Chapter 15Chapter 15 Notes Notes

Mrs. MarshallMrs. Marshall

Second Great AwakeningSecond Great Awakening

Began in 1790’sBegan in 1790’s Revival meetings, erection of new Revival meetings, erection of new

churches and founding of new churches and founding of new colleges/universitiescolleges/universities

Derived its religious strength from Derived its religious strength from the popular preaching of evangelical the popular preaching of evangelical revivalists in both the west and revivalists in both the west and eastern citieseastern cities

Grew out of opposition to DeismGrew out of opposition to Deism Strengthened Methodists and Strengthened Methodists and

BaptistBaptist Camp meetingsCamp meetings Promoted religious diversityPromoted religious diversity

Peter CartwrightPeter Cartwright

A Methodist “circuit rider’A Methodist “circuit rider’ Converted thousands of peopleConverted thousands of people

Charles Grandison FinneyCharles Grandison Finney

lawyer turned preacherlawyer turned preacher

Advocated:Advocated: opposition to slaveryopposition to slavery perfect Christian kingdom on perfect Christian kingdom on

earthearth opposition to alcoholopposition to alcohol public prayer by womenpublic prayer by women

  

DeistsDeists

Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Thomas Jefferson, Benjamin Franklin, Thomas PaineFranklin, Thomas Paine

relied on reason rather than relied on reason rather than revelationrevelation

on science rather than the Bibleon science rather than the Bible rejected the concept of original rejected the concept of original

sin and denied Christ’s divinitysin and denied Christ’s divinity

Believed in Supreme Being who had Believed in Supreme Being who had created a knowable universe and created a knowable universe and endowed human beings with a endowed human beings with a capacity for moral behaviorcapacity for moral behavior

UnitarianismUnitarianism

denied the divinity of Jesus and denied the divinity of Jesus and held that God existed in only one held that God existed in only one person.person.

William Ellery ChanningWilliam Ellery Channing An early 19An early 19thth century religious century religious

rationalist sect devoted to the rationalist sect devoted to the rule of reason and free will.rule of reason and free will.

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson

Millerites(Adventists)Millerites(Adventists)

William MillerWilliam Miller this “burned over” district group this “burned over” district group

interpreted the Bible to mean Christ interpreted the Bible to mean Christ would return to earth on October 22, would return to earth on October 22, 1844.1844.

Nothing happened-became known as Nothing happened-became known as the “Great disappointment.” the “Great disappointment.” Movement splintered over doctrinal Movement splintered over doctrinal differencesdifferences

MormonsMormons

Joseph SmithJoseph Smith Book of MormonsBook of Mormons Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day SaintsChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Block voting polygamy (plural marriages)Block voting polygamy (plural marriages) Brigham YoungBrigham Young 1847 edge of desert near the Great Salt 1847 edge of desert near the Great Salt

LakeLake Utah became a state in 1896Utah became a state in 1896

EducationEducation

Many did not support public Many did not support public education because it educated education because it educated primarily the poorprimarily the poor

Began supporting because Began supporting because education deemed essential for education deemed essential for social stability and democracysocial stability and democracy

Horace MannHorace Mann- promoter of tax - promoter of tax supported system of public supported system of public education for all childreneducation for all children

Successful in: extending school Successful in: extending school year, raising teacher salaries, year, raising teacher salaries, changing curriculumchanging curriculum

Noah Webster- Noah Webster- dictionary and dictionary and reading lessonsreading lessons

William McGuffeyWilliam McGuffey- McGuffey’s - McGuffey’s Readers (1830’s) primers for Readers (1830’s) primers for grades 1-6grades 1-6

Higher educationHigher education– Small, denominational, liberal arts Small, denominational, liberal arts

collegescolleges– 1st state universities were in South1st state universities were in South

Education for WomenEducation for Women

their place was in the home- no their place was in the home- no need for educationneed for education

Emma Willard-Troy Female Emma Willard-Troy Female Seminary- 1821Seminary- 1821

Oberlin College- 1Oberlin College- 1stst university to university to admit African Americans. admit African Americans. Admitted women-1837Admitted women-1837

Lyceum MovementLyceum Movement

Josiah HolbrookJosiah Holbrook Adult education and self-Adult education and self-

improvement traveling lecture improvement traveling lecture programs.programs.

