.3. Most major business firms had Most major business firms had their headquarters in NYC their headquarters in NYC their their bldgs. became “logos” for their bldgs. became “logos” for their companies.companies.
4.4. NYC buildings and skyscrapers NYC buildings and skyscrapers were taller than in Chicago.were taller than in Chicago.
Western Western
Union Union Bldg,. Bldg,. NYC - NYC - 18751875
SingerSingerBuilding Building
NYC - NYC - 19021902
Grand Central Grand Central Station, 1913Station, 1913
John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,
18831883
Statue of Liberty, 1876Statue of Liberty, 1876(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)(Frederic Auguste Bartholdi)
““Dumbell “ Dumbell “ TenementTenement
Jacob Jacob Riis: Riis:
How the How the
Other Half Other Half LivedLived(1890)(1890)
Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving
Lodgers Huddled Lodgers Huddled TogetherTogether
Tenement Slum Tenement Slum LivingLiving
Struggling Immigrant Struggling Immigrant FamiliesFamilies
Mulberry Street – Mulberry Street – “Little Italy”“Little Italy”
St. St. Patrick’s Patrick’s
CathedralCathedral
Hester Street – Jewish Hester Street – Jewish SectionSection
19001900RoshRosh
HashanaHashanahh
GreetingGreetingCardCard
Pell St. - Chinatown, Pell St. - Chinatown, NYCNYC
Urban Growth: 1870 - Urban Growth: 1870 - 19001900
Industrial Age TimelineDate Event
J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation
J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.
Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.
Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill
Knights of labor is formed
Haymarket Square riot in Chicago
Farmers Alliance founded
Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling
Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.
Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.
The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions
James Naismith invents basketball.
Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.
Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone
Date Event
1901 J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation
1863 J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.
1892 Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.
1875 Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill
1869 Knights of labor is formed
1886 Haymarket Square riot in Chicago
1877 Farmers Alliance founded
1868 Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling
1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.
1873 Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.
1883 The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions
1891 James Naismith invents basketball.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone
Date Event
1863 J.D. Rockefeller forms Standard Oil Co.
1868 Construction begins on the Brooklyn Bridge, by John Roebling.
1869 Knights of labor is formed.
1873 Boss Tweed convicted of corruption in New York.
1875 Andrew Carnegie establishes his first steel mill.
1876 Alexander Graham Bell invents the Telephone.
1877 Farmers Alliance founded.
1882 Chinese Exclusion Act passed by Congress.
1883 The World Exhibition opens in Amsterdam highlighting new inventions.
1886 Haymarket Square riot in Chicago
1889 Jane Addams founds Hull House in Chicago.
1891 James Naismith invents basketball.
1892 Homestead Strike against Carnegie Steel Co.
1901 J.P. Morgan forms U.S. Steel Corporation.