chapter 13 the american west summary in opening the west for settlement, the federal government...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter 13The American West
Summary
In opening the West for settlement, the federal government relocated Native Americans to vastly diminished homelands or eliminated them in military battles. Immigrants, African Americans & white Americans eagerly moved into the new frontier to mine, ranch & establish farms. New technologies & perseverance helped them survive in the new landscape
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
The Fight for the West
Mining & Ranching
Farming the Plains
2
13.1 Do Now
• Read “The Inside Story” – The Ghost Dance p. 438
3
The Fight for the West (13.1)
The Main Idea
Native Americans fought the movement of settlers westward, but the U.S. military and the persistence of American
settlers proved too strong to resist.
Reading Focus• How was the stage set for conflict between white settlers and
Native Americans in the West?
• What were the Indian Wars and their consequences?
• How did Native American resistance to white settlement end?
• What was life like on the Indian Reservation?
4
I. Stage Set for Conflict
5
I. Stage Set for Conflict
a. Culture of the Plains Indiansi. Buffalo provided food, clothing, and shelter for the nomadic lifestyle
of the Indians. ii. They did not believe land should be bought and sold, and white
farmers felt it should be divided. b. Government policy
i. Instead of continuing to move the Indians westward, the government changed its policy.
ii. Indian land was seized, and they were forced onto reservations.
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native Americans in the West
6
I. Stage Set for Conflict
c. Destruction of the buffaloi. The buffalo-centered way of life was threatened, with vast herds
driven to extinction by reduced grazing lands and hunting for sport and profit.
ii. By 1894 only about 25 buffalo survivediii. This was caused by the following events…
1. Settlers’ oxen & horses ate the buffalo’s food supply2. New livestock brought with the settlers spread diseases that
killed the buffalo3. Increased demand for buffalo hides4. Railroad companies ordered “Buffalo Hunts” to thin out the
herds
Objective: Describe how the stage was set for conflict between white settlers & Native Americans in the West
7
II. The Indian Wars
a. Sand Creek Massacre
i. Army troops attacked and massacred surrendering Cheyenne.
ii. Congressional investigators condemned the Army actions, but no one was punished in the Sand Creek Massacre.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
8
II. The Indian Wars
i. After the massacre, Cheyenne and Sioux stepped up their raids.
ii. In return for closing a sacred trail, the Sioux agreed to live on a reservation.
iii. Other nations signed the Medicine Lodge Treaty and were moved to reservation lands in western Oklahoma.
b. Treaties
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
9
II. The Indian Wars
i. George Armstrong Custer led his troops in headlong battle against Sitting Bull and lost.
ii. The Battle of the Little Bighorn was a temporary victory for the Sioux.
iii. The U.S. government was determined to put down the threat to settlers.
c. The Battle of the Little Bighorn
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
10
II. The Indian Wars
d. Palo Duro Canyon
i. The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon ended the Indian Wars on the southern Plains.
ii. With their ponies killed and food stores destroyed, surviving Comanches moved onto the reservation.
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
11
II. The Indian Wars
i. The Ghost Dance was a religious movement that inspired hope among suffering Native Americans.
ii. Newspapers began suggesting that this signaled a planned uprising.
iii. The military killed Sitting Bull while attempting to arrest him in a skirmish.
e. The Ghost Dance
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
12
II. The Indian Wars
i. The Wounded Knee Massacre occurred the day after the surrender.
ii. Shooting began after a gun went off, and the fleeing Sioux were massacred.
iii. This action marked the end of the bloody conflict between the army and the Plains Indians.
f. Wounded Knee
Objective: Explain what the Indian Wars & their consequences were
13
II. The Indian Wars
14
III. Resistance Ends in the West
a. Resistance in the Northwesti. The government took back nine-
tenths of the Nez Percé land when gold miners and settlers came into the area.
ii. Fourteen years later they were ordered to abandon the last bit of that land to move into Idaho.
iii. Chief Joseph tried to take his people into Canada, but the army forced their surrender less than forty miles from the Canadian border.
iv. Chief Joseph and many others were eventually sent to northern Washington.
b.Resistance in the Southwest i. The Apache people were moved
onto a reservation near the Gila River in Arizona.
ii. Soldiers forcefully stopped a religious gathering there, and Geronimo and others fled the reservation.
iii. They raided settlements along the Arizona-Mexico border for years before finally being captured in 1886.
iv. Geronimo and his followers were sent to Florida as prisoners of war. His surrender marked the end of armed resistance in the area.
Objective: Trace how Native American resistance to white settlement ended
15
IV. Life on the Reservations
a. The government wanted control over all the western territories and wanted Indians to live like white Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
16
IV. Life on the Reservations
b. The Bureau of Indian Affairs began to erase the Indian culture through a program of Americanization. i. Indian students could
speak only English and could not wear their traditional clothing. They learned to live like Americans.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
17
IV. Life on the Reservations
c. The Dawes Act of 1887 broke up many reservations and turned Native Americans into individual property owners.
d. Ownership was designed to transform their relationship to the land.
e. The Indians received less productive land, and few had the money to start farms. i. Most of the land given to the Indians was unsuitable
for farming.
Objective: Analyze what life was like on the Reservations
18
Mining & Ranching (13.2)
The Main Idea
Many people sought fortunes during the mining and cattle booms of the American West.
Reading Focus• How did mining lead to new settlements in the West?
• Why did mining become big business?
• How and why did the cattle boom come to an end?