Ralph Waldo EmersonRalph Waldo Emerson Topics- science, literature, Topics- science, literature,

moralsmorals

Dorothea DixDorothea Dix

New England teacher and author,New England teacher and author, Worked to improve the Worked to improve the

treatment of the mentally ill. treatment of the mentally ill. Encourages legislatures to build Encourages legislatures to build institutions to treat mentally ill.institutions to treat mentally ill.

Temperance MovementTemperance Movement

1826- the American Society for 1826- the American Society for the Prohibition of Temperance.the Prohibition of Temperance.

Aimed at hard liquor, whiskey, Aimed at hard liquor, whiskey, rum, bourbon and hard cider.rum, bourbon and hard cider.

Neil Dow’s Maine law in 1851- 1Neil Dow’s Maine law in 1851- 1stst state to outlaw intoxicating state to outlaw intoxicating liquor.liquor.

Consumption stemmed from the Consumption stemmed from the hard and monotonous life many hard and monotonous life many people lead.people lead.

1818thth Amendment- 1919- Amendment- 1919- ProhibitionProhibition

2121stst Amendment- 1933- repealed Amendment- 1933- repealed the 18the 18thth

  

Ways in which women were Ways in which women were discriminateddiscriminated

Could not voteCould not vote Could not own property once Could not own property once

marriedmarried Could be beaten by her Could be beaten by her

overlord(just as slaves)overlord(just as slaves) Were inferior to menWere inferior to men

Elizabeth Cady Stanton- Elizabeth Cady Stanton- a a leading feminist who wrote leading feminist who wrote “Declaration of Sentiment”-1848“Declaration of Sentiment”-1848

Pushed for women’s suffragePushed for women’s suffrage

Lucretia Mott- Lucretia Mott- a Quaker and a Quaker and women’s rights advocate. women’s rights advocate. Strongly supported the abolition Strongly supported the abolition of slaveryof slavery

Susan B. Anthony-Susan B. Anthony-

social reformer for temperance-social reformer for temperance-achieved world-wide fame as a achieved world-wide fame as a crusader for women’s rightscrusader for women’s rights

Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell- 11stst female doctor in the US- barred female doctor in the US- barred from practicing in most hospitalsfrom practicing in most hospitals

Sarah and Angelina Grimke- Sarah and Angelina Grimke- abolitionist movementabolitionist movement

Mary Lyon- Mary Lyon- pioneer in the field of pioneer in the field of higher education-established the higher education-established the 11stst women’s college Mount women’s college Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts.Holyoke in Massachusetts.

Emma Willard- Emma Willard- established the established the first female high school in the first female high school in the United States in 1821United States in 1821

Lucy Stone- Lucy Stone- American reformer American reformer who was a pioneer in the who was a pioneer in the movement for women’s rights. movement for women’s rights. Graduated from Oberlin College. Graduated from Oberlin College. Toured the country, lecturing Toured the country, lecturing against slavery and advocating against slavery and advocating equality for womenequality for women

Amelia BloomerAmelia Bloomer- revolted against - revolted against the women’s attire-best known the women’s attire-best known for her support for the outfit of for her support for the outfit of the tunic and full “pantaloons”. the tunic and full “pantaloons”. Later called “The Bloomer Later called “The Bloomer Costume”, later BloomersCostume”, later Bloomers

Seneca Falls ConventionSeneca Falls Convention 1848 1848 in New Yorkin New York

Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady StantonStanton

Issued a “Declaration of Issued a “Declaration of Sentiment”Sentiment” Demanded the right Demanded the right of women to voteof women to vote

Launched the modern women’s Launched the modern women’s rights movement rights movement 

Utopian CommunitiesUtopian Communities

an experimental community an experimental community designed to be a perfect society, designed to be a perfect society, in which its members could live in which its members could live together in harmony.together in harmony.