19
I. Striking Gold & Silver
a. Discovering gold and silveri. After the California gold rush, Colorado was next.
ii. Most who went there were disappointed, but the silver in the Comstock Lode in Nevada lasted for more than 20 years.
b. The Klondike gold rush i. The Yukon Territory was the site of a huge gold rush, but getting
there was treacherous.
ii. Canadians required miners to bring a year’s worth of supplies with them, and that was a difficult task.
iii. Reports of “gold for the taking” were false.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the West
20
I. Striking Gold & Silver
c. Mining camps and townsi. Thousands of men poured into mining areas. Camps were hastily
built and had no law enforcement. Vigilante justice was used to combat theft and violence.
d. Camps become townsii. Some camps developed into towns, with hastily constructed
buildings of stores and saloons.
iii. As towns developed, women and children came to join the men, making the towns more respectable. Townspeople established churches, newspapers, and schools.
Objective: Infer how mining led to new settlements in the West
21
II. Mining as Big Business
a. Placer mining allowed individuals to pan for gold, but soon equipment was needed to dig deeper within the earth.
b. Large companies were formed to invest in hydraulic mining and hard-rock mining. i. Prospectors became employees, working dangerous
jobs for these companies.
Objective: Explain why mining became big business
22
II. Mining as Big Business
c. Miners began to organize unions to negotiate safer working conditions and better pay. i. Mining companies resisted, and violence broke out. ii. At Cripple Creek, Colorado, the Western Federation
of Miners faced off against the corporate mining interests.
iii. When it was over, 30 men were left dead and the union was defeated.
Objective: Explain why mining became big business
23
III. The Cattle Boom
a. Origins of ranching
i. The Spanish were the first ranchers in the West, raising cattle under dry and difficult conditions.
ii. They bred the hardy Texas longhorn and started sheep ranching.
iii. Grazing lands were needed for both.
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
24
III. The Cattle Boom
i. Growing populations in the East needed food.
ii. The age of the cattle drive had arrived.
iii. Cowboys drove the cattle to towns with railroads to be shipped to meatpacking centers such as Chicago.
iv. One of the most famous cattle trails was the Chisholm Trail.
b. Demand for beef
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
25
III. The Cattle Boom
i. Joseph Glidden invented barbed wire, allowing ranchers to enclose grazing lands.
ii. Privately owned ranches spread quickly, and investors transformed the cattle business into big business.
iii. Two years of severe winters brought huge losses to the industry.
c. Ranching as big business
Objective: Describe how & why the cattle boom came to an end
26
III. The Cattle Boom
27
Farming the Plains (13.3)
The Main Idea
The government promoted the settlement of the West, offering free or cheap land to those willing to put in the hard work of turning the land into productive farms.
Reading Focus• What incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West?
• Which groups of people moved into the West, and why did they do so?
• What new ways of farming evolved in the West?
28
I. Incentives for Settlement
a. New legislation
i. In 1862, Congress passed three acts to turn public lands into private property. 1. The Homestead Act gave 160 acres of land to heads of
household.
2. The Pacific Railway Act gave land to the railroad companies to build lines.
3. The Morrill Act gave lands to states for colleges for agriculture and the mechanic arts.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
29
I. Incentives for Settlement
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
30
I. Incentives for Settlement
b. Railroads encourage settlement i. Railroads reaped profits by selling some of their land to settlers. ii. They placed ads to lure homesteaders to the West. iii. The Oklahoma Land Run of 1889 opened unassigned Indian land to
settlers. iv. Over 50,000 people took part in the rush to stake a claim on these 2
million acres of land.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
31
I. Incentives for Settlement
c. Closing of the frontieri. In 1890 the Census Bureau issued a report, “there can hardly be said
to be a frontier line.” ii. Historian Frederick Jackson Turner stated in a famous essay that the
existence of the frontier made the United States distinctive.
Objective: Trace what incentives encouraged farmers to settle in the West
32
II. Migrating West
a. White settlersi. Middle-class businesspeople
or farmers from the Mississippi Valley moved west.
ii. They could afford money for supplies and transportation.
b. African American settlersi. Benjamin Singleton urged his own
people to build communities. ii. Some fled the violent South. iii. Rumors of land in Kansas brought
15,000 Exodusters who also settled in Missouri, Indiana, and Illinois.
c. European settlersi. Lured by economic opportunity,
they came from Scandinavia, Ireland, Russia, and Germany.
ii. They brought their farming experience with them.
d.Chinese settlersiii. Initially came for the gold rush or
to build railroadsiv. They turned to farming, especially
in California, establishing the fruit industry there.
v. Most Chinese were farm laborers because they were not allowed to own land.
Objective: Explain which groups of people moved to the West & why they did so
33
III. New Way of Farming
a. New farmers faced harsh climate, scarce water, and lack of lumber. i. Farmers
installed windmill-driven pumps and used irrigation techniques.
ii. They used the earth for shelter, first building dugouts into hillsides, then making sod houses.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West
34
III. New Way of Farming
b. New farming equipment helped. i. James Oliver developed a sharper plow edge. ii. Combine harvesters used one operation to cut
wheat, separate grains, and remove the husks.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West
35
III. New Way of Farming
c. Giant bonanza farms operated like factories, and they reaped great profits during good seasons. i. However, they could not
handle the boom-and-bust farming cycles well, and by the 1890s, most bonanza farms had been broken up.
Objective: Analyze new ways how farming evolved in the West