They were seeking human They were seeking human betterment.betterment.

New HarmonyNew Harmony

Robert Owen- IndianaRobert Owen- Indiana Constitution called for absolute Constitution called for absolute

equality and freedom of speech equality and freedom of speech and action. Absence of authorityand action. Absence of authority

led to its failure.led to its failure.

Brook FarmBrook Farm

George Ripley and other George Ripley and other transcendentalists- 1841.transcendentalists- 1841.

Fire destroyed building, led to Fire destroyed building, led to financial problems and commune financial problems and commune failed.failed.

Nathaniel HawthorneNathaniel Hawthorne

OneidaOneida

most radical experiment in social most radical experiment in social and religious thinking.and religious thinking.

New York-1848- John NoyesNew York-1848- John Noyes Complex Marriage- every man Complex Marriage- every man

married to every woman and vice married to every woman and vice versa.versa.

Successful economically but by Successful economically but by 1879 internal dissension had 1879 internal dissension had arisen and outside hostility arisen and outside hostility became so strong Noyes went to became so strong Noyes went to Canada.Canada.

The most successful of the The most successful of the utopian communitiesutopian communities

John J. AudubonJohn J. Audubon

For half a century he was the For half a century he was the country’s dominant wildlife artist.country’s dominant wildlife artist.

Birds of AmericaBirds of America- a collection of 435 - a collection of 435 life-size printslife-size prints

Audubon Society- Audubon’s widow Audubon Society- Audubon’s widow tutored one of the founders of this tutored one of the founders of this society. Purpose of the Audubon society. Purpose of the Audubon Society is to conserve and restore Society is to conserve and restore natural ecosystems focusing on birds natural ecosystems focusing on birds and other wildlife.and other wildlife.

America’s artistic achievement America’s artistic achievement was barely notable in the 1was barely notable in the 1stst half half of the 19of the 19thth century. century.

Public buildings followed Greek Public buildings followed Greek and Roman linesand Roman lines

Thomas Jefferson- Monticello and Thomas Jefferson- Monticello and the University of Virginiathe University of Virginia

  

Hudson River SchoolHudson River School

Excelled in the art of painting Excelled in the art of painting landscapeslandscapes

Dating from the 1820’s a group of Dating from the 1820’s a group of painters who took as their subjects painters who took as their subjects the unique naturalness of the the unique naturalness of the American continent, starting with the American continent, starting with the Hudson River in New York but Hudson River in New York but eventually extending all the way to eventually extending all the way to California.California.

  

After the war of 1812 a wave ofAfter the war of 1812 a wave of

Nationalism contributed to theNationalism contributed to the

development of Americandevelopment of American

literature.literature.

Washington IrvingWashington Irving

His His Knickerbockers' History of Knickerbockers' History of New York New York and and Sketch Book Sketch Book along along with individual short tales like with individual short tales like Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle and and The Legend The Legend of Sleepy Hollow of Sleepy Hollow described the described the Dutch experience in New York Dutch experience in New York and made him the 1and made him the 1stst American American writer to achieve world fame.writer to achieve world fame.

James Fenimore CooperJames Fenimore Cooper

Created an original American Created an original American literature with his literature with his Leatherstocking Leatherstocking TalesTales and and The Last of the Mohicans.The Last of the Mohicans. His depiction of the contrasting His depiction of the contrasting values of the rugged men of the values of the rugged men of the wilderness with modern civilization wilderness with modern civilization became a reoccurring theme in became a reoccurring theme in American literature. American literature.

He gained world fame and made New He gained world fame and made New World themes respectable. World themes respectable.

Transcendentalists believed that Transcendentalists believed that all knowledge came through an all knowledge came through an inner light.inner light.

Transcendental thought was Transcendental thought was influenced by:influenced by:

German philosophers, Oriental German philosophers, Oriental religions, individualism and the religions, individualism and the love of nature.love of nature.

Transcendentalists WritersTranscendentalists Writers

Ralph Waldo Emerson-Ralph Waldo Emerson-emphasized individuality and an emphasized individuality and an intuitive spirituality. Balked at intuitive spirituality. Balked at the emerging industrial society the emerging industrial society around him.around him.

Henry David Thoreau- removed Henry David Thoreau- removed himself from society-himself from society-WaldenWalden(1854)- (1854)- “civil disobedience”-this influenced “civil disobedience”-this influenced such people as Mahatma Gandhi and such people as Mahatma Gandhi and Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

Walt Whitman- collection of poemWalt Whitman- collection of poem Leaves of Grass Leaves of Grass (1855). His fame (1855). His fame increased after his death. Gained the increased after his death. Gained the informal title “Poet Laureate of informal title “Poet Laureate of Democracy”Democracy”

Nathaniel Hawthorne- Nathaniel Hawthorne- The The Scarlet Letter Scarlet Letter (1850) and (1850) and The The House of the Seven Gables House of the Seven Gables (1851) Rejected the (1851) Rejected the transcendentalist.transcendentalist.

  

Transcendental movement was Transcendental movement was short-lived, dying out in the short-lived, dying out in the 1850’s but it influenced other 1850’s but it influenced other individuals and movementsindividuals and movements

Henry Wadsworth LongfellowHenry Wadsworth Longfellow

Harvard professorHarvard professor ““Evangeline” ,”The Song of Evangeline” ,”The Song of

Hiawatha”, “The Courtship of Hiawatha”, “The Courtship of Miles Standish”Miles Standish”

Only American to ever be honored Only American to ever be honored with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of with a bust in the Poet’s Corner of Westminster AbbeyWestminster Abbey

  

John Greenleaf WhitterJohn Greenleaf Whitter

QuakerQuaker Influential in social actionInfluential in social action Poems about inhumanity, Poems about inhumanity,

injustice and intoleranceinjustice and intolerance

James Russell LowellJames Russell Lowell

Ranks among America’s best Ranks among America’s best poetspoets

Distinguished essayists, literacy Distinguished essayists, literacy critic, editor and diplomatcritic, editor and diplomat

  

Dr. Oliver Wendell HolmesDr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

Taught anatomy at Harvard Taught anatomy at Harvard Medical SchoolMedical School

Prominent poet, essayist, Prominent poet, essayist, novelist and lecturernovelist and lecturer

  

Two female writers:Two female writers: Louisa May Alcott - wrote Louisa May Alcott - wrote Little Little

Women Women (1868)(1868) Emily Dickinson -her poems were Emily Dickinson -her poems were

published after her death.published after her death.

Edgar Allan PoeEdgar Allan Poe

Did not believe in human Did not believe in human goodness and social progressgoodness and social progress

Poet and also excelled in short Poet and also excelled in short storiesstories

““The Raven” The Raven”

Two other writes who alsoTwo other writes who also

reflected the continuing obsessionreflected the continuing obsession

of never ending struggle betweenof never ending struggle between

good and evil:good and evil: Nathaniel Hawthorne- Puritanism Nathaniel Hawthorne- Puritanism

were dominant themes in his were dominant themes in his works like works like The Scarlet LetterThe Scarlet Letter

Herman Melville-his work Herman Melville-his work Moby Moby DickDick was a tale of good and evil was a tale of good and evil

Most all distinguished historians Most all distinguished historians of the early nineteenth century of the early nineteenth century came from the New England came from the New England states because the Boston area states because the Boston area provided well-stocked libraries provided well-stocked libraries and a stimulating literacy and a stimulating literacy tradition.tradition.

Impact on the South:Impact on the South:

Northern writers heavily Northern writers heavily influenced by the abolitionist influenced by the abolitionist and they were opposed to the and they were opposed to the southern way of life. For many southern way of life. For many generations of history writings generations of history writings had an anti-southern bias.had an anti-southern bias.